Efficacy and safety of Palmaz stent insertion in the treatment of renal artery stenosis in kidney transplantation

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the safety and long‐term efficacy of Palmaz stent insertion in the treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) in kidney transplantation. Nine of our transplanted patients were submitted to Palmaz stent insertion because of recurrence of renal artery stenosis after previous percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or because of severe ostial stenosis. The post‐stenting results were excellent in all patients, with a follow‐up period ranging from 1 to 3 years. The mean blood pressure (one‐third systolic pressure plus two‐thirds diastolic pressure) fell from 118.11 ± 7.44 to 103.21 ± 9.25 mm Hg; P < 0.001. Renal artery peak blood flow velocity as determined by Doppler sonography fell from 352 ± 73.24 cm/s to 169.8 ± 23.35 cm/s; P < 0.001. The serum creatinine 1‐year after stenting was 1.3 ± 0.3 mg/dl with a slight reduction with respect to the prestenting values (1.5 ± 0.3 mg/dl; NS). As no complication occurred, we conclude that insertion of the Palmaz stent is a safe and effective way to treat recurrence of artery stenosis or ostial stenosis in renal transplanted patients.     

供肾动脉带主动脉袖口预防移植肾动脉狭窄

目的:探讨供肾动脉带主动脉袖口预防移植肾动脉狭窄的效果。方法:对955例(1030例次)行肾移植患者的肾移植供肾动脉,全部采用主动脉袖口与受者髂内动脉吻合。应用彩色多普勒血流B超及移植肾动脉血管造影排除移植肾动脉狭窄。结果:955例(1030例次)肾移植无一例出现移植肾动脉狭窄。结论:供肾动脉带腹主动脉袖口可以防止移植后肾动脉狭窄发生。     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治(附3例报告)

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治方法. 方法回顾性分析253例肾移植术后发生的3例移植肾动脉狭窄(transplant renal artery stenosis, TRAS)的诊治经过. 结果 3例TRAS均发生于肾移植术后半年内,经彩超和肾动脉造影确诊.3例均行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形(percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, PTRA)和血管内支架置入,获临床治愈.随访15～24个月,无TRAS复发,移植肾功能正常. 结论彩超是筛选TRAS的首选检查方法,肾动脉造影是TRAS的确诊手段.PTRA/血管内支架置入是治疗TRAS的安全、有效和首选方法.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty alone versus stent placement for the treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis

PurposeThe purposes of this retrospective study were to assess the efficacy of endovascular techniques for the treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) by analyzing technical and clinical success and to compare the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) alone to those of stenting.Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 31 patients who underwent endovascular treatment for TRAS between January 2012 and December 2017. There were 23 men and 8 women with a mean age of 60.5 ± 14 (SD) years (range: 24–81 years). Ten patients (10/31; 32%; 8 men, 2 women; median age, 63 years) were treated with PTA alone and 21/31 (68%; 15 men, 6 women; median age, 65 years) with metallic stent placement. Several variables including serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate, arterial blood pressure value, antihypertensive medication obtained before and after treatment were compared. Technical success was assessed for each procedure. Clinical success was defined as a 15% drop in serum creatinine level, a decrease greater than 15% in mean blood pressure values or a decrease greater than 10% in mean blood pressure values with a reduction in the number of antihypertensive drugs needed for hypertension control.ResultsTechnical success was obtained in all patients [31/31; 100%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 89–100%] and clinical success in 27/31 patients (87%; 95%CI: 71–95%). Four patients (4/31; 13%; 95%CI: 5–29%) underwent repeat endovascular intervention. Mean serum creatinine level and mean arterial blood pressure values were significantly lower after treatment (177.4 and 93.8 μmol/l, respectively) compared to before treatment (319.4 and 106.7 μmol/l, respectively) in the stent group but not in the group treated with PTA alone (P = 0.0012 and P = 0.002, respectively).ConclusionThe endovascular approach is safe and effective in the management of TRAS and stenting, depending on the morphology of the stenosis, should be the treatment of choice when possible.     

