城市核心家庭妇女产后抑郁的危险因素

目的对产后抑郁进行流行病学调查,确定我国城市核心家庭妇女产后抑郁的危险因素以试图为产后抑郁的早期预防提供依据。方法 435名被试分别完成孕妇产后抑郁危险因素调查表以及SCL-90。采用卡方、t检验及Logistc回归进行分析。结果 6.2%的被试经历产后抑郁。卡方及t检验结果显示抑郁组非抑郁组间婴儿性别(χ2=6.242,P<0.05)、夫妻关系(χ2=7.242,P<0.05)、孕妇照顾婴儿(χ2=8.022,P<0.05)、婴儿健康(χ2=8.282,P<0.05)、产前情绪(χ2=8.379,P<0.05)、丈夫情绪(χ2=6.233,P<0.05)差异显著。回归结果显示不和谐的夫妻关系(Beta=0.940,P<0.01)及丈夫负性情绪(Beta=0.882,P<0.05)增加产后抑郁比率,孕妇花时间照顾婴儿(Beta=0.870,P<0.05)、产前负性情绪(Beta=0.606,P<0.05)及生女孩(Beta=1.166,P<0.05)都会导致产后抑郁分值增加。结论不和谐的夫妻关系、丈夫负性情绪、孕妇产前情绪、花时间照顾婴儿以及生女孩都是导致产后抑郁增加的危险因素。     

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Pregnant Women in Northeast Iran

We report Toxoplasma IgG seroprevalence of 34.4% among 419 pregnant women in Mashhad, northeast Iran. Soil contact, living in rural environment, and level of education were associated with infection. The prevalence did not increase with age, suggesting high infection rate during childhood and adolescence.     

A transforming plasmid from HSV-2 transformed cells contains rat DNA homologous to the HSV-1 and HSV-2 genomes

Morphologically transformed rat (3Y1) cell lines were established following transfection with HSV-2 mtrII DNA sequences (0.585 to 0.601 map units). The mtrII sequences were cloned in plasmids containing the neor gene. Cells resistant to the antibiotic G-418 were passed into soft agarose, and clonal lines were established from individual colonies. The DNAs from two cell lines examined by Southern blot hybridization were shown to contain the original transfected viral DNA sequences in a fashion consistent with a multiple and complex pattern of integration. From one cell line, an approximately 20-kbp plasmid was isolated after transformation of bacteria with Hirt supernatant DNA. This plasmid was capable of rapidly transforming rat cells at a greater than 1000-fold higher frequency than the mtrII DNA. This plasmid consists mainly of unique sequence rat DNA with two copies of the HSV-2 mtrII region DNA (HSV-2 genomic map unit location of ca. 0.595) present at sites distant from each other. The rat DNA in the rescued plasmid is homologous to the putative focus-forming sequences present in the HSV-2 mtrIII (0.53 to 0.58 map units) and the colinear HSV-1 DNA. The genomic copy of these rat sequences in four HSV-2 mtrII transformed cell lines appears to have undergone rearrangement. These data provide evidence that the HSV-2 mtrII sequences are involved in transformation, and that the HSV-2 mtrII region may affect transformation by rearranging the cellular sequences that are homologous to mtrIII.     

妊娠中后期抑郁及其相关特征

目的:调查妊娠中后期抑郁症状的发生状况,并探讨其发生的相关社会心理危险因素。方法:对373名妊娠中后期孕妇(24周以上),运用Edingburgh产后抑郁量表(EPDS)、Beck抑郁量表(BDI)评定抑郁症状,以自拟的一般资料调查表和怀孕调查表收集一般社会人口学资料,并调查怀孕过程及孕期一般健康状况等信息。结果:妊娠中后期EPDS量表分为6·8±4·0,BDI量表分的P25、P50和P75分别为1、2和4。若EPDS以9/10为分界值,妊娠中后期抑郁症状的发生率为23·10%,而BDI以4/5为分界值,则抑郁症状发生率为19·3%。妊娠中后期抑郁发生的社会心理危险因素为:低教育水平、无业、夫妻关系差、缺乏家庭支持、低收入、对怀孕恐惧、怀孕期间情绪低落史和负性生活事件。结论:妊娠中后期抑郁症状的发生率为20%左右,且孕期抑郁的发生与一些社会心理因素有关。     

