情感性精神障碍患者认知功能障碍的对照研究

目的　探讨情感性精神障碍患者是否存在认知功能损害，比较各亚型患者认知功能损害的特征。方法　对120例（抑郁症组、双相抑郁组、躁狂组及双相躁狂组各30例）情感性精神障碍患者（以下简称患者组）使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（17项）、YOUNG躁狂量表、临床疗效总评量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、韦氏智力量表、韦氏记忆量表及Halstead—Retain神经心理成套检查（HRB—RC）分别于治疗前和治疗第12周末评定及比较。对照组为30名正常人。结果　（1）各亚型患者组治疗前WCST操作的总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数、分类数、智商（IQ）值、记忆商（MQ）值，以及抑郁症组、双相抑郁组的正确数与对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。各亚型患者组治疗第12周末与对照组比较，WCST操作的总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数、分类数及MQ值的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。在各患者组中，WCST操作的总测验次数、随机错误数、分类数、IQ值和MQ值治疗前与治疗第12周末的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而组间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）治疗前与治疗第12周末比较，各患者组中的HRB—RC测验的连线乙、触摸总时间、范畴，抑郁症组中的连线甲，抑郁症组、双相抑郁组治疗前的敲击次数等，与对照组的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论　部分情感性精神障碍患者存在认知功能损害，各亚型患者间的差异不明显。     

亚临床强迫症与首发强迫症患者抑制功能比较

目的比较亚临床强迫症、首发强迫症患者与正常对照抑制功能的差异。方法采用连线测验（TMT）、Stroop测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评估35例亚临床强迫症和35例首发强迫症患者,以及年龄和教育程度匹配的35例正常对照。结果（1）与正常对照比较,亚临床强迫组wCST测验中WCST完成分类数、WCST正确数,Stroop测验中读字色（Stroop-CW）的正确数,TMT测验中TMT-B完成时间测验成绩明显低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,与强迫症患者组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;与正常对照比较,强迫症患者组Stroop测验中Stroop-CW错误数、TMT测验中TMT-A完成时间成绩明显差于正常组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,与亚临床强迫症组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;（2）相关分析显示,强迫症组患者组的病程与TMT-B完成时间呈正相关（r=0．277,P=0．004）。结论亚临床强迫症和首发强迫症患者存在抑制功能受损,执行功能损害在强迫症发生发展中起着重要作用。     

脑血管病患者认知功能改变与脑室线性结构的相关性研究

目的：探讨脑血管病患者认知功能改变与脑室线性结构的相关性，进一步探讨血管性认知障碍的临床特点。方法：采用CT／MRI技术测量脑梗死、腔隙性脑梗死、脑出血的病灶体积和脑室线性结构；应用简易精神状态智能量表，中国成人智力量表中的词义分辨项、数字背诵项；临床记忆量表中的图像自由回忆、无意义图形再认、人像特点联系回忆项，连线测验A、连线测验B组成的神经心理量表进行认知功能测定。结果：脑梗死组、腔隙性脑梗死组、脑出血组、健康对照组4组之间大多数认知功能无差异，仅在认知功能的回忆力分项中脑出血组与健康对照组之间有差异，脑出血组回忆力成绩低于健康对照组（P〈0．05）。患者哈氏值、脑室指数、前角指数、三脑室宽度与正常值比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。哈氏值和三脑室宽度较正常值增大。脑室指数和前角指数较正常值减小。脑室指数与回忆力呈正相关（r=0．280，P〈0．05）。前角指数与MMSE总分、定向力、回忆力呈正相关（r=0．322、0．337、0．368，P〈0．05），与连线测验A和连线测验B所用时间呈负相关（r=-0．278、-0．334，P〈0．05）。结论：脑血管病可引起认知功能下降。脑血管病患者存在不同程度的脑萎缩，尤以额叶皮质和皮质下深部白质的萎缩明显。     

