糖尿病视网膜病变视网膜血流动力学变化的超声观察

目的观察糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy，DR）时视网膜中央动脉（central retinal artery，CRA）和视网膜中央静脉（central retinal vein，CRV）血流动力学变化，探讨DR与视网膜血流动力学变化之间的关系。方法应用彩色多普勒超声诊断（color Doppler ultrasoundgraph，CDI）术，对20例34眼正常人（NDR组）与42例60眼DR眼患者（DR组）的CRA和CRV的血流动力学指标进行检测。结果DR组与NDR组相比，CRA的最大收缩期血流速度、舒张末期血流速度和总平均速度、博动指数均降低（P〈0.05），阻力指数增高（P〈0.05）；CRV的最高流速、最低流速和平均血流速度均增高（P〈0.05）。结论CDI是评价DR时视网膜血流动力学变化的有效方法。     

Colour Doppler assessment of blood flow in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To assess the blood flow changes in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and compare these values with values of fellow eyes and eyes of normal subjects. METHODS: 25 eyes of 25 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with CRVO comprised the study group. Their fellow eyes and those of 25 healthy subjects were the control group. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination. Eyes with CRVO were classified into two groups as non-ischaemic and ischaemic by fundus fluorescein angiography. Colour Doppler imaging was performed with a Toshiba Sonolayer SSH-140A and 7.5-MHz linear array probe. Maximum systolic velocity (V(max)), end-diastolic velocity (V(min)) and resistive index (R(i)) values were noted for each of the central retinal artery (CRA), central retinal vein (CRV) and ophthalmic artery (OA). These parameters were compared with those of the fellow eyes and both eyes of the control group. RESULTS: Mean ages were 63.55 and 61.45 years in the CRVO and control groups, respectively. Age and sex distributions were statistically identical in both groups. When we compared the eyes with CRVO to the control group, no statistically significant difference existed between the two groups with regard to the V(min) and R(i )values of the CRA and CRV. However, V(max ) values of the CRA and CRV were significantly lower in CRVO eyes when compared to the control group. The CRVO group and control group had similar V(max), V(min ) and R(i) values for the OA. Only the V(max) was significantly lower in the CRV in eyes with CRVO when compared to the unaffected fellow eyes. No statistically significant difference could be detected between any of the parameters of CRA, CRV and OA of the ischaemic and non-ischaemic CRVO groups. CONCLUSIONS: More data on broader series need to be obtained in order to decide on the practical use of colour Doppler imaging in the differentiation of ischaemic eyes from non-ischaemic eyes in CRVO.     

视网膜中央动脉阻塞眼脉络膜结构相关参数的改变

目的 采用频域光学相干断层扫描(SD-OCT)的增强深度成像(EDI)技术分析视网膜中央动脉阻塞(CRAO)眼各项脉络膜结构相关参数的改变.方法 收集2018年10月至2019年12月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院眼科确诊为CRAO的21例单眼患者临床资料.选取CRVO患眼及对侧健眼各项脉络膜结构相关参数测量结果进行分...     

Changes in retinal thickness are correlated with alterations of electroretinogram in eyes with central retinal artery occlusion

BACKGROUND: We investigated the relationship between the retinal thickness and electroretinogram (ERG) components in patients with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). METHODS: The optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images and ERGs of the nine patients (six men and three women; mean age, 61.8 years) were retrospectively analyzed. The thickness of the inner and outer retinal layers at 1 and 2 mm nasal and temporal to the fovea was measured in the horizontally scanned OCT images. The ratio of the inner layer thickness/sensory retinal thickness (IT/ST ratio) was calculated. The amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of the mixed rod-cone ERGs and the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the photopic ERGs were analyzed. The ratio of the amplitude of each component in the affected eye to that of the healthy fellow eye (a/f ratio) was calculated. RESULTS: In the chronic phase (1 to 8 months after onset, eight eyes), the inner layer was significantly thinner than that in the acute phase (P = 0.0147, 0.0076, 0.002, and 0.0003 for 2 mm nasal, 1 mm nasal, 1 mm temporal, and 2 mm temporal respectively, within 5 days of onset, six eyes), while the thickness of outer layer was not significantly changed. The ERGs were recorded 6.4 +/- 1.5 days after the onset of CRAO. The median of the a/f ratio was 0.84 in the a-wave, 0.56 in the b-wave, and 0.27 in the PhNR. The IT/ST in the chronic phase was positively correlated with the a/f ratio of the amplitude of the PhNR. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of retinal thickness by OCT can be useful for monitoring the changes following CRAO. The correlation between the retinal thickness, especially inner layer thickness, and the ERG components was determined, suggesting that the PhNR in the acute phase might be a good indicator for predicting the thinning of the damaged retina in the chronic phase.     

Disorganization of the retinal inner layers as a prognostic factor in eyes with central retinal artery occlusion

AIM: To evaluate baseline foveal disorganisation of retinal inner layers (DRIL) as a prognostic factor in eyes with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). METHODS: Twenty-eight CRAO patients who were followed-up between 2010 and 2016 were retrospectively investigated. Demographic characteristics and detailed ophthalmological examination findings of all patients were recorded. Macular thicknesses (MTs) from 5 separate spots and DRIL were measured with spectral-domain optic coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Correlations between DRIL score and logMAR converted visual acuity (VA), change in VA, patient reference time (RT), number of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) sessions, MT and MT change were investigated. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between the DRIL score and the final VA (r=0.787) and a negative correlation with the change in VA (r=-0.763). The RT and MT were closely related to the DRIL score. A negative correlation was found between the number of HBOT sessions and the DRIL score (r=-0.341). CONCLUSION: The DRIL score is a parameter assessed by SD-OCT, which can provide us reliable information regarding the prognosis of visual functions and response to the treatment for CRAO patients at acute phase.     

