武汉市不同种类茶叶中9,10-蒽醌污染水平及膳食暴露

目的了解武汉市售茶叶中9,10-蒽醌的污染水平,并对通过茶水摄入的9,10-蒽醌进行膳食暴露评估。方法用气相色谱-串联质谱法对武汉市茶叶市场销售的36份茶叶中的9,10-蒽醌含量进行检测。结果 36份茶叶样品中均不同程度检出9,10-蒽醌,浓度范围为0.008 0mg/kg～0.137 mg/kg,我们国家尚未设定9,10-蒽醌的限值,参考欧盟的标准,总体超标率为86.11%(31/36)。发酵程度越高的茶叶中残留的9,10-蒽醌也越高:其中全/后发酵茶中9,10-蒽醌浓度均值最高为0.076 2 mg/kg,超标率为100%;其次为轻/半发酵茶,浓度均值为0.045 2 mg/kg,超标率为86.7%;不发酵茶,浓度均值为0.026 2 mg/kg,超标率为42.9%。根据人们的饮茶习惯,我们以1∶50的茶水比用沸水冲泡茶叶5分钟后,检测茶汤中9,10-蒽醌浓度为0.000 4mg/kg～0.01mg/kg,平均浸出率为7.2%。根据膳食暴露风险评估公式计算,茶叶中9,10-蒽醌成人的日均暴露量为0.0551μg/kg bw/day。结论武汉市售茶叶中存在一定程度的9,10-蒽醌污染,且超标率较高。由于未制定9,10-蒽醌的每日容许摄入量(ADI),因此无法评估通过茶叶摄入的9,10-蒽醌对健康造成的风险。     

广东省潮汕地区人群从工夫茶中摄入氟的研究

本文用氟离子选择电极法测定广东省潮汕地区常饮的工夫茶中氟含量,茶叶中氟的最高含量为158.41mg/kg,最低为24.75mg/kg,茶叶中氟的浸出率平均为50.95％。人均经茶摄入氟的量约为0.63mg。在潮汕地区饮茶是一种重要的氟摄入途径,可以作为防龋的辅助手段。过量饮用含氟高的茶,再加上其它食品因素可能使氟的摄入量超过WHO推荐的每日总氟摄入量的标准,导致慢性氟中毒。     

食品无机砷允许限量的探讨

目的：通过对食品中无机砷含量水平及分布进行分析，探讨食品无机砷允许限量。方法：对14类63个品种食品中的无机砷含量用断续流动氢化物发生－原子荧光光谱分析法进行检测。结果：69例食品中无机砷检出率为23％，无机砷含量＜0．2mg/kg的占96％。27份海产食品无机砷检出率为59％，无机砷含量＜2．0mg/kg的占89％。结论：本文提供了食品无机砷允许限量标准的建议值。     

成都市部分食品中铝含量及膳食暴露评估

目的分析成都市蔬菜、畜禽肉制品、动物性水产品及茶叶中铝含量,并对其膳食暴露情况进行评估,为食品安全监管及健康教育工作提供依据。方法对全市范围内蔬菜、畜禽肉制品、动物性水产品及茶叶中铝含量进行测定,结合《2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查》中城市居民膳食消费数据,计算成都市居民部分食品中铝的膳食暴露量。结果蔬菜、畜禽肉制品、动物性水产品及茶叶中铝的平均含量分别为21.9 mg/kg、7.4 mg/kg、7.6 mg/kg、200.8 mg/kg,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。成都市居民蔬菜、畜禽肉制品、动物性水产品中铝的每周平均暴露量分别为0.64 mg/(kg·bw)、0.09 mg/(kg·bw)、0.04 mg/(kg·bw),分别占WHO/FAO推荐的铝的每周容许摄入量的32%、4.5%、2%;每周高端暴露量分别为3.62 mg/(kg·bw)、0.49 mg/(kg·bw)、0.16 mg/(kg·bw),分别占WHO/FAO推荐的铝的每周容许摄入量的181%、24.5%、8%。结论各类食品中铝含量差异较大,茶叶、蔬菜中铝含量较高。结合膳食摄入情况,提示成都市居民铝暴露量存在安全隐患,建议在消费者中加强平衡膳食知识的宣传,避免偏食导致的铝摄入量超标。     

