超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检的诊断

目的；探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声并穿刺活检对前列腺增生合并前列腺癌的术前诊断。方法：对87例临床诊断为前列腺增生的患者经直肠前列腺超声检查并行穿刺活检，结果：穿刺病理证实为前列腺癌14例，良性病变73例，恶性组低回声结节9例（64．28％），结节边缘不清楚11例（78．57％），内外腺分界不清12例（85．71％），均高于良性组，但良、恶性组声图像上均无特征性表现，结论：经直肠前列腺穿刺活检是术前诊断前列腺癌的好方法。     

经直肠三维高频超声诊断前列腺癌

目的：探讨经直肠三维高频超声城像对前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法：应用Combison^R530三维超声成像仪（7.5MHz经直肠探头）检测46例前列腺癌,对其声像图表现进行回顾性分析。结果：前列腺癌在超声声像图上可表现为单纯结节型,结节浸润型及弥漫浸润型三种改变。三维超声新技术通过多平面观察,可获得比二维超声更多的诊断信息,提高了前列腺癌的超声诊断率（尤其对后二型病变）,本组诊断符合率为82.6％,且更容易观察前列腺病灶与包膜及邻近结构之间的空间位置关系,有助于对肿瘤进行分期。结论：经直肠三维超声为操作者提供了更丰富的诊断信息,明显提高了前列腺癌的超声诊断率。     

经直肠超声诊断前列腺癌

本文报道了应用经直肠超声检查37例前列腺癌的结果。所有病例均行手术或穿刺活检，病理诊断均为腺癌。结果显示，经直肠超声对前列腺癌的诊断符合率为75．7％（28／37），阳性预期值为80．2％（41／50）。本文重点讨论了前列腺内低回声结节对前列腺癌早期诊断和随访的意义。超声检查对于发现有临床意义或潜在致命的前列腺癌具有较大意义。     

超声造影鉴别前列腺结节良恶性的初步探讨

目的 探讨超声造影在鉴别前列腺结节良恶性中的价值.方法 应用造影剂声诺维(SonoVue)对20例经腹超声发现的前列腺结节患者进行前列腺超声造影,观察并分析结节的超声造影特征.结果 本组20例25个前列腺低回声结节中,结节位于内腺14个,外腺11个.内腺结节均为良性增生结节,外腺结节中3个为良性增生结节,8个为前列腺癌.不同部位不同性质的结节超声造影表现也不相同.内腺低回声增生结节表现为与周围内腺实质同步灌注的均匀增强模式;外腺低回声增生结节表现为与周围外腺实质增强强度相似的灌注模式;外腺低回声恶性结节表现为增强强度高于内腺前列腺组织,明显高于周围外腺前列腺组织.所有结节均经前列腺穿刺活检病理证实.结论 超声造影在鉴别前列腺结节良恶性中有一定的应用价值.     

经直肠超声对前列腺增生和前列腺癌52例的鉴别诊断分析

目的：了解经直肠超声前列腺增生、前列腺癌的表现特点。方法：对52例患者用8MHz腔内探头,经直肠观察前列腺形态,病灶部位、大小及内部回声,彩色血流分布。结果：前列腺增生结节多为强回声,多位于内腺,前列腺癌结节多为低回声,且形态不规则,多位于外腺。彩色多普勒：在良性结节中血流信号于结节周边呈环绕走行,恶性结节中常见血流信号伸入其中,个别血流丰富呈火海样。结论：经直肠前列腺超声检查图像更直观、清晰,易于诊断。     

经直肠彩色多普勒超声对增生前列腺内腺低回声前列腺癌与低回声增生结节的鉴别

目的：探讨增生前列腺内腺低回声前列腺癌与低回声增生结节在声像图及血流动力学方面的差异，提高前列腺癌的早期诊断水平。方法：经直肠彩色多普勒超声对增生前列腺内腺31个低回声增生结节及18个低回声前列腺癌的形态，边界，动脉收缩期最大血流速度（VS），阻力指数（RI）及搏动指数（PI）进行对比性分析。结果：前列腺癌相对增生结节来说，边界不甚清楚，形状不规则，VS，RI，及PI均明显增大（P＜0．01）。结论：增生前列腺内腺低回声的增生结节与前列腺癌声像图表现及VS，RI，PI对二者的鉴别具有重要价值。     