多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的对照研究

目的探讨多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的效果。方法将80例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组40例（接受多元化治疗）和对照组40例（仅接受药物治疗）,共干预12周。在基线及治疗后第12周末分别进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS．RC）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）及治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）测定以评定疗效及不良反应。结果治疗后第12周末研究组PANSS总分、WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、随机错误数评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,WAIS—RC的语言智商量表、操作智商量表、总智商量表、WMS总分评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多元化治疗可明显改善首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状及认知功能,安全性较高。     

全病程病案管理模式对首诊强迫症患者24周疗效随访研究

目的比较全病程病案管理模式和门诊治疗模式干预首诊强迫症急性期和巩固期的疗效。方法前瞻性平行对照研究。在符合ICD-10强迫症诊断标准的100例患者中,随机分配48例接受全病程病案管理,另52例仅接受门诊治疗,对所有病例跟踪随访24周。在治疗前基线、第2周、第4周、第8周、第24周随访评定病情严重程度。结果（1）全病程管理组48例随访24周没有病例脱落;对照组52例,随访24周脱落14例（26．92％）。（2）全病程管理组治疗第8周和第24周的Yale-Brown强迫症量表（Y-Brown）总分和汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD17）、汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）总分的均值显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。（3）全病程管理组第8周和第24周疗效显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。全病程管理组第24周的显效率显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。（4）急性期随访全病程管理组治疗终止治疗率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论全病程管理模式干预首诊强迫症急性期和巩固期的疗效和依从性优于单纯门诊治疗模式。     

奥氮平对精神分裂症认知障碍的疗效及糖、脂代谢的影响

目的 观察奥氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效及其对患者糖、脂代谢影响。方法 将60例接受单一奥氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者，采用修订韦氏记忆量表（WMS-RC）评定记忆功能；威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定执行功功能；PANSS量表评定精神症状；并检测血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂，分别在治疗前、治疗8周末各进行1次。结果 经过8用的奥氮平治疗后，记忆商数显著提高（P〈0．001）；威斯康星卡片分类测验的总测验次数、持续错误数及随机错误数均显著下降（P〈0，05或P〈0．01）；并且奥氮平对记忆功能、执行功能的改善与阳性症状、阴性症状的下降呈显著正相关。治疗8周末血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂水平均显著高于治疗前（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 奥氮平能有效的改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍，但应重视其对患者糖脂代谢的副作用．     

脑白质疏松症患者认知功能与海马代谢关系的研究

目的探讨脑白质疏松症患者认知损害与海马代谢间的关系。方法对108例性别、受教育程度和脑血管病危险因素相匹配且有记忆力减退主诉的患者进行神经心理学评价,通过氢质子磁共振波谱测量左侧海马区N-乙酰天冬氨酸／肌酸、肌醇／肌酸、胆碱复合物／肌酸,以及谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺复合物a峰／肌酸比值,以观察与记忆相关脑区的代谢物变化。结果脑白质疏松症组患者简易智能状态检查量表（24．00）和蒙特利尔认知评价量表（16．50）中位数评分低于对照组（27．00和21．00）,组间差异有统计学意义（均P=0．000）;其中以视觉执行能力（1．00：3．00）、注意力（4．00：5．00）、语言（1．00：2．00）、延迟回忆（0．00：2．00）等项评分降低最为显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。韦氏记忆量表中文修订版进一步测验显示,脑白质疏松症组患者瞬时记忆（5．06±2．86）和短时记忆（32．76±13．31）评分均显著低于对照组[（7．68±4．41）和（46．95±14．81）],且差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;左侧海马区N-乙酰天冬氨酸、肌醇、胆碱复合物与肌酸比值测定,两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论脑白质疏松症引起的认知损害主要表现为视觉执行能力、注意力、语言及记忆（瞬时记忆和短时记忆）显著降低,未发现这一改变与左侧海马代谢变化有关。     