Value of Doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis in children

To evaluate the reliability of Doppler ultrasonography (US) in identifying children with renal artery stenosis (RAS) among those with hypertension, we compared Doppler US results in 22 hypertensive children (mean age 8.9±4.3 years), with (13 cases) and without RAS at angiography, and in 33 normotensive children (mean age 8.8±4.7 years). We observed 2 false-negatives and 2 false-positives with Doppler US. Of the 2 false-negative diagnoses, 1 had RAS on an accessory renal artery located behind a normal upper polar artery and the other was observed in a patient with bilateral multiple stenosis of the very distal segments of renal arteries. The 2 false-positive diagnoses were due to sinuous left renal artery and to technical reasons, respectively. In another patient, Doppler US showed a tight RAS, while arteriography was normal. RAS was subsequently confirmed by a second arteriography. Peak systolic velocity values of Doppler US were significantly higher in patients with proven angiographic RAS (3.44±0.66 m/s) than in hypertensive patients with normal renal arteries at angiography (0.99±0.35 m/s, P <0.0001) and normotensive healthy children (1.04±0.23 m/s, P <0.0001). With the use of multiple views, and the experience acquired with practice, false-negatives or false-positives due to the geometry of the renal artery can be avoided. Nevertheless, very distal stenosis can be missed by Doppler US. Received October 30, 1995; received in revised form April 16, 1996; accepted May 14, 1996     

Early experience with the Palmaz expandable intraluminal stent in iliac artery stenosis

Since 1987, we have used the Palmaz expandable intraluminal stent in 22 selected cases of iliac artery stenosis in 14 men and six women with a mean age of 63 years for claudication (9), graft salvage (5), rest pain (4), and tissue loss (2). Morphologic criteria included severe percutaneous balloon angioplasty-induced dissection (6), long or multiple stenoses or occlusions (5), post-percutaneous balloon angioplasty elastic recoil (4), location of stenosis (4), and restenosis following percutaneous balloon angioplasty (3). Twenty-two limbs were treated with 61 stents. The mean pressure gradient across the lesion fell from 31±15 to 1.1±2.4 mmHg after stenting. The mean ankle/brachial systolic pressure index improved from 0.59±0.31 to 0.83±0.25 after stenting. The mean follow-up is 11.4 months, with a mean ankle/brachial index at their most recent follow-up of 0.88±0.19. Symptomatically, 11 extremities are normal and five limbs are improved. Three patients have died and two have required bypass grafts for iliac occlusive disease. In this early experience, the Palmaz intraluminal stent appears to be valuable for the management of post-percutaneous balloon angioplasty restenosis, elastic recoil, and percutaneous balloon angioplasty-induced dissection, although it is not without complications.Presented at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of Peripheral Vascular Surgical Society, June 2, 1990, Los Angeles, California.     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨移植肾动脉狭窄 (TRAS)的诊断与治疗方法。　方法　对 8例TRAS患者的临床表现、辅助检查及治疗情况进行回顾性分析并结合文献复习。　结果　 8例经彩超检查 ,5例明确诊断为TRAS ,3例提示移植肾动脉可疑狭窄 ,诊断TRAS的特异性为 78% ,阳性预测值为6 2 %。 7例行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形术 (PTRA) ,均获得近期临床治愈 ,随访 3～ 12个月 ,血Cr 186 .2～ 12 1.3μmol/L ;1例切除移植肾。　结论　肾移植术后出现不明原因高血压、突发性尿量减少和血Cr升高应考虑是否有移植肾动脉狭窄。彩超检查可作为筛选及随访手段 ,PTRA可作为TRAS的首选治疗方法。     

肾动脉狭窄支架植入后狭窄复发的自体肾移植治疗(附6例报告)

目的：探讨肾动脉狭窄(RAS)经皮支架植入术后狭窄复发的治疗措施。方法：对6例肾动脉内支架植入后再狭窄患者行自体肾移植术治疗。结果：随访8～88个月(平均29个月)，6例自体肾移植后，2例血压转为正常，4例得到改善。3例肾功能不全中，1例改善，2例稳定。结论：自体肾移植术对肾动脉内支架植入后狭窄复发是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，能明显降低血压和改善肾功能，可列为首选。     

