甲状旁腺切除术后维持性血液透析患者腹主动脉钙化的改变

目的 观察维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)合并继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)患者行甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)后腹主动脉钙化及生化指标的发展变化.方法 回顾性分析完成2年随访的严重SHPT患者,按是否行PTX分成PTX手术组和非手术组,观察术后2年腹主动脉钙化评分(abdominal aortic calcification score,AACS)、血清全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷等变化.PTX手术组按照术后2年腹主动脉钙化有无进展分为进展组和非进展组,对比两组的年龄、透析龄、iPTH、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积等指标,分析腹主动脉钙化进展的相关因素.结果 共纳入44例MHD合并SHPT患者,PTX手术组26例,非手术组18例.PTX手术组与非手术组基线资料比较,透析龄差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而性别、年龄、高血压史等差异均无统计学意义.与术前比较,PTX手术组患者术后2年血iPTH、血钙、血磷均降低(均P<0.05),AACS前后差异无统计学意义.患者术后2年有8例(30.77%)腹主动脉钙化加速进展,8例(30.77%)腹主动脉钙化好转,10例(38.46%)腹主动脉钙化稳定.患者术后2年腹主动脉钙化非进展组iPTH值低于进展组[(20.62+6.44) ng/L比(132.72±76.83) ng/L,P<0.05],而非进展组术前AACS高于进展组[(13.11±2.71)分比(2.00±1.41)分,P<0.05].非手术组患者2年后AACS高于基线水平[(10.44±1.65)分比(8.05±1.26)分,P<0.05],血磷及钙磷乘积显著下降(均P<0.05),iPTH、血钙等水平无明显变化(均P>0.05).Pearson相关分析结果显示,PTX手术组术后2年AACS相对于术前的下降值与iPTH下降值(r=0.534,P=0.012)、血钙下降值(r=0.643,P=0.004)、血磷下降值(r=0.897,P<0.001)、钙磷乘积的下降值(r=0.568,P=0.021)呈正相关,与术前AACS值呈负相关(r=-0.647,P=0.014).结论 小样本资料显示,相比非手术治疗,PTX可长期纠正甲状旁腺素、钙、磷代谢紊乱,并有阻止腹主动脉钙化进展甚至逆转血管钙化的可能,而腹主动脉钙化逆转可能与iPTH、血Ca、血P、钙磷乘积的下降程度相关.     

CKD-MBD患者甲状旁腺切除术疗效观察

目的 调查本院维持透析并发慢性肾脏病矿物质及骨代谢紊乱(chronic kidney diseasemineral and bone disorder,CKD-MBD)患者在接受甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)后,血钙、血磷及血清全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)的恢复情况,追踪PTX的手术疗效.方法 检测19例行甲状旁腺全切加前臂自体移植术的CKD-MBD患者术前及术后的血钙、血磷及血iPTH,比较患者术前和术后的血钙、血磷、血iPTH的变化.结果 术后0d、1d、7d、15d血钙较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01),通过术后规律补钙,术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月与术前血钙比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后低血钙发生率为21％,无高钙血症发生.术后0d、1d、7d、15d、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月血磷与术前血磷比较明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01或P＜0.05).术后低血磷发生率为33.3％,无高磷血症发生.术后0d、1d、7d、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月的血iPTH较术前下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).随访中有2例出现低iPTH(iPTH＜ 16pg/mL)血症,2例iPTH升高明显,均＞800pg/mL.结论 CKD-MBD患者行甲状旁腺全切加前臂自体移植术后血钙、血磷、血iPTH可恢复正常范围.     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症合并肾结石23例临床诊治分析