无抽搐电休克治疗对认知功能的影响

目的评价无抽搐电休克治疗（MECT）对认知功能的影响。方法对24例精神疾病患者在MECT前及MECT后5—7天内进行威斯康星卡片分类、连线试验A和B、数字广度、数字符号和临床记忆量表等神经心理学测验。结果①威斯康星卡片分类中,患者完成的总应答数（Ra）在MECT治疗后较治疗前显著减少（P〈0．05）;②连线试验A和B中,患者完成时间在MECT治疗后较治疗前显著缩短（P〈0．05）;③数字广度中,患者在MECT治疗后较治疗前显著增加（P〈0．05）;④数字符号中,患者在MECT治疗后较治疗前差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;⑤临床记忆量表中各项指标,患者在MECT治疗后较治疗前差异均无显著性（P均〉0．05）;⑥精神疾病患者在MECT治疗后精神症状得到控制,病情恢复良好。结论MECT对认知功能无明显损害,对重性精神障碍患者疗效好。     

具阴性症状精神分裂症的病程与其认知功能改善的相关性分析

目的探讨具阴性症状的精神分裂症病人的病程与其认知功能改善的关系。方法对60例具阴性症状的精神分裂症病人在氯氮平或利培酮治疗前后进行阴性症状评定量表（SANS）、简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）评定精神症状;用Wisconsin卡片分类测验（WCST）,Wechsler记忆测验（WMS）、Wechsler成人智力量表（WMS—RC）评定认知功能;以及对病程与认知功能的改善程度进行比较和相关性分析。结果WMS理解量袭分的前后差值与病程为0—5年和病程为11—15年有显著差异（P〈0．05）,在WSCT测验中总测验数的差值与病程为0—5年、6—10年和11—15年比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）,持续错误数的改善在病程为6—10年和11—15年两个组,有显著差异（P〈0．05）;WAIS—RC和WMS前后的差值与病程元相关性（P〉0．05）。结论具阴性症状的精神分裂症的部分认知功能改善程度与病程有关。     

社交焦虑障碍患者的注意偏向研究

目的探索社交焦虑障碍（SAD）患者注意偏向的特点。方法收集明确诊断为SAD，同时汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）总分小于20分的患者共30例，并设正常对照组共30例。进行一般人口学资料调查表、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表（LSAS）和数字划销测验检查。结果SAD患者在HAMD、LSAS的得分明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。数字划销测验中，SAD组的粗分158．0±23．6、失误分17．6±12．8、得分140．6±31．7、失误率12．1±12．1，对照组的粗分179．4±13．2、失误分11．3±d．0、得分168．1±13．9、失误率6．3±2．3，两组的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中粗分和得分与LSAS显著相关（P〈0．05）。结论社交焦虑障碍患者对数字信息，也会发生注意偏向，注意的偏向与当前关注的内容有关。     

平衡仪治疗前后注意缺陷多动障碍患儿认知功能改善的初步观察

目的　探讨平衡仪治疗 2 0次对注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD)患儿认知功能的影响。方法　采用Neurocom公司生产的BalanceMaster平衡仪 ,对 2 0例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版诊断标准、年龄在 10～ 15岁的ADHD患儿进行治疗 ,于治疗前后测试韦氏记忆量表、中国韦氏儿童智力量表 (C WISC)、数字划消、持续操作性测试 (CPT)、动态学习能力测试 (DLM)等项。结果　治疗后 ,患儿韦氏记忆量表的短时记忆 [(6 2± 7)分 ]和记忆商分值 [(10 4± 10 )分 ]以及C WISC中注意 /不分心因子分 [(10 9± 14 )分 ]均高于治疗前 [分别为 (5 7± 8)分、(98± 10 )分和 (10 0± 15 )分 ],差异具有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;在数字划消测试中 ,第一段的净分 (36分 )高于治疗前 (32分 ) ,失误率下降(治疗前后分别为 12 %和 8% ;P <0 0 1) ;CPT测试中的错误率有所下降 ,但差异未达显著性 (P =0 0 8) ,平均反应时及正确率无明显变化 ;在DLM测试中 ,总错误数 (41个 )低于治疗前 (15 7个 ;P <0 0 0 1) ,操作分类 (2级 )高于治疗前 (3级 ;P <0 0 0 1)。结论　平衡仪治疗对改善儿童认知功能有一定疗效 ,特别是在提高注意力、记忆力及冲动控制等方面的疗效较好。     

