Minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: The use of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of gastric cancer has not yet met with widespread acceptance; thus, it should be regarded as still in the developmental phase. Nevertheless, the laparoscopic approach appears to have some valuable advantages for the management of gastric cancer patients, and it can be expected to have a dramatic impact on public health expenditures. Herein we present the results of our experience with laparoscopic and laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomies for cancer, and we discuss the role of these procedures in current surgical practice. METHODS: Between June 1993 and November 1997, we performed a total of 13 laparoscopic procedures on 13 patients affected with gastric carcinoma. There were eight male and five female patients with a mean age of 65.4 years (range, 42-78). All patients were staged preoperatively with US and CT scan and required to sign a formal consent. RESULTS: Altogether we performed nine D1 laparoscopic total gastrectomies, seven of which were done with a laparoscopy-assisted approach; three D2 laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomies, associated in one case with a distal pancreasectomy; and one laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy performed on a morbid obese patient. The preliminary laparoscopic staging allowed for a better definition of tumor extension and identification of undetected hepatic metastases in two patients. The mean duration of the intervention was 240 min. Blood losses were as high as 300 cc on average. We recorded one major intraoperative complication, consisting of an inadvertent injury to the proper hepatic artery, which was successfully repaired by the same laparoscopic route. The postoperative course was uneventful in all patients but one, who died of acute hepatic failure on day 6. At a mean follow-up of 27.5 months, 11 patients are still alive. Two of them have hepatic metastases and nine are disease-free. CONCLUSIONS: Although they remain challenging procedures, laparoscopic gastrectomies appear to be oncologically adequate. We believe that a pure laparoscopic approach should be reserved for low-stage lesions (N0, up to T2), while a combined approach is preferable for locally advanced cancer (N1 or higher, T3 or higher). Much work still needs to be done to establish the optimal strategy in both open and laparoscopic surgery, but laparoscopy can be a valuable tool in the decision-making process for patients affected with gastric malignancies.     

早期胃癌的微创外科治疗

开腹手术一直是早期胃癌的有效治疗方式,但开腹手术创伤大,术后并发症多,如何降低早期胃癌手术的创伤、减少并发症一直是外科医师致力解决的问题.随着早期胃癌发现率的提高和微创外科技术的发展,越来越多的外科医师和患者倾向于使用微创技术治疗早期胃癌.早期胃癌微创治疗方式多样,从当前文献报道来看都取得了不错的进步,但也都存在不足....     

Minimally invasive gastric surgery

The most common indications for gastric resection remain benign ulcer disease and neoplasm. Surgery for these diseases can be performed safely with laparoscopy. As surgeons adhere to the original tenets of open gastric resections while performing laparoscopic resections, disease outcomes will remain the same with the improved surgical outcomes of less pain, a shorter hospital stay, and a lower incidence of wound complications. Laparoscopic gastric resections can be divided into the more straightforward wedge/tumor resections performed for submucosal tumors or the more formal anatomic gastric resections. This article reviews the tools and techniques for laparoscopic gastric resection.     

腹腔镜下残胃癌及残胃复发癌的外科治疗

目的探讨残胃癌及残胃复发癌腹腔镜手术治疗的可行性。方法对4例残胃癌和4例残胃复发癌病人行腹腔镜手术切除，分析手术的方式、方法、难点及技术要领。结果在腹腔镜下完成根治性全胃切除6例，行姑息性全胃切除1例，中转开腹1例。腹腔镜手术平均用时（310±50）min，术中平均出血量（190±80）ml，清扫淋巴结平均数量（17．5±6）枚。术后胃肠恢复时间平均（3．5±1．5）d，进食时间平均（3．5±1．5）d，下床活动时间平均（4±1．5）d。无手术并发症。随访时间4～13个月，发生肝脏转移死亡1例，余7例病人仍生存。结论残胃癌和残胃复发癌在腹腔镜行手术切除技术上是可行的，创伤比开腹手术小，恢复快。     

Minimally invasive surgery for gastric tumors

Since 1991, laparoscopic surgery has been adopted for the treatment of gastric tumors, including gastric cancer and gastric gastro-intestinal submucosal tumor (GIST). Although laparoscopic gastric resection for gastric tumors has not been accepted worldwide, its use has definitively increased due to its reduced invasiveness. The most common procedures are laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) for cancer and laparoscopic gastric resection as a standard of care for gastric tumors, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to evaluate its short- and long-term outcomes.     

