Evaluation of the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects of Hypericum reflexum L. fil

The present study investigates the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects of the infusion, methanol extract and fractions of the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum reflexum L. fil. in mice. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, tail flick test and the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation model in mice were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that oral administration of all extracts tested from this species significantly inhibit acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the methanol extract and chloroform fraction were significantly active in both phases of formalin-induced pain and in the tail flick assays, suggesting that they may have central analgesic properties. On the other hand, the topical treatment of methanol extract, butanol and chloroform fractions of this species significantly reduced the TPA-induced ear oedema. In conclusion, the results indicate analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities in mice for the Hypericum species studied.     

Antidepressant properties of some Hypericum canariense L. and Hypericum glandulosum Ait. extracts in the forced swimming test in mice

It has been shown in a previous work that the methanol extract obtained from the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum canariense L. and Hypericum glandulosum Ait. was active in the tetrabenazine and forced swimming test. In the present study, the central nervous effect of the aqueous, butanol and chloroform fractions obtained from the methanol extracts of these Hypericum species was investigated in mice, particularly in animal models of depression. It was found that the immobility time in the forced swimming test was significantly reduced by the butanol and chloroform fraction of both species assayed, producing no effects or only a slight depression on spontaneous motor activity when assessed in a photocell activity meter. In this regard, the efficacy of the chloroform extract from Hypericum glandulosum Ait. (500 mg/kg p.o.) in the forced swimming test was comparable to that of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (50 mg/kg p.o.). In addition, the Hypericum glandulosum chloroform fraction was also effective in antagonizing the ptosis induced by tetrabenazine. Moreover, Hypericum canariense butanol fraction and Hypericum glandulosum chloroform fraction produced a slight but significant hypothermia. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the butanol and chloroform fractions from Hypericum canariense and Hypericum glandulosum possess antidepressant-like effects in mice, providing further support for the traditional use of these plants in the Canary Islands folk medicine against central nervous disorders.     

Antimicrobial studies on three species of Hypericum from the Canary Islands

The antimicrobial activity of several extracts and fractions of the aerial parts of Hypericum canariense, Hypericum glandulosum and Hypericum grandifolium was investigated using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against twelve reference microorganisms (eight bacterial and four fungal strains). The methanol extract and chloroform fraction of H. canariense, as well as the methanol extracts, butanol and chloroform fractions of both H. glandulosum and H. grandifolium exhibited a good antibacterial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus var. mycoides, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica with the diameters of growth inhibition area in the range 10-25 mm and MICs values between 0.03 and 0.29 mg/ml. Neither the infusions and aqueous fractions of the species studied nor the butanol fraction of H. canariense showed any antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms. Amongst the active extracts, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination showed that the H. canariense chloroform fraction was the most active against M. luteus, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. No antifungal activity was seen with any of the extracts or fractions tested. The results of this study support the use of these species in Canarian traditional medicine to treat skin infections.     

瓜子金提取物及不同部位的抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的 探讨瓜子金提取物及其不同部位的抗炎、镇痛活性.方法 采用醋酸扭体法进行镇痛实验,采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸致小鼠腹腔通透性增加、角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀实验进行抗炎实验,对瓜子金的甲醇提取物及其各个萃取部位进行镇痛和抗炎实验.结果 瓜子金甲醇提取物及乙酸乙酯部位和正丁醇部位对醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应有较好的抑制作用,...     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Liu-Shen-Wan and its individual fractions

Liu-Shen-Wan (LSW), a famous traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of upper respiratory tract inflammation, was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Acetic acid-elevated vascular permeability, carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na)-induced leukocyte migration and ear edema induced by picryl chloride were used to test anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests were used to determine analgesic effect. It was observed that LSW exerted significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in these models at doses of 30 and 90mg/kg crude drug in vivo. In addition, LSW potently inhibited proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) stimulated by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin at doses of 0.5-5microg/ml in vitro. LSW was then partitioned with chloroform, methanol, water and mineral fraction. Several fractions inhibited inflammation and pain in varying degrees. Among them, chloroform fraction was the most active in hot-plate and writhing tests, and exerted the remarkable inhibitory effect on human PBMC proliferation. Methanol and water fractions had more suppressive activities in vascular permeability, leukocyte migration and PC-DTH tests. These results suggest that LSW has significantly anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The chloroform fraction is a key fraction of LSW to the overall anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, while methanol and water fractions also partly contribute to anti-inflammatory activities of LSW.     

