意外胆囊癌的漏诊与防治（附14例分析）

目的探讨意外胆囊癌的漏诊产生原因、防治措施及预后。方法回顾性分析1998—2005年14例意外胆囊癌临床资料，对本组与张氏再手术组随访结果进行分析。结果术后无一例再手术。术后Nevin分期：Ⅱ期6例，Ⅲ期5例，Ⅳ期3例。标本中取到胆囊颈部淋巴结3例，阳性2例。本组生存期低于张氏再手术组（P〈0．05）。结论有胆囊癌高危因素者应及时手术，术中剖检胆囊．疑癌变快速送病检是防止意外胆囊癌的主要措施。首次手术切除范围小，有可能未取到阳性淋巴结，从而降低胆囊癌Nevin分期，故NevinⅡ期也应开腹再行区域淋巴结清扫术；再手术者生存期延长。     

腹腔镜手术意外胆囊癌的处理

目的探讨在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中意外发现的胆囊癌的治疗方法。方法对17例LC时意外发现的胆囊癌者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果11例NevinⅠ，Ⅱ期患者行单纯LC；1例Ⅲ期和3例Ⅳ期患者行LC＋局部淋巴结清扫术；2例Ⅳ期患者行胆囊切除术。全组意外胆囊癌的发生率为0．6％。Ⅰ，Ⅱ期患者术后最长随访5年，未见复发；Ⅲ期1例术后1．5年复发，再次手术；而Ⅳ，Ⅴ期的病例预后较差，均于1年内死亡。结论Ⅰ，Ⅱ期的意外胆囊癌行LC可达到根治目的。Ⅲ期的需行胆囊癌根治术，如术中做到切缘镜下无瘤可望提高生存率。Ⅴ期应采用局部清扫＋肝脏楔形切除术进行治疗。     

意外胆囊癌的临床处理与预后分析

目的 总结意外胆囊癌的临床病理特点、诊断与治疗方案的选择,分析与预后有关的因素,指导意外胆囊癌的规范化治疗.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院1999年1月至2009年10月收住院治疗的27例意外胆囊癌的临床资料,应用Kaplan-Meier法对比单纯胆囊切除术组、胆囊癌根治术组以及NevinⅠ、Ⅱ期与Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期患者的累积生存率,对意外胆囊癌的治疗方法与预后进行分析.结果 27例患者以胆囊良性疾病的术前诊断行胆囊切除术,术前诊断以急慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石和胆囊息肉为主.术后病理学检查证实为胆囊癌,其中低分化腺癌9例,中分化腺癌9例,高分化腺癌4例,腺瘤癌变5例.按Nevin分期,Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期8例,Ⅳ期5例,Ⅴ期7例.胆囊癌根治术组患者累积生存率好于单纯胆囊切除术组(x2=4.450,P=0.035);Nevin Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者预后显著优于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期(x2=6.825,P=0.014).结论 意外胆囊癌临床表现缺乏特异性,容易导致误诊,术中快速病理切片检查是明确诊断的重要方法,确诊后首选根治性切除术.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除中意外胆囊癌的处理(附16例报道)

目的评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中意外胆囊癌的诊断、处理及预后。方法对我院2000年1月至2010年1月期间5 832例行LC中16例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 16例意外胆囊癌中7例行LC,9例行开腹胆囊癌根治术。术后病理TNM分期:Ⅰ期10例,Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期2例。16例患者术后随访6～60个月,平均23.3个月。随访期内死亡15例。9例接受胆囊癌根治手术的患者术后1、3、5年生存分别为8/9、4/9及1/9,而7例仅行LC的患者术后1年生存为4/7,无生存超过2.5年者。结论 LC术中应高度警惕意外胆囊癌的发生,意外胆囊癌多为早期,应及时中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术,仅行单纯的LC治疗效果欠佳。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌58例诊治分析

[摘 要] 目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）意外胆囊癌的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析2007 年5 月至2017 年5 月武警安徽省总队医院收治的意外胆囊癌患者58 例临床资料。结果 LC术中发现24 例,术后发现34例;TNM分期T1b 12例,T2 34例,T3 6例,T4 6例。24例术中快速冰冻病理检查证实为胆囊癌,其中22例中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术;34例术后病理证实,其中24例行二次开腹手术。非根治组：12例,仅行单纯胆囊切除术,术后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为65.0%、42.5%、18.0%。根治组：46例,行胆囊癌根治术,术后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为82.5%、62.5%、45.7%,两组生存曲线比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 胆囊癌患者预后与手术方式、临床分期密切相关,对存在胆囊癌高危因素的患者,建议尽早行胆囊切除术。意外胆囊癌多为早期胆囊癌,应重视术中检查及病理检查,T1b～T3 期宜行根治手术,晚期患者应根据病情行姑息手术。     