目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(PHPT)合并肾结石的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2012年2月明确诊断为PHPT合并肾结石的23例患者的临床及手术资料.23例患者行甲状旁腺手术前均行颈部彩色超声、CT及99mTc-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99mTc-MIBI)定位诊断,先后行手术处理甲状旁腺疾病及肾结石,术前3d及术后7d分别测定静脉血钙、血磷和血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)浓度,24 h尿钙浓度.结果 23例患者中男性8例,女性15例,结石直径2.1～4.0 cm,平均(3.2±0.7) cm.术后血清钙浓度下降[术前(3.31±0.39) mmol/L,术后(2.12±0.18) mmol/L,t=11.26,P＜0.01]、血清磷浓度升高[术前(0.70±0.09) mmol/L,术后(1.21±0.21) mmol/L,t=10.53,P＜0.01]、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)下降[术前(28.8±10.0)pmol/L,术后(3.6 ±2.6)pmol/L,t=12.83,P＜0.01],24 h尿钙水平降低[术前(7.2±3.1) mmol/d,术后(3.6±2.5) mmol/d,t=8.81,P＜0.01].iPTH与血钙浓度呈正相关(r=0.59,P＜0.01).20例患者术后病理为腺瘤,其中单发腺瘤18例,多发腺瘤2例;另3例术后病理为甲状旁腺增生.随访过程中,8例患者结石复发,3例行手术治疗结石,其中7例甲状旁腺正常,1例因发现腺瘤复发而再次手术.结论 成功治疗PHPT能有效降低肾结石的复发率,早期诊断及治疗PHPT能最大限度降低结石的复发并保护肾脏功能.     

尿毒症伴重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症骨密度特征 分析

目的研究尿毒症伴重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的骨密度改变特征,分析该组患者骨密度改变与临床特征之间的关系。方法回顾性总结2011年2月至2013年4月在本院接受甲状旁腺全切除联合自体前臂移植术的51例尿毒症伴重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的一般情况、临床特点、股骨近端和腰椎骨密度,及全切除手术所得甲状旁腺质量等数据。比较相同性别患者腰椎L1-L4之间、股骨近端不同部位之间骨密度的差异;对不同部位骨密度减少程度与上述观察变量之间的关系进行相关性分析。结果本组患者临床表现包括皮肤瘙痒、骨痛、身高缩短、面部变形和躯体变形等;血清iPTH高达2227.9±907.3 pg/ml;骨质疏松27例(52.9%),骨量减少23例(45.1%);男女性患者均显示L1至L4椎骨骨密度T值逐渐降低,男性骨密度T值L4显著低于L1(P=0.037),女性骨密度T值L4亦显著低于L1(P=0.039),男女性均显示股骨转子、股骨颈至Ward’s三角区的T值逐渐降低,男性Ward’s三角区T值显著低于股骨转子(P=0.025),女性Ward’s三角区和股骨颈T值显著低于股骨转子(P=0.009和P=0.023)。体重指数、血清白蛋白与骨密度值呈显著正相关,身高缩短、脊柱变形、胸廓变形、面部变形、血清碱性磷酸酶、血清iPTH、甲状旁腺质量与骨密度值呈显著负相关。结论骨质疏松和骨量减少广泛存在于尿毒症伴重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者中;身体承重部位骨密度降低更严重;消瘦、低白蛋白血症、面部及躯干变形、iPTH严重升高、甲状旁腺增生程度重等因素提示骨质疏松风险增大。     

甲状旁腺切除术后长期低甲状旁腺素对维持性血液透析患者骨代谢和血管钙化的影响

目的:观察维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis, MHD)患者甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy, PTX)术后长期低甲状旁腺素患者骨代谢指标的变化和腹主动脉钙化的关系。方法:回顾性分析12例PTX术后完成2年随访的MHD患者,满足PTX术后6月开始持续血全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid hormone, iPTH)≤60 pg/ml。收集患者的基线资料及术前、术后6月、术后12月、术后18月的腹主动脉钙化评分(abdominal aortic calcification score, AACS)、血清钙、血清磷、血清碱性磷酸酶、iPTH及血清骨代谢指标。结果:共纳入12例MHD患者,平均年龄(40.45±11.26)岁,平均透析龄(133.24±45.12)月,男(4/12,33.3%),女(8/12,66.7%)。患者术后6月、术后12月、术后18月iPTH、血清钙水平和血磷水平较术前降低差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清碱性磷酸酶水平,以术后12月、18月和术前比较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清骨钙素水平、Ⅰ型原胶原N端前肽水平和β-胶原特殊序列水平在术后18月和术前比降低差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。至术后18月AACS和术前比差异无统计学意义(Z=0.436,P=0.663)。结论:我们的研究显示PTX术后低甲状旁腺素患者不会发生严重低钙、高磷血症,骨代谢维持在较高水平,2年内未观察到血管钙化进展加速。     

