定量组织速度成像评价心肌梗死患者左心室舒张不同步性及整体舒张功能

目的探讨应用定量组织速度成像技术(QTVI)评价心肌梗死患者左心室非同步舒张运动的意义。方法获取60例心肌梗死患者及40例正常人的标准心尖部左室长轴、两腔和四腔观组织速度图像,离线分析左心室6个壁基底段、中间段和心尖段共18个位点及左心室各壁二尖瓣环的组织速度曲线,测量心电图QRS波起始点至各位点心肌舒张早期峰值速度(Ea)的时限(TQ-E)。计算同一节段6个壁间TQ-E的最大差值(Inter-ΔTQ-E)、同一壁内3个节段间TQ-E的最大差值(Intra-ΔTQ-E)及左心室18个位点间TQ-E的最大差值(Max-ΔTQ-E)。计算左心室各壁二尖瓣环Ea与舒张晚期峰值速度(Aa)比值的平均值(Ea/Aa′)。并利用常规超声心动图测定心肌梗死患者左室整体舒张末容积(EDV)、收缩末容积(ESV)、射血分数(LVEF)。结果与正常人相比,心肌梗死组EDV、ESV均明显升高,心肌梗死组EF明显降低,心肌梗死患者的Inter-ΔTQ-E、Intra-ΔTQ-E、Max-ΔTQ-E均明显延长,Ea/Aa′明显降低。心肌梗死患者中,Max-ΔTQ-E与Ea/Aa′均呈显著负相关;与EDV及ESV呈显著正相关;与EF呈显...     

组织速度成像评估特发性肺动脉高压患者右心室心肌非同步运动

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像评估特发性肺动脉高压（IPAH）患者右心室非同步运动的意义。方法 选择26例IPAH患者和25例正常人，常规测量、计算右心室结构参数（游离壁厚度、舒张末期面积和收缩末期面积、面积变化率）和功能参数[游离壁三尖瓣环收缩期峰速（Sa）、舒张早期峰速（Ea）、舒张晚期峰速、Tei指数]。离线分析右心室3个壁基底段和中间段组织速度曲线，测量QRS波起点至6节段Sa、Ea时限（TQs、TQr）。计算同一节段3个壁间TQ-S、TQ-E最大差值（Inter-△TQ-S、Inter-△TQ-E）、同一壁内2个节段间TQ-S、TQ-E最大差值（Intra-△TQ-S、Intra-△TQ-F）及6节段间TQ-S、TQE最大差值（Max-ATQ-s、Max-△TQ-E）。结果 与正常人相比，IPAH患者Inter-△TQ-S、Inter-△TQ-E、Max-△TQ-S、Max-△TQ-E明显延长（P〈0．001），Intra-△TQ-S、Intra-△TQ-E略延长（P〉0．05）。IPAH患者Max-△TQ-S、Max-ATQ-E与右心室结构参数和功能参数均有良好相关性。结论 IPAH右心室内存在非同步运动，且与右心室结构和功能关系密切。     

定量组织速度成像技术对病毒性心肌炎患儿左室内非同步性的研究

目的探讨三平面基础上应用定量组织速度成像技术（QTVI）评价病毒性心肌炎（VMC）儿童左室内非同步运动的临床意义。方法正常儿童30例,VMC患者32例,每个受试者在实时三维成像的基础上获得标准的心尖四腔、两腔和三腔心切面,采集左心室6个壁的基底段、中间段、心尖段共18个位点的QTVI图像,测量各位点QRS波起点至收缩期峰值速度和舒张早期峰值速度的时限（Ts和Te）,计算左心室同一个壁内3个节段间Ts最大差值和Te最大差值（Intra-ΔTsI、ntra-ΔTe）以及同一个节段内6个壁之间Ts最大差值和Te最大差值（Inter-ΔTsI、nter-ΔTe）以及左心室18个节段Ts最大差值和Te最大差值（Max-ΔTs、Max-ΔTe）。结果 VMC组Intra-ΔTsI、ntra-ΔTe、Inter-ΔTsI、nter-ΔTe、Max-ΔTs、Max-ΔTe均较正常组延长。结论 VMC患儿左室内存在明显的非同步运动。     