强迫症伴强迫型人格障碍患者的临床表现

目的 评估强迫型人格障碍（OCPD）在强迫症（OCD）中的发病率,探讨伴OCPD的OCD患者的临床特征.方法 采用DSM-Ⅳ人格障碍临床定式检测手册（SCID-Ⅱ）中有关OCPD的诊断项目对260例OCD患者进行评估,据其是否符合OCPD诊断而将患者分为共病组（OCD＋ OCPD）和非共病组（OCD-OCPD）.对两者的临床特征、焦虑、抑郁水平等进行比较.结果 78例（30％）OCD患者符合OCPD的诊断;共病组有更多的物品污染、囤积以及高道德标准强迫思维和更多的检查、囤积和混合强迫行为等强迫症状,且共病组强迫行为严重程度、抑郁及特质焦虑水平显著高于非共病组,但两组首次出现强迫症状的年龄,有精神疾病家族史的比例以及自知力水平、状态焦虑水平等差异无统计学意义.结论 强迫型人格障碍与强迫症的重叠可能增加了其病理心理的严重程度.     

Nonverbal memory dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with checking compulsions

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder; nonetheless, most of the previous neuropsychological studies for assessing the involvement of memory dysfunction grouped together patients with different symptoms, thereby potentially accounting for the inconsistencies of results. The goals of this study were to compare the memory dysfunction of two main subtypes of OCD and to identify the type of memory dysfunction that is associated with the checking symptoms in OCD patients. The sample population comprised the cleaning-type OCD group (N=23), checking-type OCD group (N=24), and a control group of healthy volunteers (N=20). All the OCD patients were selected from the outpatient clinic. All the subjects underwent the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test (RCFT) for the assessment of nonverbal memory function, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) for verbal memory function, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The immediate and delayed memory scores of RCFT were significantly lower in the checking-type OCD group; there were no significant differences in HVLT scores amongst the three groups. Our results indicate that the checking-type compulsion of OCD patients is associated with nonverbal memory deficits and not with verbal memory deficits.     

Association between duration of untreated psychosis, premorbid functioning, and cognitive performance and the outcome of first-episode schizophrenia in Japanese patients: prospective study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to identify the relationship between duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), premorbid functioning, and cognitive dysfunction and the outcome of first-episode schizophrenia. METHOD: Thirty-four neuroleptic-na?ve patients who consulted hospitals in Tokyo and who were treated by psychiatrists for the first time were evaluated with regard to DUP, premorbid functioning, psychiatric symptoms, and global functioning. The neuropsychological test battery consisted of the Letter Cancellation Test, Trail-Making Test, Digit Span and Verbal Fluency Test. One year later, 24 of the subjects were reassessed for psychiatric symptoms, global functioning, and social functioning, and the relationships between DUP, premorbid functioning, and cognitive performance and the outcome was investigated. RESULTS: Short DUP, good premorbid functioning, and good Letter Cancellation Test, Digit Span and Verbal Fluency Test scores were significantly associated with good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The present results in a Japanese sample are consistent with previous international evidence that delay of initial treatment, premorbid functioning, and cognitive deficits are associated with outcome. A major limitation of the present study was the small size of the subject group. But because the subjects were relatively homogeneous and not influenced by psychoactive substances, the results reflect the essence of the disorder.     