选择性环氧化酶2抑制剂抑制尿毒症大鼠甲状旁腺异常增生

目的 评价环氧化酶2(COX2)抑制剂塞来昔布(celecoxib)对尿毒症大鼠甲状旁腺(PG)异常增生的影响.方法 通过5/6肾大部分切除结合高磷饮食(P 1.2％,Ca 1.2％)建立尿毒症甲状旁腺功能亢进症(甲旁亢)大鼠模型,存活大鼠按随机数字表法分成尿毒症甲旁亢非用药组(Nx-HP组,n=17)、塞来昔布预防组(Prey组,n=18,建模后1d起给塞来昔布100 mg· kg-1· d-1)和塞来昔布治疗组(Ther组,n=18,建模1个月后给塞来昔布100 mg·kg-1·d-1),并以假手术组作为对照(Sham组,n=14).12周后检测各组大鼠肾功能、血甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平、PG大小以及PG中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、COX2表达.结果 Nx-HP组大鼠血清iPTH水平较Sham组显著升高[(100.73±4.35) ng/L比(34.77±0.83) ng/L,P＜0.01],塞来昔布干预后iPTH水平显著下降[Prev组(87.36±2.18) ng/L,Ther组(87.47±1.76) ng/L](均P＜ 0.05).计算显微镜下PG最大面积显示,Nx-HP大鼠PG最大面积显著增大,是Sham组的5.28倍[(2.436±0.372) mm2/kg比(0.461±0.089) mm2/kg,P＜0.01];而Prey组[(0.987±0.254)mm2/kg]和Ther组[(1.270±0.305) mm2/kg]PG分别缩小59.47％(P＜0.01)和47.87％ (P＜0.05),两组间差异无统计学意义.PCNA在Sham组PG中仅少量表达,Nx-HP组显著增多,塞来昔布干预后PCNA阳性细胞明显减少,Prey组和Ther组蛋白表达水平分别降低52.91％和34.68％(均P＜0.05).COX2在Sham组PG中几乎未见表达,但在尿毒症大鼠中明显增多,Nx-HP组、Prey组和Ther组分别为Sham组的2.47倍、2.34倍和3.04倍(均P＜0.05),而3组间差异无统计学意义.实时定量PCR检测PCNA和COX2基因水平显示同样变化趋势.结论 选择性COX2抑制剂塞来昔布可以显著抑制尿毒症大鼠甲旁亢和甲状旁腺增生.     