Minimally invasive surgery for remnant gastric cancer: a comparison with open surgery

Background

Completion total gastrectomy for remnant gastric cancer (RGC) is technically challenging, especially using the minimally invasive approach. Only a few small case series have reported the technical feasibility of completion total gastrectomy by minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of MIS and open surgery for RGC.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 76 completion total gastrectomies for RGC between 2005 and 2012. Indications for MIS were limited to no evidence of serosa invasion or lymph node metastasis to extraperigastric areas on preoperative evaluation. We compared patient characteristics, intraoperative factors, post-operative outcomes, and survival for the MIS and open surgery groups.

Results

Eighteen patients underwent completion total gastrectomy with MIS (10 laparoscopic, 8 robotic) and 58 patients underwent open surgery. Operation time was longer in the MIS than the open group (266 vs. 203 min, P = 0.004), but the groups had similar estimated blood loss, frequency of unplanned other organ resection, and number of retrieved lymph nodes. The MIS group had a significantly earlier initiation of soft diet, shorter hospital stay, and fewer pain medication injections. Complication rates, recurrence, and overall 5-year survival were similar for the two groups. When we compared laparoscopy with robotic, similar result was shown in all parameters except operation time.

Conclusions

Compared to open surgery, MIS for RGC demonstrated better short-term outcome and comparable oncologic results. MIS for RGC is feasible and safe and maintains advantages of minimal invasiveness. Both laparoscopic and robotic approaches are reasonable to the management of RGC.     

Minimally invasive and local treatment for mucosal early gastric cancer

Background: Early gastric cancer (EGC) can present an indication for local resection procedures under pertain circumstances. Especially endoscopic mucosal resections (EMRs) and laparoscopic resections or those combined with endoscopy have been made possible in recent years. Methods: From 1996 to 2004, of a total of 425 patients with gastric cancer, 58 patients with EGC (13.6%) were prospectively analyzed and observed. Of these, 35 patients had preoperatively diagnosed submucosal infiltration and subsequently underwent gastrectomy and standard lymphnodectomy. Of the 23 patients with intramucosal EGC, 22 underwent local resection. One patient displayed lymph node and liver metastasis at the time of diagnosis and received chemotherapy following staging laparoscopy. Results: Among the 23 patients with intramucosal EGC, 13 were female and 10 male. The average age of the patients was 77.4 years (range: 69–86). The rate of lymph node metastasis was 12.5% (n = 35) for submucosal EGC and 4.3% (n = 23) for intramucosal EGC. Twenty-two patients with intramucosal EGC underwent local resection (four EMR, six laparoscopic intragastric resection, 12 laparoscopic wedge resection). The average tumor size was 1.2 cm (range 0.3–2.3). The definitive histological findings yielded in all patients tumor-free resection margins without venous or lymphangic infiltration. In 10 of 18 patients undergoing laparoscopic resection a simultaneous sentinel lymph node sampling (4 ± 3 LN) was performed. There were no metastases detected. Method-specific complications did not occur. The morbidity of this patient group was 13.6% (three of 22). Mortality was zero. The average postoperative hospital stay was 6.5 days (range 2–12). In the median follow-up of 30.3 months (range 1–86) no recurrences have yet been diagnosed. Four patients died within the observation period of non-cancer–related causes. Conclusions: Minimally invasive local resection of intramucosal EGC represents a favorable option when strict determination of indication has taken place. Presented at the 12^th International Congress, of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery, Barcelona, Spain, 9–12 June 2004.     

乳腺癌的微创手术

乳腺癌的微创治疗,在乳腺疾病患者术后的精神和心理康复方面具有常规手术难以达到的突出效果,可能使外科医生长期追求的创伤更小、治疗效果更好、在治愈疾病的同时兼顾患者的美观和心理效应的手术目标得以实现,这正是乳腺癌临床治疗实践的美好愿望,更是乳腺外科发展总的趋势。     

Minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of splenosis

Splenosis has been serious etiologic reason in the recurrence of benign hematologic diseases after elective open or laparoscopic splenectomy. Although, the incidence of splenosis in patients splenectomized for trauma is high, as long as they are asymptomatic, they do not require surgical treatment. Herein, we report a case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura recurrence due to splenosis 5 years after the initial laparoscopic splenectomy. Laparoscopic treatment of splenosis was performed successfully.     

Minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer

The present scarcity of literature on laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery makes it premature to determine whether laparoscopic surgery should be the standard of care for rectal cancer. Notwithstanding that, the available evidence proves its safety and adequate oncological clearance. Moreover, current data do not suggest any detrimental effect on the postoperative and early oncological outcomes. On the contrary, there is level three evidence showing that laparoscopic technique results in less blood loss, shorter length of stay, and reduced abdominal wound disorders and pulmonary complications, albeit the overall morbidity remains similar to that of open surgery. Long-term survival outcomes remain largely unclear, however. Hence, it is high time that laparoscopic technique should be further evaluated, preferably by means of large-scale randomized trials, to define its exact role in the treatment of rectal cancer.     