犬急性缺血心肌非同步运动与左心功能的相关性研究

目的：探讨定量组织速度成像（QTVI）评价犬急性缺血心肌非同步运动与左心功能的相关性。方法：健康犬21只,暴露心脏,于左冠状动脉主干阻断前（对照组）、后（实验组）分别获取左心室12个节段的QTVI曲线,测量各点QRS波起点至心肌收缩期峰值速度和舒张早期峰值速度的时间（Ts和Te）,计算同一壁内3个节段Ts最大差值（Intra-△Ts）和Te最大差值（Intra-△Te）以及左心室12个节段Ts和Te的最大差值（Max-△Ts和Max-△Te）。心室间的不同步指标测量QRS波起点到主动脉瓣血流频谱起点时间（Q-A）,QRS波起点到肺动脉瓣血流频谱起点时间（Q-P）及其差值（Q-AP）。左室射血分数（LVEF）和Tei指数反映左心整体功能。结果：实验组缺血节段Intra-△Ts、Intra-△Te、Max-△Ts、Max-△Te、Q-A、Q-P及Q-AP较对照组明显延长（P＜0.01）,Max-△Ts与Tei指数呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与LVEF呈负相关（P＜0.05）。QRS与Max-△Te呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论：犬急性缺血左心室内及心室间心肌存在明显非同步运动,且与心功能密切相关。     

定量组织速度成像技术对心力衰竭患儿心脏非同步运动的研究

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患儿心室间及左心室内非同步运动的临床意义.方法 正常小儿40例,CHF患儿30例,左心室内非同步性指标检测采取标准心尖四腔和两腔观,获得左心室4个壁基底段、中间段和心尖段共12个位点的QTVI曲线,测量各位点QRS波起点至心肌收缩期峰值速度和舒张早期峰值速度的时限(Ts和Te).计算左心室同一壁内3个节段间Ts最大差值和Te最大差值(Intra-△Ts和Intra-△Te)以及左心室12个心肌节段Ts和Te的最大差值(Max-△Ts和Max-△Te).心室间的不同步指标测量QRS波起点到主动脉瓣血流频谱起点时间(Q-A)、QRS波起点到肺动脉瓣血流频谱起点时间(Q-P)及其差值(Q-AP).左室射血分数(LVEF)及Tei指数反映左心室整体功能.结果 CHF组Intra-△Ts和Intra-△Te、Max-△Ts和Max-△Te、Q-A、Q-P及Q-AP较正常组明显延长.Max-△Ts与LVEF负相关(r=-0.54,P＜0.05;),与Tei指数正相关(r=0.58,P＜0.01),与QRS不相关.Max-△Te与QRS正相关(r=0.57,P＜0.01),与LVEF及Tei指数不相关.结论 CHF患儿心室间及左心室内存在明显的非同步运动,且与心功能关系密切.     

定量组织速度成像评估特发性肺动脉高压右心室等容收缩期的心肌收缩协调性

目的探讨定量组织速度成像（QTVI）评估特发性肺动脉高压（IPAH）患者右室等容收缩期心肌收缩协调性的意义。方法26例IPAH患者和25例正常人入选本研究。常规测量、计算右室结构参数（游离壁厚度、舒张末期面积和收缩末期面积、面积变化率）和功能参数[游离壁三尖瓣环等容收缩期峰值速度（VIC）、收缩期峰速（Vs）、Tei指数]。离线分析右室3个壁基底段和中间段组织速度曲线，测量QRS波起点至6个节段VIC的时限（TQ-1C）。计算同一节段3个壁间TQ1-IC最大差值（Inter△TQ-1C）、同一壁内2个节段间TQ-1C最大差值（Intra—△TQ-1C）、6个节段间TQ-1C最大差值（Max—△TQ-1C）及6个节段TQ-1C的平均值（Mean-△TQ-1C）。结果与正常人相比，IPAH患者Inter-△TQ-1C和Max-△TQ-1C、Mean—△TQ-1C明显延长（P〈0．001），Intra-△TQ-1C略延长（P〉0．05）。IPAH患者Max—△TQ-C与右室结构参数和功能参数均有良好相关性。结论IPAH患者右室等容收缩期存在非同步收缩运动，且与右室结构和功能关系密切。     