经直肠超声对前列腺外腺低回声结节鉴别诊断

目的探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）对前列腺外腺低回声结节声像特征的鉴别诊断意义。方法选择经病理证实的79例TRUS显示外腺低回声结节良恶性病变声像表现进行比较。结果前列腺癌为61％，良性病变39％，其恶性病变主要声像图表现是外腺对称性消失。低回声边缘模糊，累及前列腺包膜等。结论TRUS检查有助于外腺低回声结节的鉴别诊断，有利于提高前列腺穿刺活检的效率。     

前列腺低回声灶和PSAD对前列腺癌的诊断价值

术前经直肠超声检出前列腺低回声灶65例,范围0.5-2.0cm^2,84.61%位于移行区,病检证实前列腺癌（PCa)35例（53.84%),前列腺上皮内瘤（PIN）13例（20%）。结节增生17例（26.15%)。以PSA10ng/ml和PSAD0.1为界值,对PCa和PIN的敏感性是52%和85%A,特异性90%和56%,阳性预测值90%和71%,本研究提示,前列腺弱回声灶和PSAD较单一指标能提高对前列腺癌的检出率。     

正常前列腺、前列腺癌的经直肠超声造影特点的研究

目的：应用经直肠超声造影观察前列腺的正常内外腺组织及癌灶组织的造影增强起始时间及显影终止时间，观察其显影特点及差别，为超声诊断前列腺癌提供依据。方法：采用Bracco公司超声造影剂SonoVue，团注法，经直肠超声分别观察正常前列腺外腺组、正常前列腺内腺组、前列腺外腺癌灶组、前列腺内腺癌灶组造影增强起始时间及显影终止时间。结果：正常前列腺内腺组与外腺组造影增强起始时间无明显差别（P〉0．05）；前列腺内腺癌灶组与前列腺外腺癌灶组造影增强起始时间也无明显差别（P〉0．05），但二者比正常前列腺内腺组与外腺组造影增强起始时间明显提前（P〈0．01）。各组显影终止时间无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论：前列腺癌造影后提前显影，对鉴别正常前列腺组织及前列腺癌灶有重要价值.     

前列腺癌经直肠超声显像与病理组织学类型的关系

目的:观察前列腺癌的超声声像图特点与病理对照,提高前列腺癌的超声诊断水平。方法:分析21例经术后病理证实为前列腺癌的经直肠超声图像,观察有无异常回声肿块以及肿块的超声回声类型,并分析其与病理组织类型的关系。结果:21例前列腺癌患者经直肠超声诊断正确18例,诊断符合率85.7%,误诊3例,占14.3%。13例表现为低回声结节(占61.9%),8例表现为高回声结节或混合回声结节(占38.1%)。低分化腺癌和中分化腺癌主要表现为低回声(分别占64%和75%)。结论:经直肠超声可以提高前列腺癌的检出率。     

肾脏淋巴瘤临床病理及超声表现

目的观察肾脏淋巴瘤(RL)临床病理学及超声表现。方法回顾性分析31例经病理证实RL的临床、病理学及超声表现。结果31例RL中,2例为原发性、29例为继发性,临床主要症状为腰痛(22/31)。RL病理类型均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其中25例为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤。RL超声表现包括肾内肿物型(13例)、肾弥漫浸润型(5例)、肾盂型(2例)、肾周型(2例)及腹膜后浸润型(9例),均呈低回声或极低回声;9例腹膜后浸润型RL中,7例可见“血管漂浮征”。结论RL超声表现多样;超声发现肾内较大占位病灶呈均匀低回声或极低回声、伴肾外病灶或腹膜后淋巴结肿大或出现“血管漂浮征”时,应考虑淋巴瘤可能。     

Peripheral calcification in thyroid nodules: ultrasonographic features and prediction of malignancy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between peripheral calcification in thyroid nodules detected on ultrasonography and thyroid malignancy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the ultrasonographic features of 65 pathologically proven thyroid lesions showing peripheral calcification for their correlation with histopathologic results. The following ultrasonographic parameters were assessed for each nodule: size (maximal dimension), shape (anteroposterior dimension/transverse dimension ratio), internal echogenicity (hypoechoic, isoechoic, hyperechoic, or invisible), halo sign (present or absent), type of calcification (stippled, curvilinear/smooth margin, or curvilinear/irregular margin), and extent of calcification (arc or rim). RESULTS: Twelve (18.5%) of 65 thyroid nodules with peripheral calcification were malignant, and 53 (81.5%) were benign. Patient demographics (age and sex) and ultrasonographic features of the nodules (size, shape, internal echogenicity, halo sign, and type and extent of calcification) did not show any significant differences between benign and malignant groups. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high prevalence of malignancy and no reliable criterion for malignancy in thyroid nodules with peripheral calcification indicate that fine-needle aspiration or careful ultrasonographic follow-up may be warranted in these cases.     