尿毒症患者桡动脉钙化与骨密度及血清骨代谢指标的关系

目的 观察尿毒症患者桡动脉钙化情况并分析其与骨密度及血清骨代谢指标改变的关系.方法 以67例尿毒症患者为对象,取内瘘手术切除的桡动脉段,von Kossa染色及透射电镜检测血管钙化情况;检测Scr、血钙、磷、甲状旁腺素(iPTH);测定腰椎、股骨颈骨密度(BMD);放射免疫法测定血清25羟维生素D3 (25OHD)、1,25羟维生素D3[1,25(OH) 2D];ELISA法测定成纤维生长因子(FGF) 23、骨特异性碱性磷酸酶(BAP)、骨钙素(BGP)与Ⅰ型胶原吡啶交联物(ICTP).以23例健康体检者为对照,仅接受血清及骨密度检查.结果 von Kossa染色见24例(35.8％)尿毒症患者桡动脉中膜明显钙沉积;电镜发现中膜平滑肌细胞由 收缩型向分泌型转化,胞内有较多含钙囊泡,基质胶原明显增加伴钙磷结晶附着,程度与钙化评分一致.与对照组比较,尿毒症患者血磷、iPTH、FGF23、BGP、ICTP显著增加(均P＜0.05),血钙、25OHD、1,25(OH)2D显著降低(均P＜0.01),腰椎、股骨颈BMD也显著降低(均P＜0.01).相关分析显示,桡动脉钙化与糖尿病、股骨颈及腰椎骨密度Z值、ICTP、FGF23相关(r=0.62、-0.43、-0.25、0.34、0.86,P=0.000、0.012、0.001、0.018、0.000),与iPTH无相关(r=-0.08,P=0.306).按iPTH水平分层后,低iPTH(＜150 ng/L)组、高iPTH(＞300 ng/L)组患者iPTH与钙化相关(r=-0.41、0.31,P=0.044、0.023).多元回归分析显示,股骨颈骨密度Z值、ICTP、FGF23是桡动脉钙化的独立危险因素(β=-0.221、0.181、0.260,P=0.021、0.024、0.036).结论 尿毒症桡动脉钙化与平滑肌细胞合成和分泌较多的含钙基质有关,骨密度降低、骨转化率异常、骨吸收增加、血清FGF23水平增加是其危险因素.     

重组人甲状旁腺素1-34治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的临床研究

目的观察重组人甲状旁腺素1-34(recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1-34)应用于绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis,PMOP)患者的临床疗效。方法筛选出68例绝经后骨质疏松症患者,所有患者入组后均口服元素钙500 mg/d和维生素D 200 U/d,连续服用26周后加用皮下注射重组人甲状旁腺素1-34(特立帕肽)20μg/d,再连续治疗26周,于应用特立帕肽治疗前及治疗后的13和26周测定腰椎(L_(1-4))和股骨近端骨密度(BMD),采静脉血测定血清骨钙素(OC)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)水平,应用疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS评分)评价患者的疼痛程度,并记录不良反应情况。结果 68位患者均完成全疗程治疗。应用特立帕肽治疗13周时,腰椎L_(1-4)、股骨颈、大粗隆和股骨干骨密度改善不明显(P0.05),血清骨钙素和碱性磷酸酶较治疗前升高(P0.05),疼痛缓解明显(P0.05);治疗26周时,腰椎L_(1-4)和股骨颈骨密度较治疗前明显增高(P0.05),而大粗隆和股骨干骨密度改善不明显(P0.05),血清骨钙素和碱性磷酸酶呈持续升高趋势(P0.05),疼痛明显减轻(P0.05)。治疗期间不良反应的情况均较轻微,没有给予特殊处理即自行缓解。结论连续26周使用重组人甲状旁腺素1-34能有效地促进患者骨形成,缓解骨质疏松症患者疼痛症状,提高患者腰椎、股骨骨密度。     

注射甲状旁腺素相关肽6个月后停药18个月骨密度随访

目的研究重组人甲状旁腺素相关肽注射6个月治疗绝经后骨质疏松,随后停药18个月时,对于骨密度是否仍存在作用。方法以采用甲状旁腺素相关肽注射6个月的32例绝经后骨质疏松患者作为研究对象,同时选取年龄匹配的绝经后骨质疏松患者26例作为对照组。比较治疗组和对照组在治疗6个月及停药18个月时的骨密度变化。结果 6个月后治疗组腰椎骨密度平均增加(1.115±3.711)%,全髋骨密度下降(0.498±2.871)%,股骨颈骨密度增加(0.127±4.912)%;对照组在腰椎下降(1.773±2.626)%,全髋下降(1.255±3.02)%,股骨颈增加(1.959±4.065)%;除腰椎外,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);停止治疗18个月时,治疗组腰椎骨密度增加(2.210±8.171)%,全髋下降(0.734±4.266)%,股骨颈下降(1.854±4.184)%;对照组腰椎下降(2.004±5.065)%,全髋下降(3.271±3.003)%,与治疗组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),股骨颈下降(2.704±2.659)%,与治疗组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组人群均未出现严重的不良反应。结论对于绝经后骨质疏松妇女应用甲状旁腺相关肽6个月,随后停药18个月时,对腰椎和全髋骨密度仍有一定的保护作用。     