Evaluation of new reagents for typing IgG to HSV-1 and HSV-2

Until recently, the lack of suitable type specific assays has hampered the serological diagnosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, due to the high crossreactivity between types 1 and 2. The aim of the present paper is the evaluation of new commercial methods for the detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2-specific IgG using glycoprotein G as antigen (BioElisa HSV-1 and BioElisa HSV-2), in their application to viral diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies. Eighty two serum samples from HSV recent infections (30 samples from 13 cases), normal children (28 samples), and patients attended in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (24 samples from 20 patients) were studied by such methods and the results compared with those obtained by a conventional indirect ELISA, and by the complement fixation test. The methods gave a type specific identification of the antibody response in nine of the 13 HSV patients. Positive results for anti-HSV-2 IgG were obtained in four cases among the STD patients but in none among the normal children. Nineteen of the former and seven of the latter were positive for anti-HSV-1. Only one sample was reactive in the HSV-1 assay, and negative by the indirect ELISA. Type specific HSV-1 and HSV-2 assays may help the serological diagnosis of HSV infections, since they allow the correct characterization of the antibody response. Bearing in mind the high specificity of the method for HSV-2 IgG, it might be useful in screening of populations for anti-HSV-2 and especially in prevention of the neonatal HSV-2 infection.     

Risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV among women at high risk in northwestern Tanzania: preparing for an HSV-2 intervention trial

OBJECTIVES: To determine prevalence of and risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and HIV among women being screened for a randomized, controlled trial of HSV suppressive therapy in northwestern Tanzania. METHODS: Two thousand seven hundred nineteen female facility workers aged 16 to 35 were interviewed and underwent serological testing for HIV and HSV-2. Factors associated with HSV-2 and HIV in women aged 16 to 24 were examined using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: HSV-2 seroprevalence was 80%, and HIV seroprevalence was 30%. Among women aged 16 to 24, both infections were significantly and independently associated with older age, being a bar worker, working at a truck stop, and having more lifetime sexual partners. HSV-2 infection was also associated with lower socioeconomic status, increased alcohol intake, younger age at first sex, inconsistent condom use, and vaginal douching. There was a strong association between the 2 infections after adjustment for other factors (OR = 4.22, 95% CI: 2.6 to 6.9). CONCLUSIONS: Female facility workers in northwestern Tanzania are vulnerable to HSV-2 and HIV infections. Programs designed to increase safer sexual behavior and reduce alcohol use could be effective in reducing HSV-2 incidence and, in turn, HIV infection. This is a suitable population for an HSV suppressive therapy trial.     

Molecular Evidence of Mother-to-Infant Transmission of Hepatitis G Virus among Women without Known Risk Factors for Parenteral Infections

Hepatitis G virus (HGV) RNA was detected in 18 of 133 pregnant women from Tanzania without known risk factors for HGV infection and in 7 of 18 children born to HGV RNA-positive mothers. Molecular evidence of mother-to-infant transmission was obtained only for three of seven children. HGV RNA was also detected in 4 of 42 children born to non-HGV-infected women. Thus, mechanisms other than materno-filial may play an important role in HGV transmission during early childhood.     