意外胆囊癌的临床处理对策与预后

目的探讨意外胆囊癌的临床处理对策与预后。方法回顾性分析意外胆囊癌51例,对其治疗与预后进行统计分析。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,组间比较采用Log-rank检验,多因素分析采用Cox比例风险模型。结果多因素分析表明肿瘤位置、Nevin分期及手术方式是影响预后的独立因素;对于Ⅱ期体底部胆囊癌和Ⅲ、Ⅳ期体底部胆囊癌以及颈部胆囊癌,胆囊癌根治术组优于单纯胆囊切除术组,其差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.014、0.001及0.018);对于Ⅰ期体底部胆囊癌,单纯胆囊切除术组与胆囊癌根治术组病人的生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.312)。结论对于NevinⅠ期体底部胆囊癌病人,单纯胆囊切除术已达到根治效果;对于NevinⅠ期颈部胆囊癌及NevinⅡ期以晚的胆囊癌,胆囊癌根治术能有效改善其预后。     

意外胆囊癌手术治疗七例分析

目的探讨在腹腔镜切除(LC)术中意外发现胆囊癌的处理方法。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年1月221例行LC的患者中,术中意外发现胆囊癌患者7例的临床资料及治疗方法。结果全组意外胆囊癌的发生率为3.17%。未发现NevinⅠ期病例,Ⅱ期患者2例行单纯LC,3例Ⅲ期和1例Ⅳ期患者行LC+局部淋巴结清扫术,1例Ⅴ期患者中转开腹行胆囊切除加T管引流术。Ⅱ期患者术后最长随访3年未见复发,Ⅲ期患者有3例,2例随访2年无复发,1例1年后复发再次行T管外引流+胃空肠吻合术,随访至今半年仍健在。而Ⅳ期患者预后较差,于半年内死亡。结论Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的意外胆囊癌行LC可达到根治目的。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的患者,对于熟练掌握腔镜技术的术者可以行LC+局部淋巴结清扫术,术中做到无瘤的原则,可以提高胆囊癌的预后。     

胆囊切除术后意外性胆囊癌的治疗

目的探讨胆囊切除术后意外性胆囊癌的二次手术方式以及对预后的影响。方法对我院自1995年1月~2005年1月因诊断为胆囊良性疾病而行胆囊切除,因术后病理证实为胆囊癌而二次行胆囊癌根治术17例患者进行回顾性分析。结果本组17例均因胆囊良性疾病行开放性单纯胆囊切除手术,术后病理证实为胆囊癌,术后病理:胆囊腺癌13例,鳞癌3例,鳞腺癌1例。初次手术Nevin病理分期:Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期8例,Ⅳ期3例。二次手术发现淋巴结转移11例,3例有肝转移和远处转移,胆囊床转移2例,胆管转移1例,二次手术Nevin病理分期:Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期1例,Ⅳ期8例,Ⅴ期3例,术后随访半年到5年,6例死亡,存活11例。结论术中对于胆囊标本的仔细检查可以减少意外性胆囊癌的发生率。二期根治性手术对于部分意外性胆囊癌是有益的。     

意外胆囊癌的漏诊与防治(附14例分析)

目的探讨意外胆囊癌的漏诊产生原因、防治措施及预后。方法回顾性分析1998-2005年14例意外胆囊癌临床资料,对本组与张氏再手术组随访结果进行分析。结果术后无一例再手术。术后Nevin分期:Ⅱ期6例,Ⅲ期5例,Ⅳ期3例。标本中取到胆囊颈部淋巴结3例,阳性2例。本组生存期低于张氏再手术组(P<0.05)。结论有胆囊癌高危因素者应及时手术,术中剖检胆囊,疑癌变快速送病检是防止意外胆囊癌的主要措施。首次手术切除范围小,有可能未取到阳性淋巴结,从而降低胆囊癌Nevin分期,故NevinⅡ期也应开腹再行区域淋巴结清扫术;再手术者生存期延长。     

手术方式与T2期胆囊癌预后的关系

目的探讨手术方式与肿瘤侵犯胆囊壁全层但未穿透浆膜的他期胆囊癌预后的关系。方法回顾性分析1990-2004年收治的24例佗期胆囊癌的临床资料，采用Kaplan-Meier法分析胆囊癌根治组（14例）和单纯胆囊切除组（10例）的生存率和无瘤生存率。结果根治组和单纯胆囊切除组术后的1、3、5年生存率分别为100％、71％、54％和70％、30％、20％，两组生存时间的差异有统计学意义（x^2=4．659，P=0．031）。根治组和单纯胆囊切除组的中位临床无瘤生存时间分别为45和13．5个月，两组临床无瘤生存时间的差异有统计学意义（x^2=3．854，P=0．049）。结论对佗期胆囊癌应积极行胆囊癌根治手术，胆囊癌根治术是提高佗期胆囊癌长期生存率及临床无瘤生存率的有效手段。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.