Executive functions and memory in autogenous and reactive subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients

There are concurrently with different results of studies about cognitive functions of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), impairment in non-verbal memory and executive functioning in OCD, has shown consistent results in several studies. In this study, 62 OCD patients and 40 healthy controls were participated. Firstly, cognitive functions of OCD group and healthy control group were compared in terms of scores in Stroop Test, Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test (WCST), Auditory Consonant Trigram Test (ACTT), Controlled Word Association Test (CWAT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Digit Span Test (DST). And then, two patient groups of OCD patients (patients with autogenous obsessions and patients with reactive obsessions) were compared in terms of the scores of same tests, with a hypothesis that claims, cognitive functions of patients with autogenous obsessions, who shown schizotypal personality features and thought disorder in higher ratio, will show more impairment than cognitive functions of patients with reactive obsessions. Significant impairment was found in OCD patients in terms of Stroop test and WCST scores when compared to scores of healthy controls. There was no difference pointed out between cognitive functions of patients with autogenous obsessions and reactive obsessions. Due to limited number of patients with autogenous obsessions in current study, any future research with greater sample size will be helpful to explain the cognitive functions in OCD with autogenous and reactive obsessions.     

Neuropsychological profile in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder over a period of 4-month treatment

This study investigated the changes of the neuropsychological functions over a 4-month period of treatment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Thirty-nine OCD patients and 31 healthy controls were evaluated with neuropsychological and clinical tests. The same tests were readministered 4-months after pharmacological treatment for the OCD patients. At the first series of tests, compared to the controls, the OCD patients were significantly impaired on the immediate and delayed recall of Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT), and on the letter and category of Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWA). They also showed a prolonged response time on Trail Making Test (TMT), part A. The severity of OCD measured by Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) correlated well with the performance on the immediate and delayed recall of RCFT and the response time on TMT, part A. After 4-months' follow-up, the OCD patients still showed impairment on the immediate and delayed recall of RCFT and COWA category. This is despite the fact that they had improved significantly on these functions in comparison with the controls over the period of treatment. In addition, an association between OCD symptoms and the performance on the neuropsychological tests was not observed. The neuropsychological profile of the OCD patients found in the present study is consistent with current theories proposing that the frontal-striatal system is the possible pathophysiological mechanism underlying the development of OCD.     

Effect of cognitive training focusing on organizational strategies in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

The purpose of the present paper was to develop a cognitive training program for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and evaluate its effectiveness. Nine 60-min sessions focusing on the improvement of organizational strategies were given to 15 patients with OCD over a period of 5 weeks. The control group consisted of 15 age- and sex-matched patients also with OCD. The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and Korean-California Verbal Learning Test were administered before and after cognitive training. Clinical symptoms were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. The memory function in the treatment group improved and their clinical symptoms were alleviated after training, compared to those of the control group. Cognitive training of OCD patients not only improved their memory function, but also alleviated their clinical symptoms. Therefore, cognitive training, focusing on the improvement of organizational strategies, could be an effective treatment modality for patients with OCD.     

Is age at symptom onset associated with severity of memory impairment in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder?

OBJECTIVE: Age at onset is a potentially important marker for neurobiological features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study examined the relationship between age at symptom onset and memory impairment in adults with OCD. METHOD: The authors used the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the California Verbal Learning Test to compare memory functioning of 37 adult OCD patients with self-reported childhood onset of symptoms (onset at less than 18 years of age) with that of 31 patients with adult-onset symptoms. RESULTS: No differences were found between the two groups on any of the verbal and nonverbal memory measures. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported age at symptom onset is not associated with memory performance in adult patients with OCD according to tests previously found to be sensitive to frontal-striatal system dysfunction and impairment in OCD. Such dysfunction appears to be a consistent feature of OCD in adults, regardless of age at initial symptom onset.     

Neuropsychological profiles of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: early onset versus late onset.

In this study, we assess the neuropsychological profiles of both early and late symptom-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. The early and late-onset OCD patients are compared to the control group with a series of neuropsychological measurements. The late-onset OCD patients exhibited impaired performance on the immediate and the delayed recall conditions of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) and the letter and category fluency of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWA), compared to the normal controls and the early-onset OCD patients. The controls and early-onset OCD patients did not differ on any of the neuropsychological measurements taken in this study. These results suggest that different neurophysiological mechanisms are in play in early and late-onset OCD patients, and age of onset can serve as a potential marker for the subtyping of OCD.