维持性血液透析患者继发性甲旁亢的手术治疗疗效观察

目的 回顾性总结维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)行甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)的临床疗效.方法 收集2009年10月～2013年11月的25例血液透析患者(平均透析龄58±18.7个月;平均年龄45.6±8.3岁).监测术后并发症及复发情况.对比分析患者术前及术后1个月、3个月、6个月的临床症状、全段甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、血清钙、血清磷及碱性磷酸酶等变化.结果 25例患者中,甲状旁腺全切术共24例(占96％),甲状旁腺全切加前臂自体移植术1例(占4％).术后围手术期无死亡发生.术后绝大部分患者的骨痛及皮肤瘙痒症状在数天内缓解,但随着随访时间的延长,术前颈部彩色超声示小于4枚甲状旁腺结节性增大的5例患者骨痛症状均有复发(20％),但程度较术前明显减轻.2例患者出现一过性声音嘶哑(发生率8％).术后全部患者均出现低钙血症(发生率100％),经积极补钙治疗后均可有效控制.25例患者术前均表现为明显增高的iPTH、血清钙、血清磷和ALP.术后iPTH(P＜0.01)、血清钙(P＜0.01)、血清磷(P＜0.01)和ALP(P＜0.01)水平均较术前显著降低.随访6个月,5例复发(20％),且均为术前检查小于4枚甲状旁腺结节性增大的患者.结论 PTX治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲旁亢是一种相对安全和有效的方法,但其长期疗效仍有待于进一步观察.     

Association between osteopontin and intact parathyroid hormone in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To explore possible associations between osteopontin(OPN) and intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH), to investigate effects of them on the progression of carotid artery calcification in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Methods Forty-eight maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were recruited. The concentration of OPN in peripheral blood was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of iPTH and presence of plaques in the common carotid arteries were also measured. The demographics were recorded. Results Compared with controls, levels of OPN[(137.4±80.8)ng/L vs (31.6±6.7) ng/L, P＜0.01] and iPTH[(456.4±326.4) ng/L vs (66.9±19.3)ng/L, P＜0.01] were higher inMHD patients before hemodialysis, the numbers of calcific plaques in the common carotid arteries were increased in MHD patients (P＜0.01). There was a positive correlation between pre-dialysis OPN levels and iPTH levels (r＝0.620, P＜0.01) in MHD patients. Higher levels of OPN and iPTH correlated with greater numbers of calcific plaques in the common carotid arteries after division into three subgroups of MHD patients based on calcific plaques. In multiple linear regression analysis, the correlation between the pre-dialysis OPN and iPTH levels remained the same even if adjusting for confounding effects[β＝0.468, 95%CI (0.036, 0.195), t＝2.936, P＝0.005]. Conclusion OPN level is positively correlated with iPTH level in hemodialysis patients, which suggesting that both of them play important roles in the progression of carotid artery calcification.     

