多药耐药性相关ATP结合盒转运蛋白

ATP结合盒（ABC）转运蛋白超家族是一大类以ATP水解为动力的转运蛋白，在肿瘤细胞和正常组织都有分布，有多种重要功能。ABC转运蛋白家族中与多药耐药性相关的转运蛋白有P-糖蛋白、多药耐药性相关蛋白、乳腺癌耐药蛋白。本文对这些多药耐药性ABC转运蛋白的生理、生化特性进行综述。     

肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中的作用

目的对肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中的作用作一综述,为药物肝靶向提供依据。方法根据文献,从药物不良反应、药物的矢量转运、药物肝靶向性、药物之间相互作用4个方面阐述肝脏转运蛋白对药物肝胆排泄产生的影响。结果肝脏转运蛋白引起的药物矢量转运影响药物的肝脏摄取,药物肝靶向性影响药物的疗效,药物之间相互作用影响临床用药安全和不良反应。结论肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中起到了重要的作用,它与药物在体内各组织分布、临床疗效均有密切的联系。     

有机阴离子转运多肽及其对药物吸收、分布和排出的影响

药物在体内的转运正日益被认为是影响药效和药物残留的关键因素.近年来研究表明位于细胞膜上的转运蛋白在药物的吸收、分布和排出中发挥重要作用,药物在组织间的定向运动依赖于药物吸收和排出转运蛋白的协同作用.有机阴离子转运多肽(OATP)是一类药物吸收转运蛋白,在药物吸收、组织分布及其在肝、肾的清除中起重要作用.本文就近年来对OATP结构特点、生物学功能的研究进行综述.     

有机阴离子转运多肽1A2对药物转运的影响

有机阴离子转运多肽1A2（OATP1A2）是人体内重要的膜转运蛋白,在肝、肾、小肠、血脑屏障等组织部位进行表达,介导内、外源物质的跨细胞转运,对药物的吸收、分布和消除起着十分重要的作用。本文将对OATP1A2的组织分布和基本功能、基因多态性及其对药物转运的影响作一综述。     

转运蛋白在药物肾脏转运中的重要作用

肾脏转运蛋白对药物在体内排泄和重吸收过程重要作用.本文对肾脏转运蛋白的种类、分布、作用机制及其对药物排泄过程的影响和可能产生的药物相互作用做了综述.     

ATP结合盒转运蛋白介导的MDR逆转剂的实验研究现况

多药耐药性(mu ltidrug resistance,MDR)是指人肿瘤细胞对结构各异的化疗药物产生交叉耐药,是肿瘤化疗失败的主要原因之一。为了增强肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,积极寻求有效逆转MDR的药物已成为研究重点。体外被证实具有逆转耐药活性的化合物很多,但由于体内要达到体外逆转试验的有效浓度所需剂量过大,毒副作用大,因此限制了临床应用。ATP结合盒转运蛋白家族(ATP-b ind ing cassette,ABC)介导的药物外排机制是目前MDR的主要机制,ABC转运蛋白家族中与多药耐药性相关的转运蛋有P-糖蛋白(P-gp)、多药耐药相关蛋白(MRP)和乳腺癌耐药蛋白(BCRP)。本文对ABC转运蛋白介导的MDR逆转剂的研究进展做一综述。     

血脑屏障上的转运蛋白及中药有效成分跨血脑屏障转运研究进展

本文介绍了血脑屏障的结构、功能及该部位的转运蛋白(ATP结合盒转运蛋白和溶质载体转运蛋白),以及它们在血脑屏障转运过程中的作用.通过脑微血管内皮细胞模型和在体脑微透析技术,定性定量地探讨了转运蛋白在中药有效成分跨血脑屏障中的作用.     