血管内超声显像在冠心病支架植入术中的应用

目的探讨血管内超声在冠心病支架植入中的作用。方法50例患者的52处病变在支架植入前后分别用血管内超声进行定量和定性分析,并根据血管内超声标准决定支架的直径以及植入的终点,分析CAG和IVUS对支架植入终点判断的差异和最终获得的管腔面积大小的差别以及支架后管腔面积增大的机制。结果IVUS比CAG判断的平均支架直径大[(3.48±0.29)mmvs(3.36±0.33)mm,P=0.011],支架囊的最终峰值压力明显增大[(17.7±2.9)atmvs(12.8±2.4)atm,P<0.001],QCA测得的支架面积狭窄百分比减小(13.2%±6.6%vs16.6%±9.1%,P=0.044);首次高压扩张后支架满意率CAG达96.2%,而IVUS只有37.7%。IVUS指导后最终的球囊压力更高[(16.13±1.87)atmvs(12.62±2.61)atm,P<0.001],获得的管腔直径更大[(3.64±0.53)mmvs(3.31±0.57)mm,P<0.001],管腔面积也更大[(9.90±2.05)mm2vs(8.84±1.67)mm2,P<0.001],面积狭窄百分比更小(49.15%±9.03%vs54.24%±10.05%,P<0.001];所有患者支架的近段和远段CAG均未发现明显的狭窄。而IVUS却发现支架近段血管有39例(75.0%),远段血管有23(44.2%)例存在动脉粥样硬化斑块;支架植入后非脂质斑块较脂质斑块获得的管腔面积更大[(4.50±1.67)mm2vs(3.68±0.97)mm2,P<0.001],其中脂质斑块血管面积增大较非脂质斑块小1.30mm2,斑块压缩程度却增加0.48mm2。结论IVUS较CAG能更好地判断病变的性质,指导支架更好地选择,可获得更大的管腔面积,更小的面积狭窄百分比。     

Transluminal vascular stent implantation for a patient with renovascular hypertension due to renal artery stenosis

In recent years, transluminal vascular stents have been implanted in patients with renal artery stenosis. At present, controversy remains as to whether the long-term outcome of stent implantation is better than that of percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA). However, until now, no clinical experience of a stent placement for renal artery stenosis has been reported in our country. We implanted a Palmaz stent in a patient with renovascular hypertenstion due to renal artery restenosis who had already undergone PTRA. The renal function and blood pressure of the patient improved remarkably.     

肾动脉狭窄支架植入术的临床疗效观察

目的探讨肾动脉狭窄支架植入术的临床疗效.方法1997年1月～2004年12月,我院行支架介入治疗肾动脉狭窄27例.对27例术前、术后及随访期内血压、肾功能以及生活质量进行评估,并与同期单纯药物治疗肾动脉狭窄27例进行比较.结果介入组27例植入支架40枚,手术成功24例(88.9%,24/27),失败3例(11.1%,3/27),手术并发症5例(18.5%,5/27).术后在血压下降(包括收缩压舒张压)肌酐下降,肾小球滤过率增加方面,介入组获益率明显优于药物组,两组比较差异均有显著性,术后随访6个月～8年6个月,中位数为1年9个月,介入组有19例能比较健康的生活和工作,药物组仅12例能维持生活和工作.结论支架介入治疗较单纯药物治疗肾动脉狭窄疗效显著.     