Effect of gender matching on the outcomes of living-donor renal transplantation

Objective To evaluate the effect of gender matching on the outcomes of living-donor renal transplantation. Methods A total of 419 cases of living-donor renal transplantation in our center were divided into male-donor-male-recipient (MDMR) group, male-donor-female-recipient (MDFR) group, female-donor-male-recipient (FDMR) group, female-donor-female-recipient (FDFR) group. The outcomes including graft and patient survival, acute rejection and renal function were analyzed retrospectively. Results Compared to MDMR group, MDFR group and FDFR group had lower Scr [(80.7±17.9), (87.4±21.9) μmol/L vs (120.3±72.5) μmol/L, all P＜0.05] and uric acid (UA) [(318.1±86.4), (303.5±66.9) μmol/L vs (358.4±77.8) μmol/L, P＜0.05] 6 months after operation. Compared to MDFR group, FDMR group had higher Scr[(117.7±27.4) μmol/L vs (80.7±17.9) μmol/L, P＜0.01], UA [(371.0±92.4) μmol/L vs (318.1±86.4) μmol/L, P＜0.05] and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [(70.4±17.8) ml/min vs (79.6±18.9) ml/min, P＜0.05]. Compared to FDMR group, FDFR group had lower Scr [(87.4±21.9) μmol/L vs (117.7±27.4) μmol/L, P＜0.01] and UA [(303.5±66.9) μmol/L vs (371.0±92.4) μmol/L, P＜0.01]. Compared to MDFR group, FDFR group showed lower GFR [(72.4±25.3) ml/min vs (82.7±18.7) ml/min, P＜0.05] 1 year after operation. Compared to MDMR group, FDFR group showed lower UA [(322.9±69.7) μmol/L vs (376.0±66.2) μmol/L, P＜0.05] 2 years after operation. Compared to FDMR group, FDFR group showed lower Scr [(88.7±27.0) μmol/L vs (112.7±27.8) μmol/L, P＜0.05] and UA [(318.3±61.2) μmol/L vs (396.2±100.3) μmol/L, P＜0.05] 3 years after operation. 5 years after operation, there were no significant differences in above indexes, the incidence of slow graft function, acute rejection and survival of graft and patient among groups. Conclusions Male recipients of female donors have the worst renal function while female recipients have better outcomes after operation.     

慢性肾脏病患者维生素D缺乏与动脉僵硬度的相关性

目的 探讨慢性肾脏病患者维生素D缺乏与动脉僵硬度的相关性.方法 选取慢性肾脏病(CKD l～5期)患者300例,根据血25(OH)D3浓度分为维生素D缺乏组[25 (OH)D3＜20 μg/L]和维生素D非缺乏组[25(OH)D3≥20 μg/L].采集临床资料数据,测定动脉僵硬度指标肱踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV).对血25(OH)D3水平与baPWV间的关系进行单因素相关分析及多元线性回归分析. 结果 维生素D缺乏组188例(62.7％),维生素D非缺乏组112例(37.3％).全部CKD患者25(OH)D3平均浓度为(17.62±8.54) μg/L,维生素D缺乏组和非缺乏组分别为(12.38±4.55) μg/L与(26.44±6.05) μg/L(P＜0.01).维生素D缺乏组baPWV值高于非缺乏组[(1 827.34±429.11) cm/s比(1 555.31±353.14) cm/s,P＜0.01].单因素相关分析显示全体CKD患者(r=-0.38,P＜0.01)以及CKD 2～5期患者[r=-0.30,P＜0.05;r=-0.26,P＜0.05;r=-0.46,P＜0.01;r=-0.57,P＜0.01]血25(OH)D3浓度与baPWV均呈负相关.多元线性回归分析显示血25 (OH)D3浓度下降与baPWV的增加独立相关(模型1:β=-0.18,P＜0.01;模型2:β=-0.17,P=0.01),回归模型1与模型2均可解释baPWV变化的50％.结论 CKD患者普遍存在维生素D缺乏,维生素D缺乏与动脉僵硬度增加相关.维生素D替代治疗可能影响CKD患者的心血管预后,但有待未来研究的进一步明确.     