洪灾区成人PTSD及其危险因素的研究

目的：了解洪灾区成人PTSD的发生率及其影响因素。方法：用美国《精神障碍的诊断统计手册》第四版(MSD-Ⅳ)中对于PTSD的诊断标准对洪灾区成人进行PTSD评定。结果：洪灾后PTSD检出率为33．8％，其主要的影响因素为洪灾类型(OR=4．07)、曾被水围困等待救援(OR=2．65)，曾亲眼看见别人被洪水淹死(OR=2．77)，有和水中死人呆在一起的经历(OR=3．14)，对支持的满意度(OR=0．72)等。结论：我国洪灾区成年人中PTSD的发生并非罕见．应采取针对性的干预措施。     

湖北农村妇女自杀死亡危险因素的病例对照研究

近年的研究表明中国农村妇女自杀死亡率已达到30·5/10万,远远高于城乡男性和城市女性[1]。本文报道了湖北麻城市农村15岁及以上妇女自杀死亡的影响因素。对象与方法1·1对象资料来源于湖北麻城市(县)“四报”信息管理系统。在湖北麻城市农村抽取分别代表山区、丘陵和平原的龟山、乘马岗和中驿乡,以这3个乡2000~2002年间15岁及以上自杀死亡妇女为研究对象。选择与病例同性别、年龄相差±2~3岁、与病例居住在同一生活环境的妇女1:1配对作为对照。1·2方法:采用自制问卷,由研究者(或经过培训的调查员)逐一入户,寻找知情人(家人、亲属、邻居、…     

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among the Indigenous and Immigrant Pakistani Population: A Systematic Review

AimThe aim of this study was to systematically describe the gender and ethnic differences regarding the prevalence of general/central obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia among the indigenous and immigrant Pakistani communities.MethodsThe search engine used was PubMed, supplemented with regional data from the Medical Institutes of Pakistan. The focus was on the adult Pakistani population (18 years and older).ResultsWe found only 7 studies among the immigrant Pakistani community and 24 studies among the indigenous Pakistani community. The studies had limitations such as low participation rates and use of self-reported data. There is a higher prevalence of central obesity among women (42.2%) than among men (14.7%) (National Health Survey of Pakistan). Certain ethnicities such as Muhajir and Baluchis showed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors when compared to other ethnicities in the indigenous Pakistani population. The results also indicate that the prevalence of obesity is 10-20% higher among the immigrant Pakistanis than in the indigenous Pakistanis.ConclusionThe relatively high prevalence of obesity and associated CVD risk factors (especially in women) among both indigenous and immigrant Pakistani populations require the attention of the healthcare professionals and policy makers, both inside and outside Pakistan.Key Words: Cardiovascular diseases, Obesity, Diabetes, Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, Pakistanis     

HIV Risk in Women: A Multifaceted Model1

A comprehensive model was designed to predict risky, HIV-related sex in women from a set of behavioral, interpersonal, and psychoattitudinal measures. Survey measures were administered to two university samples of 234 and 263 women. Three sets of dependent measures assessed Partner-Related HIV Risk, Unprotected Vaginal Intercourse, and Anal Intercourse. There were three multifaceted sets of independent variables that involved 12 factors. The first set, behavioral risk, involved (a) Social Substance Use, (b) Hard Substance Use, (c) Foreplay Sexual Experience, and (d) Advanced Sexual Experience. The second set, interpersonal risk, examined (a) Victimization, (b) Anticipated Partner Reaction, (c) Birth Control Sexual Assertiveness, (d) Refusal Sexual Assertiveness, and (e) Initiation Sexual Assertiveness. The third set, psychoattitudinal risk, involved (a) Psychosocial Functioning, (b) Psychosexual Attitudes, and (c) Self-Efficacy for AIDS Prevention. Substantial variance was explained using structural modeling methods, with the strongest prediction involving behavioral and interpersonal HIV risk factors. Psychoattitudinal factors were less central, although still important. The results supported and extended previous findings and suggested that the biggest HIV risk factors for women include: greater social substance use, greater sexual experience, anticipated or actual victimization, low assertiveness about requesting birth control, overly positive psychosocial attitudes, negative attitudes about sexuality, and less self-efficacy about avoiding HIV risk.     