肾动脉狭窄合并高血压及肾功能不全患者行血运重建的中期疗效评价

目的评价经皮肾动脉血运重建术(percutaneous transluminal renal artery revascularization,PTRAR)治疗对肾动脉狭窄合并高血压及肾功能不全患者的临床疗效。方法对2011年1月至2015年6月因肾动脉狭窄合并高血压在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院心内科行肾动脉血运重建术的62例患者进行回顾性研究,并对其中18例肾功能不全的患者进行随访观察。结果62例患者共76条肾动脉严重狭窄或闭塞,均成功开通,14条肾动脉仅行球囊扩张,62条肾动脉行支架置入。住院期间未出现任何手术相关并发症;术后24 h血压也有明显的下降[收缩压:(150.8±16.4)mmHg比(132.0±12.8)mmHg;舒张压:(88.6±12.7)mmHg比(80.1±11.1)mmHg,P均0.05]。术后24 h肾功能不全的18例患者平均血压降至(135.7±16.0)/(83.8±11.4)mmHg。针对18例肾功能不全的患者,术后平均随访26个月,结果发现,与术前相比血压明显下降[收缩压:(138.4±11.8)mmHg比(148.7±9.1)mmHg;舒张压:(88.1±10.7)mmHg比(93.5±9.5)mm·Hg,P均0.05]。所有62例患者术后服药种数明显减少。18例肾功能不全者中6例(33.3%)治愈,7例(38.9%)改善,5例(27.8%)无变化;术后血清肌酐水平的监测发现9例患者的肾功能好转,6例患者的肾功能未受明显影响,3例患者的肾功能恶化。结论肾动脉血运重建术对肾动脉狭窄合并高血压患者的血压带来明显的获益,但对肾功能的改善效果有待进一步研究。     

经皮血管成形术治疗移植肾动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的 评估经皮血管成形术在治疗移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)导致的移植肾功能损害和(或)高血压中的效果.方法 回顾性分析1998年7月至2007年1月经皮肾动脉造影明确诊断为移植肾动脉狭窄的16例患者的临床资料.在16例患者被确诊前先行多普勒超声检查,有13例被发现TRAS,3例阴性,假阴性率为18.75%.对16例TRAS患者均采取经皮血管成形术治疗.术后对患者进行了3年的随访,分别在术后1周、6个月、1年、2年和3年时评估肾功能和高血压改善状况.以平均动脉压较术前下降至少15%定义为高血压改善;以血清肌酐降低至少20%定义为移植肾功能改善.结果 经皮血管成形术成功率100%,16例患者经治疗后均获临床治愈.术后1周、6个月、1年、2年和3年时,肾功能改善率分别为81.25%、68.75%、62.5%、56.25%和50%,高血压改善率分别为62.5%、75%、75%、56.25%和50%,所有患者服用降血压药物的种类和用量均减少.结论 经皮血管成形术对TRAS导致的肾功能损害和高血压有明显的改善作用,是安全和有效的治疗方法 .     

肾移植术后早期移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗

目的总结肾移植术后早期发生移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)受者诊疗经验。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月1日至2018年8月31日复旦大学附属中山医院肾移植术后并发TRAS的16例受者(TRAS组)临床资料,并选取同期16例未发生TRAS的肾移植受者作为对照组。采用配对t检验比较两组受者介入治疗前年龄、等待移植时间、血清肌酐、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、收缩压/舒张压、移植肾动脉峰值流速(PSV)和段间动脉阻力指数(RI),以及TRAS组治疗后与TRAS组治疗前、对照组治疗后血清肌酐、eGFR、收缩压/舒张压、移植肾动脉PSV、段间动脉RI的差异。采用χ²检验比较两组受者性别、供肾来源、透析方式、供肾侧别、供肾动脉吻合方式及移植肾功能延迟恢复发生情况;采用Fisher确切概率法比较两组受者移植前糖尿病、高血压和急性排斥反应发生情况。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果TRAS组受者中13例行球囊扩张,2例置入球扩支架。随访至2018年8月31日,期间除1例受者因慢性排斥反应行移植肾切除术外,余15例受者移植肾功能均稳定。两组受者年龄、性别、移植前糖尿病、移植前高血压、等待移植时间、供肾来源、透析方式、供肾侧别、供肾动脉吻合方式、移植前血清肌酐、移植肾功能延迟恢复及急性排斥反应发生情况差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。介入治疗前,TRAS组受者平均血清肌酐、收缩压及移植肾动脉PSV分别为(5.6±3.5)mg/dL、(144±9)mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa,下同)和(3.4±1.6)m/s,均高于对照组[(1.9±0.8)mg/dL、(130±19)mmHg和(1.3±0.5)m/s],差异均有统计学意义(t＝3.94、2.35和4.73,P均<0.05);TRAS组受者平均eGFR和段间动脉RI分别为(18±15)mL/min和0.5±0.1,均低于对照组[(49±20)mL/min和0.6±0.1],差异均有统计学意义(t＝－4.84和－3.88,P均<0.05)。介入治疗后,TRAS组受者平均血清肌酐、收缩压、舒张压和移植肾动脉PSV分别为(3.2±1.5)mg/dL、(128±16)mmHg、(76±8)mmHg和(2.0±1.0)m/s,较治疗前均有所下降,差异均有统计学意义(t＝3.63、4.40、3.72和3.03,P均<0.05),但平均血清肌酐高于仍高于对照组[(1.5±0.5)mg/dL],差异有统计学意义(t＝3.93,P<0.05)。TRAS组受者平均eGFR和段间动脉RI分别为(26±13)mL/min和0.6±0.1,均高于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(t＝－4.65和－3.25,P均<0.05);但平均eGFR仍低于对照组[(58±17)mL/min],差异有统计学意义(t＝－5.75,P<0.05)。 结论对于肾移植术后怀疑发生TRAS的受者应先进行彩色多普勒血流显像检查,然后再根据血管动脉造影进行确诊。介入治疗可有效改善TRAS受者移植肾功能。     