Effects of parathyroidectomy on plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH and (7-84)PTH levels in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease

Objective Currently, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is mainly measured by the second generation intact PTH (iPTH) assay which detects both full-length (1-84)PTH and (7-84)PTH fragments. The third generation whole PTH (wPTH) assay however has turned out to be specific for (1-84)PTH. The aim of this study is to investigate the features of plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH, (7-84)PTH levels in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), and evaluate the effects of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on above markers in severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) patients. Methods A cross-sectional study including 90 controls and 233 stage 5 CKD patients, and a prospective follow-up study in 31 severe SHPT patients were conducted. Plasma iPTH and (1-84)PTH levels were measured by the second and third generation assay, respectively. Circulating (7-84)PTH level was calculated by subtracting the (1-84)PTH value from the iPTH value. Results Plasma levels of iPTH, (1-84)PTH, (7-84)PTH were higher (P＜0.01), and (1-84)PTH/iPTH was lower (P＜0.01) in stage 5 CKD patients than in controls. For severe SHPT patients with PTX (n=74), plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH and (7-84)PTH concentrations were significantly increased compared to non-PTX group (n=159) (P＜0.01), and the increase of (7-84)PTH level was more striking than (1-84)PTH. Meanwhile, the value of (1-84)PTH/iPTH was decreased (P＜0.01). Plasma iPTH level was strongly correlated with (1-84)PTH level (r=0.980, P＜0.01) in stage 5 CKD patients. Also, both iPTH and (1-84)PTH levels were positively correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase, dialysis vintage and serum phosphorus (P＜0.01). After PTX (median interval of follow-up: 7.1 months), plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH, (7-84)PTH concentrations were decreased (by 92.9%, 89.7%, 95.8%, P＜0.01, respectively) greatly and (1-84)PTH/iPTH was increased (P＜0.01). Conclusions In stage 5 CKD patients, plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH, (7-84)PTH levels are greatly increased while (1-84)PTH/iPTH is decreased, and PTX can significantly improve abnormality of above markers in severe SHPT patients. The second generation PTH assay overestimates the severity of SHPT, and the accurate measurement of (1-84)PTH by the third assays is more conducive to diagnosis and treatment of CKD and SHPT patients.     

Mineral and bone disorder in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cross - sectional single center study

Objective To investigate and analyze the mineral and bone disorder (MBD) in the patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), reveal the change of related indexes of CKD-MBD. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. From October 2011 to May 2014, 1318 inpatients and hemodialysis outpatients were enrolled. Parameters related to MBD, including serum phosphorus (P), total calcium (t - Ca), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) were analyzed. Last, it was analyzed with multiple regression analysis to related factors of the secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with CKD. Results Serum calcium, phosphorus and iPTH had no obvious abnormalities at the early stages of CKD [GFR＞60 ml•min-1•(1.73 m2）-1], and relatively stable before GFR＞30 ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1. After entering the CKD4 stage, serum phosphorus, iPTH increased sharply and serum calcium decreased obviously along with the decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Serum P, t-Ca and iPTH levels were statistically significant in CKD 1 to 5D patients, respectively, serum P: (1.13±0.20) mmol/L, (1.14±0.22) mmol/L, (1.26±0.23) mmol/L, (1.48±0.34) mmol/L, (2.05±0.61) mmol/L and (2.08±0.58) mmol/L; serum t-Ca (mmol/L) (2.35±0.13) mmol/L, (2.35±0.12) mmol/L, (2.35±0.15) mmol/L, (2.26± 0.18) mmol/L, (2.07±0.29) mmol/L and (2.31±0.26) mmol/L; iPTH: 57.8(45.6, 91.8) ng/L, 54.1(37.8, 74.6) ng/L, 71.6(45.8, 102.2) ng/L, 131.1(81.7, 205.1) ng/L, 277.5(173.6, 395.3) ng/L and 354.9 (194.4, 720.3) ng/L; The stepwise logistic regression analysis showed: hypocalcemia (OR=3.32, P＜0.01) and decreased GFR (OR=5.28, P＜0.01) were independent risk factors of iPTH elevation at stage CKD3～5. Conclusions From the beginning of the CKD3 stage, serum t - Ca, P, iPTH level began to be relatively abnormal as renal function declined. Hyperphosphatemia, SHPT has not been improved significantly in CKD5D stage patients even with hemodialysis. The regulation of hemodialysis on serum calcium showed "overcorrecting" phenomenon.     

Postoperative variations of bone turnover markers in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy

Objective To study shortdated postoperative variation characteristics of bone turnover markers (BTMs) in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) underwent parathyroidectomy (PTX). Methods A total of 19 uremic patients with SHPT underwent successful PTX, hospitalized in the Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2017 to April 2017, were enrolled in the study. The operative model for all enrolled patients was total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation. The baseline epidemiological and clinical data before PTX and the levels of serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and serum BTMs after PTX (in the 1st, 3rd and 7th postoperative day) were collected. The correlations between serum iPTH and serum BTMs before PTX and the trend analysis of serum BTMs after PTX were studied. Results The levels of serum iPTH, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum type Ⅰcollagen cross-linked C-telopeptides (CTX) and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) before PTX were increased, in turn, (1512.4±612.0) ng/L, 267.4(153.1, 424.2) U/L, (5.78±1.15) μg/L and (8.79±4.61) IU/L. Positive correlations between ALP and iPTH (r=0.577, P=0.010), TRACP-5b and iPTH (r=0.640, P=0.003), and ALP and TRACP-5b (r=0.698, P=0.001) were found. The serum levels of ALP increased, while the serum levels of CTX and TRACP-5b decreased within 7 days after PTX. Conclusions Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) with high bone turnover rate is common in uremic patients with severe SHPT. The activities of osteoblast and osteoclast are up-regulated in coupling with positive correlations to serum levels of iPTH. Increased activities of osteoblast and decreased activities of osteoclast were found shortdated postoperatively.     

帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

目的观察帕立骨化醇对维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的治疗效果。方法选择2018年7月至2019年7月对非选择性维生素D受体激动剂(VDRA)疗效不佳或不能耐受拟钙剂或不愿手术治疗的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的维持性血液透析患者56例,根据血液全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)水平将所有患者分为三个组别:A组(300 pg/mL≤iPTH<600 pg/mL)、B组(600 pg/mL≤iPTH<800 pg/mL)、C组(iPTH≥800 pg/mL)。根据体重给予不同剂量的静脉帕立骨化醇注射液,分别检测患者治疗前、初始使用1个月以及达到帕立骨化醇维持剂量时,iPTH、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积的变化情况。结果患者骨痛、瘙痒、疲乏等症状明显改善。所有患者初始治疗1个月,iPTH达标率为51.8%(29/56),达到帕立骨化醇注射液维持治疗剂量百分比为57.1%(32/56)。患者初始治疗1个月与治疗前相比,iPTH水平显著下降[(718.76±457.56)pg/mL vs.(956.68±375.61)pg/mL,P<0.001],血钙、血磷以及钙磷乘积无明显改变[(2.28±0.23)mmol/L vs.(2.23±0.27)mmol/L,(2.15±0.49)mmol/L vs.(2.29±0.48)mmol/L,(58.49±17.71)mg^2/dl2 vs.(62.90±13.93)mg^2/dl2,P>0.05]。进入维持治疗阶段的患者,维持治疗与初始治疗相比,iPTH水平仍有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义[(424.82±221.23)pg/mL vs.(517.55±325.77)pg/mL,P>0.05],血钙、血磷以及钙磷乘积比较差异无统计学意义[(2.33±0.20)mmol/L vs.(2.31±0.24)mmol/L,(2.13±0.44)mmol/L vs.(2.00±0.42)mmol/L,(61.24±12.25)mg^2/dl2 vs.(55.76±15.66)mg^2/dl2,P>0.05]。结论帕立骨化醇对非选择性VDRA疗效不佳或不能耐受拟钙剂或不愿手术治疗的维持性血液透析患者SHPT有较好的疗效,明显缓解患者骨痛、瘙痒、疲乏等症状,显著降低iPTH水平,且不增加高钙血症的发生风险。