溶质转运蛋白家族Slc11a1的研究进展

溶质转运蛋白家族Slc11(solute carrier family 11),又名天然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白(nramp,natural resistance-associated macrophage protein)是一类膜转运蛋白,通过参与生物体内二价金属离子的转运过程在抵抗病原菌的侵袭中发挥作用。Slc11等位基因变异体与多种人类疾病相关,包括结核病、类风湿关节炎及炎症性肠病等。本文就Slc11a1基因相关研究进展予以综述。     

药物转运蛋白功能及应用

细胞膜转运蛋白是一些药物的吸收、分布和消除的决定因素，具有重要的药剂学意义。作为异生物质排出细胞的通道，ABC转运蛋白对大多数现在使用的药物的体内行为产生重要影响，包括治疗肿瘤、艾滋病和微生物感染用药。小肽转运蛋白具有广谱的底物特异性．能够转运大量的口服的结构类似于小肽的药物。由于新的小肽和多肽模拟物类药物的迅速增加，小肽转运蛋白因可能成为药物转运系统而倍受关注。在分子水平加深对药物转运蛋白的理解势必促进药物设计与生物药剂学的发展。     

有机阴离子转运多肽介导的药物相互作用研究进展

药物转运体介导的药物相互作用正日益受到人们的关注和重视,近年来的研究表明药物转运体对药物的吸收、分布和排出有着重要的作用。有机阴离子转运多肽是一类药物摄取转运体,其表达分布广泛,转运的内源性和外源性的底物众多,一些药物因抑制有机阴离子转运体而导致药物相互作用。本文综述了有机阴离子转运多肽家族不同成员的组织分布、结构特点以及其介导的药物相互作用的最新研究进展。     

5-HT7 receptor ligands: recent developments and potential therapeutic applications

The 5-HT(7) receptors (5-HT(7)Rs) are the most recent classified members of the serotonin family. Characterized in 1993, they belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Since their discovery, they have been the subject of intense research due to their widespread distribution in the brain, suggestive of multiple central roles. The focus of this review is to discuss the literature concerning recent advances on 5-HT(7)Rs and their ligands.     

Uptake transporters of the human OATP family: molecular characteristics, substrates, their role in drug-drug interactions, and functional consequences of polymorphisms

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs, gene family: SLC21/SLCO) mediate the uptake of a broad range of substrates including several widely prescribed drugs into cells. Drug substrates for members of the human OATP family include HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins), antibiotics, anticancer agents, and cardiac glycosides. OATPs are expressed in a variety of different tissues including brain, intestine, liver, and kidney, suggesting that these uptake transporters are important for drug absorption, distribution, and excretion. Because of their wide tissue distribution and broad substrate spectrum, altered transport kinetics, for example, due to drug-drug interactions or due to the functional consequences of genetic variations (polymorphisms), can contribute to the interindividual variability of drug effects. Therefore, the molecular characteristics of human OATP family members, the role of human OATPs in drug-drug interactions, and the in vitro analysis of the functional consequences of genetic variations in SLCO genes encoding OATP proteins are the focus of this chapter.     

The organic anion transporter (OATP) family

In the last decade, many organic anion transporters have been isolated, characterized their distribution and substrates. The recently identified organic anion transporter family OATP (organic anion transporting polypeptide)/LST (liver-specific transporter) family, transport bile acids, hormones as well as eicosanoids, various compounds (BSP, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, etc.). The isolation of the family revealed that not only hydrophilic compounds, drugs and hormones of lipophilic nature need a membrane transport system to penetrate cell membrane. In this family, the nomenclature becomes very complicated and the physiological role of this family is still unclear except about few organs such as the brain, liver and kidney. Even in such organs, the co-existence of the OATP/LST family and similar substrate specificity hamper the progress and clear characterization identifying the real role of the transporter family. Here, recent progress and an insight of this field are reviewed.     

Distribution of (−)-yatein in cupressaceae family analysed by high performance liquid chromatography

The method for the chiral analysis of (-)-yatein was developed and the distribution of this component in the plants of three genera like Juniperus, Thuja and Chamaecyparis belonging to Cupressaceae family was examined. The chiral analysis of (-)-yatein from the plants was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography on (R,R)-Whelk-O1 column using 81 v/v% methanol as mobile phase. The yatein content in the leaves of Juniperus was the highest in compare with that of the other two genera, providing the possibility of the chemical discrimination of the plants in Juniperus from the other plants in the Cupressaceae family. In general, the yatein content in the leaves was much higher than that in the twigs. This method could be applied for the quality control of (-)-yatein in the plants belonging to Cupressaceae family.     