冠心病患者动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的临床筛选方法研究

目的建立从临床上筛选出动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄（ARAS）的简单易行的预测公式。方法分析892例冠状动脉造影并行非选择性肾动脉造影患者的临床资料，采用单因素相关分析得出与ARAS相关的风险因素，再通过多因素Logisitc回归分析得出各风险因素之间的比例关系，根据这种比例关系建立简单的评分系统，再将评分代人患者中，分析其敏感性及特异性。结果在冠状动脉粥样硬化人群中ARAS的患病率为12．7％，风险因素为年龄、体质量指数、血肌酐、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、缺血性脑血管病病史与顽固性高血压。根据以上风险因素建立相应的评分系统，患者的评分分值由5．5分至20．5分不等。随着分值的增加，ARAS的发病率明显升高。结论本研究所建立的简单临床预测公式可以有效的对冠状动脉粥样硬化患者进行初步的筛选，为是否采取敏感度高但较为昂贵的检查进行确诊提供参考。     

Renal artery stenosis secondary to neurofibromatosis in children: Detection by Doppler ultrasound

Renal artery stenosis was diagnosed in two adolescents with neurofibromatosis using Doppler ultrasound. The diagnosis was confirmed by angiography. The renal vascular lesion in neurofibromatosis usually affects the proximal segment of the artery, which is the part most optimally visualized by ultrasound. We suggest that Doppler ultrasound of the renal arteries may be a useful technique in the investigation of hypertensive children with neurofibromatosis.     

肾动脉狭窄合并恶性高血压的临床特点

目的了解肾动脉狭窄(RAS)所致恶性高血压(MHT)的发病情况、临床特点和预后。方法回顾性分析北京大学第一医院23年间所有经肾动脉造影证实为RAS的病例,将其中合并MHT的23例列为研究对象,收集其临床及实验室资料,并与同时期收治的46例肾实质性MHT以及23例原发性MHT患者进行比较。结果23例RAS合并MHT患者占同期MHT患者的25.8%、RAS患者的19.5%,其中动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)在1990年前仅占20.0%,而1990年后已成为首位病因。RAS合并MHT组有别于其他两组的特点包括双侧肾脏大小不一致(52.2%)、血管杂音(17.4%)以及应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)后Scr升高超过30%(8.7%)。此外RAS合并MHT组较肾实质性MHT者尿蛋白量低犤(1.6±1.5)g/d比(4.0±3.1)g/d犦,血尿也少见。血压控制满意后RAS合并MHT组尿蛋白转为阴性或降至1.0g/d以下,而肾实质性MHT组尿蛋白无显著下降。RAS合并MHT组行血管重建治疗的11例患者中6例高血压得到完全控制(54.5%)。在3～12个月的随访中RAS合并MHT组中有2例进入维持性透析治疗(均为入院时即存在肾功能不全的患者),少于其他原因引起的MHT患者。结论RAS是继发性MHT常见的病因。对于尿液中有形成分不多、蛋白尿定量<3.5g/d的MHT患者应积极进行RAS的相关筛检。在不同病因导致的MHT中,RA