福建省地产茶叶中铝含量调查分析

目的了解福建省地产茶叶中铝含量的分布,评价铝经饮茶摄入对人体的健康风险。方法用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,测定市售茶叶样品中铝含量,参照国标评价茶叶中铝污染情况,对健康风险进行评估。结果检测5组不同品种和产地茶叶样本共180份,铝含量1.21~2 890mg/kg。不同样本铝含量均值:红茶(556.4mg/kg)白茶(611.2mg/kg)花茶(665.3mg/kg)绿茶(678.4mg/kg)青茶(1 272mg/kg);不同产地茶叶的铝含量差异无统计学意义。结论福建省地产茶叶中铝含量较高,经常饮茶对人体有潜在风险。     

茶叶中微量元素Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn的溶出率及化合态研究

用电感耦合等离子体－光发射光谱法（ＩＣＰ－ＯＥＳ）测定市售茶叶中Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ等微量元素的含量及各元素沸水溶出率,平均溶出率分别为Ｃｒ３９．８％、Ｃｕ４２．５％、Ｆｅ８．６％、Ｍｎ４５．５％、Ｎｉ８７．１％、Ｚｎ７１．０％。溶出率随浸泡次数增加而降低,总溶出量中８０％的Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ及６０％的Ｆｅ在第一次浸泡中溶出。另外测定了６种元素在茶水中的化学形态,其中有机态     

深圳市膳食样品中铝的含量水平和人体摄入量估算

目的:了解深圳市膳食样品中铝的含量水平并估算当地居民每日通过食物铝摄入量。方法:按照中国总膳食研究方法和要求,于2011年1月份采集深圳市各类食品样品共243个,食品样品经聚类、烹饪加工、硝酸消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定铝的含量水平。结果:铝在多类食品中有检出,贝壳类、海鲜、小麦及其制品中铝含量较高,中值浓度分别为24.33,6.57,5.61 mg/kg。深圳市本地居民每日通过食物铝摄入量约为2.38 mg/d。结论:深圳市大部分膳食样品中铝含量水平不高,可以放心食用。个别样品如扇贝、油条铝含量较高,长期食用可能存在风险,应引起注意。     

人体铝摄入的主要来源研究

目的:研究人体铝摄入的主要来源。方法:采用铬天青S分光光度法,采取生活饮用水、市售多种食品进行铝含量测定,对铝制炊具的铝溶出量进行测定。结果:生活饮用水铝含量为0.0147±0.0022 mg/L;食品中油条、粉条铝含量较高,特别是油条中铝含量平均为860.7 mg/kg,最高达1012.1 mg/kg,粉条中铝含量高达395.3 mg/kg;铝制炊具铝溶出量测定结果显示,符合卫生标准的饮用水在铝制炊具中存放24 h后,水中铝含量即会超标。在酸性及盐性介质中,铝溶出量远远大于自来水中,而且铝溶出量随使用温度的升高和存放时间的延长而增加。结论:食物性铝和铝制炊具的溶出铝是人体摄入铝的主要来源。     

饮茶后尿中排铝量增加

最近,作者对茶叶中铝的含量及其生物利用度进行了测定。对茶中铝含量的测定结果是,干燥的商品茶叶中铝的含量为555～1009 μg/g。饮用的一般茶水,如果按每150 ml水中加入2 g茶叶计算,則茶水中的含铝     

茶叶和草本茶的氟化物浓度

用离子选择电极测定黑茶、绿茶、乌龙茶、普洱茶、白荼、草本植物茶、速溶荼以及现成可喝的荼饮料中氟化物的含量.结果发现,随泡茶时间延长(5、10、30 min)氟化物含量增加,黑茶叶泡制(泡5 min)的茶水氟化物含量高于其他品种的茶叶,黑茶氟化物含量为0.32～4.54 mg/L,白茶0.37～0.54 mg/L,草本茶仅0.02～0.09 mg/L.根据测定结果估计成人和儿童每日从茶叶和草本植物饮料摄入的氟化物含量,并与严格以ADI(可接受的每日摄入量)为依据的波兰SAI(安全、适当的每日摄入量)比较.成人和儿童5杯/d黑荼,氟化物每日摄入量分别为SAI的8.0%～303%和12%～303%.黑荼是最大众化的饮料,控制茶叶品质可以使人免于从黑茶摄入过多的氟化物,特别是饮水多的地区,从黑茶摄入过量的氟化物使牙齿生长期的儿童氟牙症的风险增加.长期接触大量的氟化物可能导致氟骨症.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.