实时三维超声心动图评价高血压左心室舒张功能的研究

目的：应用实时三维超声心动图技术评价高血压患者左心室舒张功能。方法：应用实时三维超声心动图、组织多普勒技术分别测量20例健康者和20例高血压患者的左室重量（LVM）和左室充盈率（PFR）及左室壁17节段的节段每搏量（rSV）、节段舒张末容积（rEDV）、节段充盈率（rPFR）,左心室间隔、侧壁基底段舒张早期峰值速度（Ea）和舒张晚期峰值速度（Aa）并计算其比值（Ea/Aa）。结果：40例受测者均获得了具有清晰内膜边界的二维及实时三维图像和17节段容积-时间曲线。两组间左室充盈率（PFR）和Ea/Aa比值及左心室17节段的rSV、rEDV、rPFR测值间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：高血压患者与正常人左心室舒张功能及左心室壁节段舒张功能存在差异,实时三维超声心动图是一种可行的、能准确定量评价左室舒张功能的新技术。     

冠心病心力衰竭患者左心室非同步运动的组织速度图特征

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像技术（QTVI）评价冠心病心力衰竭患者左心室非同步运动的价值。方法 选择正常人及冠心病心衰（CHF）患者各36例，利用QTVI技术，获取标准心尖部左室长轴、两腔、四腔观的左心室6个壁基底段、中间段和心尖段共18个位点的多普勒速度曲线，测量各位点QRS波起始至心肌收缩峰值速度和舒张早期峰值速度的时间（Ts和Te），并计算同一节段6个壁间的最大差值（△Ts1、△Te1）、同一壁内3个节段间Ts和Te的最大差值（△Ts2、△Te2）及左室18个位点问Ts和Te的最大差值（△Ts3、△Te3）。同时计算二尖瓣环6个位点收缩期峰值速度和舒张早期峰值速度的均值（rags、mVe）及射血分数（LVEF）。结果 CHF组△Tsl、△Tel、△Ts2、△Te2、△Ts3、△Te3较正常组明显延长（P〈0．05）；CHF组△Ts3、△Te3与rags、LVEF呈负相关（r=-0.721，r=-0．748，P〈0．01）；△Te3与mVe呈负相关（r=-0．628，P〈0．01）。结论 冠心病心衰患者左心室同一节段及同一壁内均存在非同步运动，且与左心功能关系密切。     

应用定量组织速度及应变率成像评价2型糖尿病患者左心室舒张功能

目的探讨定量组织速度及应变率成像技术在2型糖尿病患者左心室舒张功能中的应用价值。方法42例行冠状动脉造影证实冠脉狭窄率≤50％的2型糖尿病患者，分为血压正常的单纯糖尿病组（DM20例）和糖尿病合并高血压组（DM＋HT22例）。设25例年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者为正常对照组（NC）。在静息状态下，应用定量组织速度和应变率成像技术，分别于左心室各室壁二尖瓣环及不同节段测量并比较各组舒张期二尖瓣环运动速度（Ea、Aa）、室壁不同节段长轴方向心肌的运动速度（Em、Am）及其峰值应变率（SRe、SRa），同时与常规超声心动图相对比。结果两组糖尿病患者Ea、Ea／Aa、E／Ea与正常对照组相比有显著差异。两组糖尿病患者室壁不同节段SRe均明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论应用定量组织速度和应变率成像技术，能够在静息状态下检测2型糖尿病患者左心室舒张功能早期受损情况，有助于糖尿病心肌病的早期诊断。     

组织速度成像评估原发性扩张型心肌病右心室心肌舒缩协调性

目的探讨原发性扩张型心肌病(DCM)右室心肌舒缩协调性特点及其意义。方法35例DCM患者[单纯左室扩大组(A组)和双室扩大组(B组)]和18例正常人(C组)入选。常规测定、计算心脏结构和功能参数。分析右室3个壁基底段和中间段组织速度曲线,测量QRS波起点至6节段Sa、Ea时限,计算6节段间TQ-S、TQ-E最大差值(Max-ΔTQ-S、Max-ΔTQ-E)。依据公式计算右室整体心肌作功指数。结果与C组相比,A、B组Max-ΔTQ-S、Max-ΔTQ-E明显延长(B组最显著),且与心脏结构和功能参数具有相关性。结论DCM患者右室存在非同步运动(其中合并右室扩大者最差),且与心脏结构和功能关系密切。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.