Embolic central retinal artery occlusion detected by orbital color Doppler imaging

OBJECTIVE: To describe the detection of emboli to the retrobulbar circulation using orbital color Doppler imaging in patients with central retinal artery occlusions (CRAO) without visible retinal emboli. DESIGN: Noncomparative, retrospective, observational case series. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with CRAO, without funduscopic evidence of embolic material within the retinal arterioles, underwent neuroophthalmic examination and evaluation with orbital color Doppler imaging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The detection of retrobulbar plaques using orbital color Doppler imaging. RESULTS: Nine of 29 (31%) patients with CRAO demonstrated hyperechoic retrobulbar plaques. All nine patients had visual acuity of counting fingers or worse at presentation. Six of the nine patients (67%) had a history of hypertension, and seven (78%) had coronary artery disease as vascular risk factors for arterial occlusive disease. Two of the nine patients (22%) subsequently died from cardiac-related events. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that orbital color Doppler imaging is an important diagnostic procedure for establishing embolism as the cause of CRAO when no emboli are visible in the retinal circulation. This noninvasive technology enables prompt differentiation of embolic disease from arterial occlusion caused by intrinsic atherosclerosis, vasospasm, or vasculitis from giant cell arteritis. Recognition of emboli has important management implications for these patients.     

Calculating relative retinal image sizes of eyes

I derive simple formulas which accurately give the relative retinal image sizes of corrected eyes. These are useful in calculations involving anisometropia and/or refractive surgery. Using the formulas, I derive simple equations for particular situations and provide two examples. I compare the formulas with the approach adopted by Applegate and Howland (1993) and Applegate and Chundra (1995) to determine relative retinal image sizes before and after refractive surgery.     

彩色多普勒技术研究视网膜中央静脉阻塞眼血流动力学

目的 研究视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者眼动脉、睫状后短动脉、视网膜中央动脉和视网膜中央静脉血流动力学变化及其意义。方法 采用美国Acuson公司Sequoia512型彩色电脑超声诊断仪,检测视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者患侧17眼,健侧17跟及正常对照64眼眼动脉、睫状后短动脉、 视网膜中央动脉收缩期峰值流速,舒张末期流速、搏动指数、阻力指数和视网膜中央静脉的最大血流速度。结果 视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者侧眼动脉、睫状后短动脉、视网膜中央动脉的收缩期峰值流速、舒张末期流速明显低于正常对照组,而搏动指数、阻力指数明显高于正常对照眼;视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者眼视网膜中央静脉的最大血流速度明显低于健眼,健眼睫状后短动脉、视网膜中央动脉的收缩期峰值流速、舒张末期流速明显低于正常对照组。结论 视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者血流动力学明显异常,彩色多普勒技术可作为研究其血流动力学指标的重要方法。     

Traumatic central retinal artery occlusion

A healthy 6-year-old boy with a clinical picture of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) of his left eye is presented here. The underlying cause was a trauma to the boy's left cheek some 6 months earlier. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, the late onset of traumatic CRAO has not yet been reported in the literature.     

Migrainous central retinal artery occlusion

A 29-year-old man experienced a migrainous central retinal artery occlusion coincident with the initiation of propranolol therapy. The pharmacological effects of beta-blockade are discussed, and the use of beta-blockade in the acute management of anterior visual pathway migraine is examined.     

正常眼共焦扫描激光多普勒视网膜血流图

目的　探讨共焦扫描激光多普勒视网膜血流图的临床应用价值。方法　应用Ｈｅｉｄｅｌｂｅｒｇ共焦扫描激光多普勒视网膜血流图仪对４８ 例（８２ 只正常眼）视乳头及视网膜血流灌注进行检测。结果　视乳头大血管血流量为２０３１４ ±７４７７,血流速为６ ２７２４３ ±２ ２６００７ ,红细胞移动速率为１３１４ ±２５８ ;视乳头筛板处的血流量为２６３６ ±１４７４ ,血流速为４６７９９ ±２７０１５ ,红细胞移动速率为１９３ ±１０７ 。颞侧视乳头盘沿的血流量为２２９０ ±１１３２,血流速为５１４５３ ±３７０２１,红细胞移动速率为１６９±１１２ ;鼻侧视乳头盘沿的血流量为２１７７ ±９８３,血流速为４９３２１ ±２９０２９,红细胞移动速率为１６５±０９０;颞侧与鼻侧比较差异无显著性（ｔ 值分别为０６８２ ５ ,０４１０ ４,０２５０ １,Ｐ＞ ００５） 。颞侧视乳头旁视网膜的血流量为３２５５ ±１３００,血流速为５５８６３ ±２９３４５ ,红细胞移动速率为１７８ ±０８３;鼻侧视乳头旁视网膜的血流量为２０６１ ±８９２ ,血流速为３５８６４ ±２１２６６ ,红细胞移动速率为１２