肾特康胶囊质量控制方法的研究

目的建立肾特康胶囊的质量控制方法。方法用薄层色谱法对肾特康胶囊中的黄芪、人参、发酵虫草菌粉进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定肾特康胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果薄层色谱中斑点清晰,易于识别;盐酸小檗碱线性范围为0.0351μg~0.263μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.88%,RSD=1.07%(n=5)。结论本方法简便,灵敏度高,可有效控制肾特康胶囊的质量。     

双黄降糖胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立双黄降糖胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别方中黄芪、牡丹皮、丹参,高效液相色谱法测定黄连中盐酸小檗碱含量。结果薄层色谱法鉴别重现性好,阴性对照无干扰;含量测定盐酸小檗碱的线性范围为0.204～2.04μg(r=0.999 3),重现性好,平均回收率为98.54%,RSD为0.73%(n=6)。结论该方法准确可靠,重复性好,可作为双黄降糖胶囊的质量控制方法。     

万氏牛黄清心片的检测方法研究

目的:探讨万氏牛黄清心片的检测方法,以控制其质量.方法:采用薄层色谱法鉴别牛黄和紫外分光光度法测定黄连中的盐酸小檗碱的含量.结果:薄层色谱法可以把牛黄清晰地鉴别出来,紫外分光光度法测定盐酸小檗碱,平均回收率为99.42%,RSD为0.68%.结论:薄层色谱法简便、快速、准确,可以作为万氏牛黄清心片质量控制的依据.     

复方黄连肠炎宁胶囊定性定量标准研究

目的建立复方黄连肠炎宁胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对该制剂中黄连、黄芪、地榆、补骨脂进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定复方黄连肠炎宁胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰、分离度好,专属性强,盐酸小檗碱在0.420 0~3.502 5μg线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.8%,RSD=0.2%(n=6)。结论所建立的方法简便可靠,重复性好,可用于复方黄连肠炎宁胶囊的质量控制。     

香连胶囊的制备与质量标准研究

目的制备香连胶囊并建立其质量标准。方法采用煎煮和蒸馏法提取药液,以薄层色谱法进行定性鉴别,以高效液相色谱法对制剂中盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定。结果薄层色谱法可检出黄连、木香的特征斑点,阴性对照无干扰;盐酸小檗碱进样质量浓度线性范围为2.0～80.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.07%,RSD=0.41%(n=9)。结论该制剂制备工艺合理,质量标准可行、可靠,可用于该胶囊剂的质量控制。     

前列舒胶囊的质量标准研究

目的建立前列舒胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对前列舒胶囊中黄柏、蒲公英、栀子、赤芍等进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸小檗碱的含量。色谱柱:PHENOMENEXODSC18柱(4.6×250mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(40:60)(每100ml含十二烷基磺酸钠0.1g);检测波长:345nm;流速:1ml/min;柱温:30℃。结果盐酸小檗碱在32.6～326.0ng范围内呈良好线性关系。平均回收率为96.84%,RSD为1.30%(n=6)。结论该方法简便、准确、可靠,可作为前列舒胶囊的质量控制方法。     

胃乐胶囊质量标准研究

目的 :建立胃乐胶囊质量标准。方法 :采用簿层色谱法对胶囊中浙贝母、元胡、厚朴进行定性鉴别 ;用薄层扫描法测定盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果 :在薄层色谱中均能检出浙贝母、厚朴、元胡 ;盐酸小檗碱在0 1～1 0μg范围呈良好线性关系 (r=0 9991) ,平均回收率为97 84% ,RSD=2 86% (n=5)。结论 :本方法可用于胃乐胶囊的质量控制     

乳康片质量标准研究

目的 建立乳康片的质量标准.方法 采用薄层色谱法鉴别乳康片中苍术、当归、川芎、香附、连翘,采用高效液相色谱法测定该制剂中盐酸小檗碱含量.结果 薄层色谱定性鉴别分离度好,专属性强;盐酸小檗碱含量测定的线性范围为9.131～73.050 μg,平均回收率为96.41%,RSD＝1.33%（n＝6).结论 所建立的方法可靠、准确、专属性强,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

四方胃片质量标准研究

目的:建立四方胃片的质量控制方法。方法:采用薄层色谱法对制剂中的延胡索和浙贝母进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定四方胃片中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果:定性鉴别专属性强;盐酸小檗碱进样量在0.06～1.8μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为97.1%,RSD=1.6%(n=6)。结论:所建标准能有效控制该制剂的质量。     

痔炎平胶囊的质量控制方法

目的:建立痔炎平胶囊质量控制标准.方法:采用薄层扫描法对该药中盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定;采用薄层色谱法对痔炎平胶囊中槐角、五倍子、三七进行了鉴别.结果:在TLC色谱图中可检出槐角、五倍子、三七,斑点清晰、分离效果好,盐酸小檗碱在0.20～1.00g浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(R=0.9985),平均回收率为98.86%,RSD=1.06%.结论:所用方法新颖、准确.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.