Pharmacogenomics of human OATP transporters

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) mediate the uptake of a broad range of compounds into cells. Substrates for members of the OATP family include bile salts, hormones, and steroid conjugates as well as drugs like the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins), cardiac glycosides, anticancer agents like methotrexate, and antibiotics like rifampicin. OATPs are expressed in a variety of different tissues, including intestine, liver, kidney, and brain, suggesting that they play a critical role in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion. The identification and functional characterisation of naturally occurring variations in genes encoding human OATP (SLCO) family members is in the focus of transporter research. As a result of their broad substrate spectrum and their wide tissue distribution, altered transport characteristics or protein localisation can contribute significantly to interindividual variations of drug effects. The analysis of the consequences of genetic variations in genes encoding transport proteins may, therefore, contribute to a better understanding of interindividual differences in drug effects and to individualise treatment regimens with drugs that are substrates for human OATP proteins. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on genetic variations in transporter genes encoding human OATP family members and their functional consequences analysed by in vitro and in vivo studies.     

Organic anion transporter family: current knowledge

Organic anion transporters (OATs) play an essential role in the elimination of numerous endogenous and exogenous organic anions from the body. The renal OATs contribute to the excretion of many drugs and their metabolites that are important in clinical medicine. Several families of multispecific organic anion and cation transporters, including OAT family transporters, have recently been identified by molecular cloning. The OAT family consists of six isoforms (OAT1 - 4, URAT1, and rodent Oat5) and they are all expressed in the kidney, while some are also expressed in the liver, brain, and placenta. The OAT family represents mainly the renal secretory and reabsorptive pathway for organic anions and is also involved in the distribution of organic anions in the body, drug-drug interactions, and toxicity of anionic substances such as nephrotoxic drugs and uremic toxins. In this review, current knowledge of and recent progress in the understanding of several aspects of OAT family members are discussed.     

Drug transporters in the lung—do they play a role in the biopharmaceutics of inhaled drugs?

The role of transporters in drug absorption, distribution and elimination processes as well as in drug–drug interactions is increasingly being recognised. Although the lungs express high levels of both efflux and uptake drug transporters, little is known of the implications for the biopharmaceutics of inhaled drugs. The current knowledge of the expression, localisation and functionality of drug transporters in the pulmonary tissue and the few studies that have looked at their impact on pulmonary drug absorption is extensively reviewed. The emphasis is on transporters most likely to affect the disposition of inhaled drugs: (1) the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily which includes the efflux pumps P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRPs), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and (2) the solute-linked carrier (SLC and SLCO) superfamily to which belong the organic cation transporter (OCT) family, the peptide transporter (PEPT) family, the organic anion transporter (OAT) family and the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) family. Whenever available, expression and localisation in the intact human tissue are compared with those in animal lungs and respiratory epithelial cell models in vitro. The influence of lung diseases or exogenous agents on transporter expression is also mentioned. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99: 2240–2255, 2010     

Quantitative cross-species extrapolation in noncancer risk assessment

A procedure has been developed to extrapolate dose-effect findings across species and quantify some of the associated uncertainty via traditional statistical methods. The relationship between dose-effect curves which are known in two species can be described by a k-parameter dose equivalence equation (DEE). When a DEE is determined for as many agents of a given "family" as are known, a k-dimensional distribution of DEE parameters would obtain. When an actual extrapolation is to be made for a new agent of the same family which has not been (or cannot be) tested in the species to which results are to be extrapolated, the best estimate of the parameters of the new DEE would be some measure of central tendency and the best estimate of the uncertainty would be the variance/covariance of the k-dimensional distribution of DEE parameters. The method of extrapolation seeks to compliment the mechanistic knowledge or be a substitute for mechanistic methods in the large majority of cases where such understanding is lacking.     

Molecular pharmacology and therapeutic prospects of metabotropic glutamate receptor allosteric modulators

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) consist of a family of eight G-protein-coupled receptors that differ in their function, distribution and physiological roles within the central nervous system. In recent years substantial efforts have been made towards developing selective agonists and antagonists which have proven useful for elucidating their potential as novel targets for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological diseases. In the present review we will provide an update of the recent developments of functional allosteric modulators of the mGluR family and explore their therapeutic potential for anxiety/depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy/stroke, pain and Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases.