脑深部电刺激对吗啡心理依赖大鼠伏核多巴胺受体的影响

目的探讨脑深部电刺激(DBS)对大鼠双侧伏核多巴胺D1A受体(D1AR)和D2受体(D2R)表达的影响以及多巴胺受体(DAR)在DBS治疗吗啡心理依赖中的作用。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为假刺激组(ShS组)、电刺激组(DBS组)和生理盐水对照组(NS组),20只/组。用免疫组化法和RT-PCR法检测各组大鼠伏核多巴胺D1AR和D2R表达的变化。结果ShS组伏核D1AR阳性细胞数较NS组、DBS组明显增多(P0.01),而DBS组与NS组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);三组间D1ARmRNA比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。DBS组大鼠D2R阳性细胞数较NS组明显下降(P0.01),但较ShS组明显上升(P0.01);ShS组大鼠伏核D2RmRNA较NS组及DBS组显著上升(P0.01),而DBS组与NS组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论DBS对吗啡心理依赖大鼠伏核D1AR和D2R的表达起反向调节作用。     

脑深部电刺激伏核对自身给药大鼠海洛因觅药行为的影响

目的观察脑深部电刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)伏核对大鼠海洛因自身给药觅药行为的影响。方法用固定比率程序建立大鼠海洛因自身给药复吸模型。将18只大鼠随机分成对照组、假刺激组和DBS组,假刺激组及DBS组大鼠行双侧伏核核心部微电极植入术。DBS组大鼠在消退期每天给予高频电刺激1h(刺激参数:方波,频率130 Hz,电流150μA,波宽100μs),共7d。消退后采用条件性线索和小剂量海洛因诱导引燃大鼠海洛因觅药行为。结果在条件性线索诱导的复吸测评中,DBS组大鼠有效鼻触数(8.00±5.33)明显少于对照组(36.50±9.16)和假手术组(34.00±7.93),具统计学意义(P<0.01);在小剂量海洛因诱导的复吸测评中,DBS组大鼠有效鼻触数(11.17±7.78)明显少于对照组(29.67±5.24)和假手术组(28.00±11.92),具统计学意义(P<0.01);DBS组、对照组和假手术组大鼠在总活动度和每阶段活动度上的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.01)。结论DBS高频电刺激伏核可减少海洛因自身给药大鼠条件性线索和小剂量海洛因诱导的觅药行为,且不会影响其活动度。     

偏头痛大鼠硬脑膜肥大细胞脱颗粒与神经源性炎症相关因子的变化

目的 观察偏头痛大鼠硬脑膜肥大细胞脱颗粒与神经源性炎症相关因子的变化,探讨偏头痛疼痛产生的可能机制.方法 64只SD大鼠随机分为刺激组(32只)和假手术组(32只).电刺激大鼠单侧三叉神经节建立偏头痛模型,放射免疫法测定刺激侧颈静脉血中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的含量.酶联免疫吸附法测定刺激侧颈静脉血中组胺和硬脑膜中前列腺素E2(PGE2)的含量,甲苯胺蓝染色观察硬脑膜肥大细胞的数量及脱颗粒百分率,免疫组织化学染色法、免疫蛋白质印迹技术观察硬脑膜中环氧化酶-2(COX-2)的阳性细胞数及蛋白表达.结果 假手术组和刺激组颈静脉血中CGRP含量分别为(59.20±11.66)pg/ml和(82.84±16.24)pg/ml(t=-3.34);组胺含量分别为(9.87±0.88)ng/ml和(11.59±1.20)ng/ml(t=-3.27);硬脑膜中肥大细胞数量分别为15.46±2.40和11.63±1.67(t=3.71),脱颗粒百分率分别为14.09%±4.53%、29.10%±9.39%(t=-4.07).两组硬脑膜中PGE2的含量分别为(80.70±10.60)pg/ml和(382.30±20.90)pg/ml(t=-16.674);硬脑膜中COX-2阳性细胞数分别为42.00±18.40和139.00±20.50(t=-7.994),COX-2蛋白表达(吸光度值)分别为19.50±9.20和359.20±21.90(t=-5.190).两组间比较,上述指标差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 电刺激单侧三叉神经节可诱导硬脑膜肥大细胞脱颗粒及神经源性炎症的产生,相关炎症因子的改变可能是偏头痛疼痛发生的重要病理生理基础.     

单双侧脑深部电刺激伏核对大鼠海洛因觅药行为的影响

目的 观察单侧和双侧脑深部电刺激(DBS)伏核核心部对条件性线索和小剂量海洛因诱导大鼠海洛因觅药行为的影响,探讨DBS治疗药物成瘾的单双侧靶点选取问题. 方法 采用固定比率程序(FR1)建立大鼠海洛因静脉自身给药模型.模型稳定后,将大鼠按照随机数字表法分成对照组、假手术组、左侧DBS组、右侧DBS组和双侧DBS组(每组6只).各DBS组大鼠行单侧或双侧伏核核心部微电极植入术,术后休息5d,在环境消退期对各DBS组大鼠每天电刺激1h(参数:方波,频率130 Hz,电流强度150 μA,波宽100 μs),持续7d.通过比较各组大鼠的有效鼻触数来反映各组大鼠海洛因觅药行为的差异. 结果 在条件性线索和小剂量海洛因诱导的复吸测评中,各组大鼠有效鼻触反应数之间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);右侧DBS组和双侧DBS组大鼠有效鼻触反应数分别与对照组、假手术组和左侧DBS组相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);且右侧DBS组大鼠与双侧DBS组有效鼻触反应数之间的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 高频电刺激右侧或双侧伏核核心部均能明显抑制条件性线索和小剂量海洛因诱导的大鼠觅药行为;且右侧DBS可获得与双侧DBS相近的疗效.     

缺血缺氧性脑病新生儿的神经行为评分与血浆神经肽Y水平的相关性

目的探讨缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)新生儿的神经行为评分与血浆神经肽Y水平的相关性。方法选取62例HIE新生儿作为观察组,另选取60例相同出生日龄的健康新生儿作为对照组。采用新生儿神经行为量表(NBNA)测定神经行为评分,利用放射免疫分析法检测血浆神经肽Y水平。结果观察组NBNA评分[(34.01±0.64)分]显著低于对照组[(38.92±0.71)分;P0.05],血浆神经肽Y水平[(192.74±13.62)ng/L]显著高于对照组[(65.75±10.01)ng/L;P0.05)。治疗后,HIE新生儿NBNA评分[(37.43±0.82)分]显著高于治疗前[(34.01±0.64)分;P0.05],血浆神经肽Y水平[(74.45±9.82)ng/L]显著低于治疗前[(192.74±13.62)ng/L;P0.05)。HIE新生儿NBNA评分与血浆神经肽Y表达水平呈明显负相关(r=-0.527,P0.05)。结论与正常新生儿相比,HIE新生儿的神经行为评分与血浆神经肽Y水平存在明显异常,且二者具有明显负相关。     

帕罗西汀对慢性不可预见应激大鼠惊跳反射和弱刺激抑制影响的初步研究

目的 探讨慢性不可预见应激大鼠的听觉惊跳反射和弱刺激抑制变化情况以及帕罗西汀对其的影响.方法 将24只大鼠按随机数字表法分为阴性对照组(8只)、慢性不可预见应激组(8只)和帕罗西汀组(8只).阴性对照组:静养21 d后给予蒸馏水灌胃;慢性不可预见应激组:先给予慢性不可预见应激21d后再给予蒸馏水灌胃21 d;帕罗西汀组:先给予慢性不可预见应激21 d后再给予帕罗西汀灌胃21 d.3组大鼠均接受体质量测量、自发活动、糖水偏好、惊跳反射和弱刺激抑制测试.结果 (1)慢性不可预见应激组大鼠体质量[(380.50±22.23)g]、10 min旷场自发活动[ (5765.57 ±2942.28) mm]、糖水摄入量[(19.09 ±7.16) ml/kg]均低于阴性对照组[(426.38±33.73)g、(12 272.15±2343.02) mm(42.58±11.68) ml/kg,P＜0.01];帕罗西汀组体质量[ (353.62 ±29.37)g]低于阴性对照组(P＜0.01).(2)惊跳反射实验结果3组大鼠之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)慢性不可预见应激组大鼠弱刺激抑制[( 30.50±14.84)％]小于阴性对照组和帕罗西汀组[ (57.80±13.32)％、(42.32±15.82)％],帕罗西汀组弱刺激抑制小于阴性对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.01);82 dB时的弱刺激抑制高于70、64、58 dB时的弱刺激抑制(P＜0.01);76 dB时的弱刺激抑制高于64、58 dB时的弱刺激抑制(P ＜0.01);70 dB时的弱刺激抑制高于58 dB时的弱刺激抑制(P＜0.05).结论 随着弱刺激强度增加,弱刺激抑制逐渐增加;慢性不可预见应激大鼠存在弱刺激抑制的缺失,帕罗西汀能够缓解这一状况.     

电刺激伏核对吗啡成瘾心理依赖大鼠行为学的影响

目的 通过建立脑深部刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)SD大鼠双侧伏核的动物模型,探讨DBS伏核对吗啡心理依赖大鼠行为学的影响.方法 40只大鼠同期依大鼠立体定向图谱行双侧伏核刺激电极的植入术,20只为吗啡假刺激组,20只为DBS组.术前(用药后第15天)、术后(刺激后第2～6天)对戒断症状进行评分,术前(用药后第15天)和术后(刺激后第2、4、6天)行条件性位置偏爱实验,研究大鼠的行为学变化40只大鼠成功地同期双侧伏核植入DBS刺激电极, 条件位置偏爱实验结果为吗啡成瘾大鼠在伴药箱平均停留时间长于非伴药箱,与生理盐水组比较具有统计学意义(P<0.01);DBS组与术前及吗啡假刺激组相比在伴药箱平均停留时间均明显缩短,具统计学意义(P<0.01),提示高频电刺激伏核能有效减轻大鼠吗啡心理依赖症状.术前戒断症状评分结果表明吗啡成瘾大鼠模型的成功建立(P<0.01);术后DBS大鼠的戒断症状与术前相比具统计学意义,证实DBS减轻了大鼠的躯体依赖症状.结论 高频刺激吗啡成瘾大鼠双侧伏核,能够有效地减轻大鼠吗啡心理依赖症状,为DBS伏核治疗吗啡等成瘾药物的心理依赖提供了实验依据.     

奥氮平与阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者体质量、血浆神经肽Y及瘦素影响的比较

目的:比较奥氮平和阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者体质量、血浆神经肽Y及瘦素水平的影响。方法:60例精神分裂症患者随机分为奥氮平组和阿立哌唑组各30例分别治疗8周。在治疗前、治疗后4周和8周测定两组体质量、血浆神经肽Y和瘦素水平并进行治疗前后比较。结果:奥氮平组在治疗4周和8周时体质量(F=287.207,F=506.777)、血浆神经肽Y水平(F=725.697,F=5152.624)明显高于治疗前(P均=0.000);瘦素水平治疗4周时与治疗前差异无统计学意义(F=3.908,P=0.058),治疗8周时高于治疗前(F=1589.726,P=0.000)。阿立哌唑组治疗4周和8周时体质量(F=2.810,F=1.819)、血浆神经肽Y(F=0.232,F=0.376)及瘦素水平(F=0.975,F=1.295)与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。奥氮平组治疗4周和8周时体质量的变化与神经肽Y的变化明显正相关(r=0.632,r=0.576;均P0.001),与瘦素的变化无相关(r=0.254,r=0.085;P均0.05)。逐步回归分析显示,奥氮平组神经肽Y变化进入以体质量变化为因变量的回归方程,治疗4周和8周时,神经肽Y变化可以解释体质量变化变异的40.0%和33.1%。结论:与阿立哌唑相比,奥氮平能显著增加精神分裂症患者体质量;血浆神经肽Y水平的变化可能是体质量增加的原因之一。     

重组腺相关病毒神经肽Y基因转染对癫大鼠海马病理变化的影响

目的观察重组腺相关病毒介导人源性神经肽Y(rAAV-hNPY-EGFP)基因转染对癫大鼠海马病理变化的影响。方法 28只Wistar大鼠随机分为点燃组(n=20)和正常对照组(n=8)。正常对照组不进行特殊处理,点燃组以大鼠海马内多次注射红藻氨酸(KA)建立慢性癫模型,造模成功16只,其随机分为模型组和神经肽Y(NPY)治疗组,每组各8只大鼠。NPY治疗组大鼠转染rAAV2/1-hNPY-EGFP基因,模型组未转染。转染4周后,每组取6只大鼠海马行苏木精-伊红染色,2只行电镜观察。结果苏木精-伊红染色显示:正常对照组大鼠海马CA3区神经元形态正常;模型组海马CA3区神经元丢失,胶质细胞增生;NPY治疗组基因转染后神经元丢失减少。模型组神经元数目为(10.67±7.87)个/视野,正常对照组为(81.42±5.63)个/视野,明显多于模型组(P<0.05);而NPY治疗组神经元数目为(65.73±2.81)个/视野,明显多于模型组(P<0.05)。电镜显示:正常对照组神经元结构正常;模型组神经元固缩,线粒体肿胀;NPY治疗组神经元线粒体结构完整。结论 rAAV-hNPY-EGFP基因转染可减轻大鼠癫发作引起的病理改变,发挥抑制癫的作用。     

吗啡成瘾大鼠伏核电刺激前后多巴胺含量的变化

目的观察吗啡成瘾大鼠在伏核电刺激前后伏核多巴胺（DA）含量的变化。方法40只实验大鼠随机分为假刺激组（ShS组）、刺激组（DBS组）、吗啡成瘾组（MA组）和生理盐水对照组（NS组）。MA组、ShS组和DBS组大鼠通过腹腔注射盐酸吗啡建立吗啡成瘾大鼠动物模型,NS组大鼠相同方法注射同体积生理盐水。随后ShS组和DBS组大鼠进行双侧伏核电极植入,建立吗啡成瘾大鼠电刺激伏核模型,其中DBS组大鼠进行伏核电刺激。取各组大鼠伏核,利用高效液相色谱-电化学检测法（HPLC-ECD）检测伏核DA含量。结果MA组大鼠伏核DA含量明显高于NS组（P〈0．01）和DBS组（P〈0．01）;ShS组大鼠伏核DA含量与MA组相比无明显差异。结论吗啡成瘾大鼠伏核DA含量增加,经过双侧伏核电刺激后DA含量降低,提示伏核电刺激对药物成瘾心理依赖的效应可能通过降低DA释放而起作用。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.