Ultrasonography of nodular and infiltrative lesions of the skin and subcutaneous tissues

Ultrasonography with high-frequency probes was performed on 80 dermatological patients carrying palpable lesions of the skin. The case list included hemo- and lymphangiomas (16 cases), cysts (13 cases), Kaposi sarcomas (9 cases), and panniculitis (20 cases). All lesions underwent open biopsy and histological examination. Ultrasound yielded technically adequate images in 74/80 cases (93%). Angiomas appeared as multiple transonic cavities separated by hyperechoic septa; cysts were usually echo free or weakly echogenic, with smooth outlines. Kaposi sarcomas corresponded to superficial hypoechoic nodules with blurred margins, while panniculitis appeared as a diffuse thickening of the subcutaneous space. When acute inflammation was present, as in most cases of erythema nodosum, a nonhomogeneous hypoechoic pattern was found.     

小儿肾上腺皮质癌的超声表现(附16例报告)

目的:分析小儿肾上腺皮质癌(ACC)的超声表现特点并结合特征性的临床表现,作出正确的术前超声诊断。方法:回顾性分析经手术切除,病理证实的16例小儿ACC的超声图像特点及临床表现。结果:超声示肿瘤边界清晰,13例呈低回声为主,其中伴有强回声光点或光团6例。2例高回声,1例中等回声。6例瘤内可见不同程度的囊变。15例肿瘤均未包饶血管,仅1例因瘤体巨大而与腹腔动脉(CA)及肠系膜上动脉(SMA)关系密切。1例肿瘤侵犯肾脏。1例肝转移。左肾静脉或下腔静脉(IVC)或右房形成瘤栓4例。无功能4例,无临床表现。有功能12例,表现有库兴综合征,性征异常,血压升高。结论:小儿功能性ACC多以低回声为主,少数伴有瘤栓,并有特征性的临床表现,诊断并不困难。无功能ACC瘤体多较大,回声不均,无特征性,诊断较困难,需与小儿最多见的神经源性肿瘤鉴别。     

超声诊断儿童三角肌挛缩症

目的 探讨超声检查对三角肌挛缩症诊断的价值.方法 回顾性分析37例双侧肩关节不对称患儿,其中手术证实8例三角肌挛缩症病例,比较其超声检查及手术结果. 结果超声诊断儿童三角肌挛缩症的灵敏度为88.89%,特异度为100%.超声检查与手术测量挛缩带厚度差异无统计学意义.儿童三角肌挛缩症的超声影像特点为三角肌肌层内查见增强回声区(7例)或弱回声区(1例). 结论 超声可作为三角肌挛缩症的有效诊断方法.     

肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎超声表现

目的探讨肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(GLM)的高频超声图像特征。方法对23例以乳腺包块就诊,经术前超声及手术病理证实为GLM患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析。在灰阶声像图上观察肿块大小、形状、边界、内部回声及后方回声。应用彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)观察病灶内部及其周围血流分布和供应情况。结果23例GLM患者(均经手术后病理证实)均为经产妇,年龄20～43岁。灰阶声像图显示12例表现为连续或不连续的不规则管状结构样低回声区,低回声区周围为高回声;5例表现为单发或多发、边界相对清楚、不均质低回声结节或肿块,其内可伴无回声区;5例表现为病变区腺体结构紊乱,未见明确边界,内部回声强弱不一,病变内可见无回声区;1例表现为边界模糊、形态不规则的低回声实质肿块伴后方回声衰减。23例中患处皮肤层增厚8例,6例伴有皮肤破溃,窦道形成。CDFI示22例(22/23)病变内部及周边动静脉血流信号明显增加。结论GLM病变的超声表现具有一定的特点,但这些表现不具有特征性,确诊仍需病理学检查。     

Usefulness of intraductal ultrasonography in gallbladder disease.

