结扎膀胱下动脉前列腺摘除术的外科解剖和临床应用

在32侧成人标本上解剖观察了前列腺的动脉和神经的起源和分布。供应前列腺的动脉主要为膀胱下动脉的分支,平均每侧有5.6支(2～6)。其分出点于膀胱前列腺间沟的4(8)及3(9)点钟之上24±10mm((?)±SD),各支可经膀胱前列腺间沟的任何一处进入前列腺实质或其包膜。至海绵体组织的植物性神经主要集中于膀胱前列腺间沟及前列腺表面的4点和8点钟外。作者认为,于膀胱前列腺连接部的侧面盲目缝扎包膜,试图结扎其中的动脉而达止血的目的,未必奏效。我们在7例良性前列腺增生的手术摘除术中,采用直视下膀胱下动脉结扎的方法,结扎动脉干可靠,术中术后出血量显著减少。因不会误扎神经,可避免术后病人性功障碍。     

前列腺动脉的显微外科解剖

于手术显微镜下(10x)详细观察了68侧成人前列腺动脉及其与神经丛的关系。另有4侧经x光造影作对照。68侧均有恒定的前列腺动脉,共计92支,以起自阴部内动脉者占多数。该动脉可分为单支和双文型,行程较恒定,距前列腺角上方14.79±0.72mm处分支。92例前列腺动脉中有62例兼有膀肮和/或宣肠分支,经统计学检验表明:该动脉予膀胱或直肠的供血仅属次要。本文还表明:结扎前列腺动脉主干及副阴部动脉后,该腺体的血流量至少可减少77.81％。我院临床实践证明是行之有效的。     

椎板侧方入路治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的应用解剖

目的:为后正中经椎板侧方入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症提供显微外科解部学基础。方法:20具经防腐固定的成人尸体标本,观测横突间韧带厚度、前后方血管和腰神经前支走行。结果:横突间韧带厚度0.60～1.39mm;L3～5节段动脉前支及伴行静脉90%以上位于相邻横突间韧带腹侧上1/2处,横突间韧带背侧中1/3处有一恒定节段动脉分支;腰神经前支与矢状面夹角18.9°～39.2°,下位横突的副突处距前方走行腰神经前支距离为5.63～8.05mm,椎弓峡部侧缘至腰神经前支的距离为1.73～3.64mm。结论:横突间韧带是该入路重要的解剖学标志,熟悉其应用解剖对手术治疗极侧腰椎间盘突出症具有重大指导意义。     

男性尿道膜部括约肌支配神经的应用解剖

目的:为根治性膀胱前列腺切除手术中保护尿道控尿神经提供解剖学依据。方法:对15例成年男性尸体盆腔标本进行解剖,观察支配尿道膜部括约肌神经的组成、形态及毗邻关系。结果:尿道膜部括约肌接受下腹下丛和阴部神经盆内盆外分支支配,其中盆神经起源于下腹下丛远端盆内脏神经分支,沿肛提肌表面到达尿道膜部5点和7点位;40%的标本中阴部神经存在盆内分支,此分支自阴部管内的阴部神经主干穿肛提肌进入盆内,与盆神经一起支配尿道膜部括约肌,其进入尿道膜部的位置距离前列腺尖部(5.3±1.8)mm。在53.3%的标本中阴茎背神经发出分支到达尿道膜部,此分支进入尿道膜部的位置距离前列腺尖部(4.2±1.1)mm。结论:根治性膀胱前列腺切除术中对控尿神经的保护是多方面的,术中对精囊和前列腺尖部的操作最易损伤控尿神经。     

足背内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复足远端创面应用解剖

目的：为远端蒂足背内侧皮伸经浅静脉营养血管皮瓣修复足远端皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在31侧成人下肢标本f：解削观察足背内侧皮神经分支分布特点，6侧新鲜足标本观测皮神经血供分规律。结果：足背内侧皮神经及其分支恒定的血供来源，近端主要来自胫前动脉末端或足背动脉发m的皮支，外径0．8～1．0mm，内、外侧支远端来自南足底内侧动脉的皮支和第2跖背动脉末端的皮支，皮动脉外径在0.5—0．8mm。皮动脉分支营养神经及神经及浅静脉，在神经和静脉旁分支间形成链式吻合，与筋膜皮肤的血管互相吻合。结论：足背内侧皮神经浅静脉营养血管足背皮瓣可设计两种远端蒂修复足远端创面，(1)以第1跖趾关节内侧近端1．3～1．5cm为旋转轴点。(2)以距第2趾蹼游离缘1．5cm为旋转轴点。     