HSV-1 and HSV-2 in herpes simplex encephalitis: A study of sixty-four cases in the United Kingdom

The incidence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) was investigated using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from sixty-four cases of HSE. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) employing primers flanking a region of the HSV thymidine kinase gene common to both HSV-1 and HSV-2 was used to detect HSV in the CSF. HSV-1 and HSV-2 were differentiated by digestion with restriction enzymes. Two enzymes were employed; AvaI which cleaved only the HSV-2 gene product and AvaII which cleaved only the HSV-1 gene product. Sixty-three cases of HSE were found to be due to HSV-1; one case due to HSV-2. These data confirm previous observations that HSV-2 is a rare cause of post-neonatal herpes encephalitis but indicates that a PCR procedure capable of detection of both viruses is essential for efficient diagnosis of HSE. J. Med. Virol. 53:1–3, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

ELISA for detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 in human sera

A rapid, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was applied to identify and measure specific IgG and IgM antibodies to herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). Detergent solubilized infected cells and mock-infected cells were used as antigens in the assay. Identification of type-specific antibodies was achieved by a competition assay in which clinical sera mixed with HSV-1 or HSV-2 antigens were assayed for reactivity to identical antigens coating wells of polystyrene microtiter plates. Reactivity and the specificity of the reactive immunoglobulin class was quantitated using biotinylated goat anti-IgG and biotinylated goat anti-IgM. Five paired sera from patients with diagnosed herpes simplex genital infections and one human anti-HSV-1 reference serum were tested with this assay and results were compared to results previously obtained using a complement fixation test and micro-SPRIA. The results indicate that the ELISA is a specific, sensitive and simple test which confirms the herpes simplex virus infection history of patients.     

Immunity to vaginal HSV-2 infection in immunoglobulin A knockout mice.

An immunoglobulin A (IgA) knockout (KO) mouse was used to study the role of IgA in protective immunity against vaginal infection with herpes simplex virus-type 2 (HSV-2). Intact and KO mice were immunized intravaginally (IVAG) with attenuated HSV-2, challenged IVAG with wild-type virus 6 weeks later and evaluated for vaginal infection and neurological disease. Non-immunized/challenged intact and KO mice showed vaginal infection and succumbed to neurological disease, while immunized/challenged mice exhibited reduced or no vaginal infection and no neurological disease. Log 2.5 enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) titres of viral IgA, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in vaginal secretions collected from intact immune mice before challenge were 0.6+/-0.3, 6.4+/-0.32 and 0.0, while those in KO immune mice were 0.0, 6.7+/-0.19 and 3.0+/-0.29, respectively. Twenty-four hours after challenge, the percentage of vaginal epithelium that was infected in non-immune intact and KO mice was 2.0+/-0.6 and 2.4+/-0.6, which was reduced to 0.2+/-0.1 and 0.1+/-0.06 in immune intact and KO mice, respectively. No shed virus protein was detected in vaginal secretions 3 days after challenge in any immune mouse, whereas titres were 1400 and 1700 in the two groups of non-immune mice. Thus, immune protection against vaginal HSV-2 infection was similar in both KO and intact mice, indicating that this mucosal immunity does not depend mainly on IgA.     

Health, Stress and Coping among Women Caregivers: A Review

Informal family-based care of dependent adults places a significant burden on caregivers. The impact of caregiving on subjective wellbeing, preventive behaviours, lifestyle and employment is well documented, and there is good evidence for increases in risk factors for serious illness, although evidence on actual incidence of major illness varies between studies. The individual-based focus of much research on this topic has tended to obscure the social and cultural forces underlying the fact that the majority of family caregivers are women, and to ignore the gender inequities which are perpetuated by an assumption that family caregiving is naturally the work of women. This article reviews evidence on the burden of caregiving, and argues for psychological research which addresses issues of public policy rather than the individual woman and her personal ability to cope.