Minimally invasive surgery for posterior gastric stromal tumors

Background: Because involvement is extremely rare, surgery for gastric stromal tumors consists of local excision with clear resection margins. The aim of this study was to report the results of a consecutive series of nine patients with posterior gastric stromal tumors that were excised using a minimally invasive method. Methods: Patients received a general anesthetic before placement of three laparoscopic ports— a 10-mm (umbilical) port for the telescope and two working ports, a 12-mm port (left upper quadrant) and a 10-mm port (right upper quadrant). Grasping forceps were placed through an anteriorly placed gastrotomy to deliver the tumor through the gastrotomy into the abdominal cavity, thus allowing an endoscopic linear cutter to excise the tumor with a cuff of normal gastric tissue. Results: Nine consecutive patients with a median age of 73 years (range, 47–83) were treated. In seven patients, laparoscopic removal of the tumor was achieved. Two patients required conversion to an open operation because the tumor could not be delivered into the abdominal cavity. The median length of postoperative stay for the seven patients in whom the procedure was completed laparoscopically was 3 days (range, 2–6). Conclusions: Posterior gastric stromal tumors can be removed safely using this minimally invasive method. Delivery of the tumor through the gastrotomy is essential for success. Received: 30 April 1999/Accepted: 12 July 1999     

胃癌外科的微创技术策略

<正>国际癌症研究机构(international agency for research on cancer,IARC)提供的2018年全球癌症负担现状报告(GLOBOCAN)显示,胃癌是位列全球新发病例第五位、死亡病例第三位的恶性肿瘤[1]。我国是胃癌大国,每年新发病例67.9万例,约占全球50%,诊断时大部分处于进展期[2- 3]。腔镜手术具有独特的微创优势,近年在中国的临床实践中获得迅速发展,但是与同为胃癌高发国的日本和韩国相比,中国     

肝内胆管结石的微创治疗

肝内胆管结石是指位于左右肝管汇合处以上部位的胆管结石,有原发性及继发性之分,多发于东南亚及拉丁美洲等国家,西方欧美等国家则较为少见,曾有"复发性化脓性胆管炎(recurrent pyogenic cholangitis,RPC)"、"东方人胆管炎"、"香港病"等诸多名称.既往其治疗多以传统开腹手术为主,创伤较大、并发症多、恢复时间长,给病人身体及精神上造成极大的痛苦,同时也增加了病人的经济负担.近年,随着腹腔镜、介入等微创技术的发展,其治疗也步入了微创时代,现就微创治疗方式加以综述.     

微创手术治疗颅内血肿

本院于2000年8月至2005年12月，采用微创穿刺粉碎清除术治疗颅内血肿50例，取得显著效果。现报告如下。     

Minimally invasive surgery in cancer. Immunological response

Minimally invasive surgery produced major changes in treating abdominal malignancies and early stage lung cancer. Laparoscopy and thoracoscopy are less traumatic than open surgery: allow faster recovery, shorter hospital stay, better cosmesis. Although these clinical benefits are important, prolonged disease-free interval, long-term survival with improved quality of life are most important endpoints for oncologic surgery. Major surgery causes significant alteration of immunological response, of particular importance in oncologic patients, as postoperative immunosuppression has been related to septic complications, lower survival rate, tumor spread and metastases. Clinical studies have shown laparoscopic surgery preserves better the patient's immunological function. Postoperative plasma peak concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP) and TNF-alpha were lower after laparoscopic colonic resection. Prospective thoracoscopic VATS lobectomy trials found better preservation of lymphocyte T-cell function and quicker return of proliferative responses to normal, lower levels of CRP, thromboxane and prostacyclin. Immune function is influenced by the extent of surgical trauma. Minimally invasive surgery show reduced acute-phase responses compared with open procedures and better preservation of cellular immune mechanisms.     

Minimally invasive surgery

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), or laparoscopic surgery, plays a vital role in residency training in a number of surgical disciplines including general surgery, surgical oncology, colorectal surgery, pediatric surgery, and thoracic surgery. The tremendous patient demand for MIS over the past 2 decades has resulted in surgeons rapidly embracing this technique. Many general surgery residencies cover basic laparoscopy within their residency program; however, the experience with more advanced cases is more variable. This career resource guides the interested medical student and physician to opportunities for fellowship training in MIS. It includes a discussion of the specialty, training requirements, grant funding, research fellowships, and pertinent societies.