尺侧返血管背侧支尺骨上段骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的 :为治疗肱骨干骨不连提供一种新的骨膜瓣供区。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上解剖观察了尺侧返血管的起始、走行、分支、分布及其与尺侧下副动脉的吻合关系。结果 :尺侧返动脉始于尺动脉上段 ,距肱骨内上髁 (5 .3± 1.0 )cm ,外径 (1.9± 0 .3 )mm ,分出掌侧支和背侧支。背侧支位于尺神经深面 ,沿尺神经沟上行 ,沿途分出 4～ 8支外径在 0 .3～ 1.0mm的骨膜支 ,分布尺骨上段内侧骨面。结论 :以尺侧返血管背侧支为蒂的骨膜瓣逆行移位可修复肱骨中、下段骨不连。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带腓肠神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 8侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本上解剖观测腓肠神经及营养血管的起始、走行、分支分布、吻合及外径 ,2侧成人新鲜下肢标本墨汁灌注观察营养血管的墨染范围。结果 :腓肠神经由腓肠内侧皮神经与腓神经交通支汇合而成 ,其汇合点在外踝上 12 .7± 3 .7cm ,腓肠神经沿窝中点至外踝与跟腱中点连线下行 ,外踝上 12 .6± 3 .4cm处穿出深筋膜。其营养血管主要来源于窝中间皮动脉和腓动脉肌间隔穿支 ,上段起始部外径 0 .6± 0 .1mm ,下段距外踝上 6.7± 1.6cm处与腓动脉穿支恒定吻合 ,吻合支外径 0 .6± 0 .1mm ,沿途发出众多筋膜皮支营养小腿后部皮肤。结论 :以腓肠神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣。     

闭孔动脉吻合支的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的 :为骨盆创伤止血提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 0个防腐固定的成年骨盆标本 ,仔细解剖观察双侧闭孔动脉的来源、分支及其吻合情况。同时通过 5个盆部血管铸型标本 ,观察闭孔动脉与髂外动脉及髂内动脉系统的侧支吻合情况。结果 :闭孔动脉起源分散 ,可分为盆内段和盆外段 ,其分支分布至盆腔脏器和骨盆。 86.7%的闭孔动脉与旋股内动脉浅支间存在直径 ( 1.2 8± 0 .2 2 )mm的血管吻合 ,3 6.7%与对侧闭孔动脉间存在直径 ( 1.12± 0 .0 8)mm的血管吻合 ,2 6.7%与腹壁下动脉 (或髂外动脉 )间有直径( 1.0 2± 0 .3 2 )mm的吻合血管 ,11.7%与旋股内动脉深支有直径 ( 1.5 6± 0 .3 4)mm的血管吻合。此外 ,闭孔动脉分支的终末毛细血管与髂腰动脉、旋髂深动脉、第四腰动脉、阴部内动脉、膀胱上、下动脉和前列腺动脉 (或子宫动脉 )等动脉之间存在广泛、固定的毛细血管吻合网。结论 :闭孔动脉与髂内动脉其他分支及髂外动脉之间存在广泛的血管吻合 ,主要吻合类型为终末支直接吻合和终末支网状血管吻合。在骨盆创伤骨折需阻断出血动脉时 ,应特别注意终末支直接吻合的存在。     

腓动脉分叶皮瓣的应用解剖学研究

<正> 本文采用40侧成人尸体下肢标本(常规福尔马林液固定浸泡标本22例、新鲜标本10例,均用红色乳胶动脉灌注;墨计灌注的新鲜标本2侧,铸型标本6侧),解剖、观察和测量腓动脉及其分支的行程分布、长度和外径;同时还观察了肿肠外侧皮神经的走行规律.测量腓动脉起自部位的外径为(3.1±0.7)mm;腓动脉的分支有3～7支,较粗的分支有3支,分别位于腓骨头下方9～20cm之间,间矩约为5.0cm.腓动脉及其分支有伴行静脉2支,无伴行神经;在皮动脉穿筋膜处的2.0cm之内,有腓肠外侧皮神经穿行至该处的皮肤,测量其宽为(1.1±0.2)mm.在墨汁灌注新鲜尸体标本观察,单一分支染色范围达30cm×10cm.在铸型尸体标本观察,     

内镜引导经后路第三和四颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的解剖学研究

目的研究颈后区的应用解剖,为临床内镜引导经后路第2、3颈椎(C2-3)椎弓根螺钉内固定术提供解剖学资料。方法选择教学用的成人尸体进行头颈部血管铸型;颈后区局部解剖;施行内镜引导经后路C2-3椎弓根螺钉内固定模拟手术。观察颈后区的血管构筑、脊神经后支的分布及其相互关系;经X线摄片观察。结果颈后区在后正中线外侧6.2mm以外椎外静脉丛吻合丰富;颈深动脉在后正中线5.5mm上行;椎动脉经C1横突孔穿出处距后正中线34.1mm;第1、2颈神经后支穿出部位距后正中线分别为11.5、32.1mm。结论临床内镜引导经后路C2-3椎弓根螺钉内固定术,内镜置入部宜选用在C2棘突水平距后正中线5mm处,螺钉进入点可选定在C2-3侧块距其外侧缘5mm,距下关节突下缘8mm处,螺钉进入的延长线与正中矢状切面的夹角应为40°～45°之间,并向头侧倾斜10°为宜,螺钉的长度为24～30mm,￠为5mm为佳,内镜引导经后路C2椎弓根螺钉内固定模拟手术获得满意效果。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.