This study was designed to compare intraductal ultrasonography of the gallbladder wall with histopathologic findings and to assess the clinical usefulness of this imaging method in gallbladder disease. Thirty-one gallbladder specimens were examined by intraductal ultrasonography retrospectively. The gallbladder is composed of three layers: an innermost hyperechoic layer, a middle hypoechoic layer, and an outermost hyperechoic layer. The second layer on ultrasonograms corresponds to the muscle layer plus the fibrous tissue of the superficial perimuscular connective tissue layer. In cases in which the thickness of the second layer was 500 microns or less, little fibrous tissue was seen and the second layer was approximately identical to the muscle layer on sonograms. Clinical study was performed on 22 gallbladders. The use of a guidewire through the papilla facilitated intraductal ultrasonographic examination. The intraductal sonographic probe could be inserted into the gallbladder fundus in 13 of 22 cases. In nine unsuccessful cases, technical difficulties were as follows: sharply angulated gallbladder (four cases), stenosis of the gallbladder (two cases), difficulty in transmitting power in the correct direction (three cases). With regard to the area visualized in 13 successful cases, in three cases the area visualized was 100%, in seven cases it was 75%, and three cases it was 50%. Intraductal ultrasonographic images could be obtained in 83.3% (10 of 12) of elevated lesions of the gallbladder. The indications for intraductal ultrasonography will be cases in which an abnormality was detected by transabdominal ultrasonography or other modalities in which the physician does not know whether or not to operate. In conclusion, we defined the intraductal sonographic images of gallbladder wall and clarified the clinical indications for use of this imaging method.     

韧带样型纤维瘤病的超声图像及病理基础

目的通过总结韧带样型纤维瘤病（DF）的超声图像表现和病理学结构,以提高对DF的认识和诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2005年1月-2011年12月70例经手术和病理组织学证实为DF患者的超声图像和病理组织学结果。结果DF肿块的超声表现与病理结构密切相关。70例DF中腹部外型41例（58．6％）、腹壁型18例（25．7％）、腹内型11例（15．7％）。DF的典型超声图像表现为沿肌纤维浸润性生长的低回声肿块,累及多块肌肉;肿块无包膜,多数形态不规则、边界不清;其中8例包绕和侵犯相邻骨质,12例肿瘤压迫或侵犯邻近血管、神经、肠管等组织;40例瘤体内探及I级血流信号,4例探及Ⅲ级血流信号;所有病变均未见坏死出血和囊变,病变周围无淋巴结肿大。结论DF的声像图表现有较强的特征性,超声能较为准确判断肿块累及范围、是否侵犯相邻骨质、与毗邻血管、神经的关系,有助于制定手术计划。     

Histological analysis of ultrasonic images of the prostate: an accurate technique.

Ultrasonography of the prostate furnishes images which still cannot be fully interpreted morphologically. In a cadaver study, the ultrasound images of two groups (21 and 19) prostates, obtained in a water bath, were compared with histology slides taken at corresponding levels. In the first part of the study, using a 4 MHz probe, there was a correlation between hyperechoic lesions and stone formations in 9 out of 15 cases. A relation between hypoechoic lesions and the existence of a carcinoma could also be established in 4 out of 12 cases. In the second part of the study, using a 7 MHz probe, there was a correlation between hyperechoic lesions and stone formations in all cases. Hypoechoic lesions correlated with the presence of a carcinoma in 1 out of 8 cases. The technique used appears to be well suited for the comparative study of ultrasound images and histology. Application of the 7 MHz probe is preferable as, because of a better resolution, smaller lesions can be detected. The results of this study are not very encouraging for the use of transrectal ultrasound for the detection of small prostatic carcinomas.     

The common ultrasonographic features of pilomatricoma.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this series was to describe typical ultrasonographic features of 20 cases of pilomatricoma and to improve its diagnostic rate with the use of an ultrasonographic approach. METHODS: For 20 pilomatricomas in 19 patients with preoperative ultrasonography from 1995 to 2004, we reviewed age, sex, symptoms, duration, referring clinician, and tumor sites. The ultrasonographic findings were retrospectively analyzed for tumor location, shape, size, margin, echo texture, echogenicity, presence, amount, and shape of calcification, presence of a hypoechoic rim, and Doppler flow pattern. RESULTS: The mean age of the 19 patients was 6.9 years (range, 1-21 years), and the female-male ratio was 1.1:1. Patients had a painful palpable mass in 10 cases (50%). Nine lesions occurred in the neck, 5 in the cheek, 2 in the preauricular region, and 4 in the extremity. All tumors were located in the subcutaneous layer. The mean size of the tumors was 13.4 mm. Fourteen pilomatricomas (70%) appeared as well-defined oval masses. Tumors were heterogeneously hyperechoic in 80% of cases. All tumors had internal echogenic foci. A hypoechoic rim was seen in 17 cases (85%). Doppler flow signals were observed in the peripheral region in 14 cases (70%). A correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 33% on the basis of clinical findings and in 76% by ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of pilomatricoma should be considered when a well-defined mass with inner echogenic foci and a peripheral hypoechoic rim or a completely echogenic mass with strong posterior acoustic shadowing in the subcutaneous layer of the head, neck, or extremity is found on ultrasonography.