Evaluation of the central properties of several Hypericum species from the Canary Islands

The infusions of the aerial parts in blossom of Hypericum canariense, H. glandulosum, H. reflexum and H. grandifolium (Hypericaceae) were evaluated for their pharmacological activity on the central nervous system in mice using various behavioural models including locomotor and muscle relaxant activity, effect on normal body temperature, pentobarbital-induced sleep, oxotremorine and tetrabenazine-induced syndrome, apomorphine-induced hypothermia and 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head twitches, as well as a forced swimming test. These infusions did not alter significantly the locomotor activity, pentobarbital induced sleeping time and body temperature, with the exception of H. canariense which produced a slight but significant hypothermia. Additionally, no muscle relaxant or anticholinergic activity were observed. These infusions antagonized the ptosis and/or motor depression induced by tetrabenazine as well as shortening the immobility time in the forced swimming test. The observations suggest that the infusions of these Hypericum species possess antidepressant activity in mice, without inducing muscle relaxation, anticholinergic and sedative properties.     

狭叶荨麻根、茎、叶的抗炎镇痛作用

目的研究狭叶荨麻Urticaangustifolia根、茎、叶70%乙醇提取物及狭叶荨麻根水提取物的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验;冰醋酸致小鼠扭体反应实验。结果狭叶荨麻根、茎、叶70%乙醇提取物及狭叶荨麻根水提取物能明显对抗二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀,并显著抑制0.5%醋酸致小鼠扭体反应。结论狭叶荨麻根、茎、叶70%乙醇提取物及狭叶荨麻根水提取物具有显著的抗炎、镇痛活性。     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Mallotus spodocarpus Airy shaw

The chloroform extract from the roots of Mallotus spodocarpus was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. In acute inflammatory models, the extract significantly inhibited ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced ear edema and carrageenin- and arachidonic acid-induced hind paw edema in rats. In the chronic inflammatory model using the cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats, the extract exhibited inhibitory activity on the formation of granuloma. The extract also elicited pronounced inhibitory effect on acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice in the analgesic test. The results obtained suggest marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the extract.     

复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的探讨复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法采用Freund’s完全佐剂致大鼠佐剂性关节炎模型和二甲苯致小鼠耳廓炎症,观察复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎作用;用小鼠热板法致痛和醋酸致扭体反应等方法,观察其镇痛作用。结果复方蚂蚁酒对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的早期炎症和继发病变均有明显抑制作用,并能显著抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓炎症,对小鼠热板法致痛和醋酸致扭体反应均有明显抑制作用(与对照组比较均P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论复方蚂蚁酒具有明显抗炎、镇痛作用。     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hillaire (Manacá) roots

Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, the tail flick test and carrageenan-induced peritonitis were used to study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude ethanolic extract from Spiranthera odoratissima roots. Pentobarbital-induced sleeping time was used to study the central depressant effect of the extract. The ethanolic extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and leukocyte migration, and produced a significant, dose-related increase in the duration of sleep. The results suggest that Spiranthera odoratissima roots contain compounds with anti-inflammatory and central depressant actions.     

Antidepressant activity of some Hypericum reflexum L. fil. extracts in the forced swimming test in mice

We previously reported that oral administration of the methanol extract obtained from the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum reflexum L. fil. was active in the tetrabenazine and forced swimming test. In the present study, the effect of the aqueous, butanol and chloroform fractions obtained from the methanol extract of this species on the central nervous system was investigated in mice, particularly in animal models of depression. Antidepressant activity was detected in the butanol and chloroform fractions of this species using the forced swimming test since both fractions induced a significant reduction of the immobility time, producing no effects or only a slight depression on spontaneous motor activity when assessed in a photocell activity meter. Moreover, these fractions did not alter significantly the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. On the other hand, the chloroform fraction produced a slight but significant hypothermia and was also effective in antagonizing the ptosis induced by tetrabenazine. Furthermore, the butanol fraction produced a slight potentiation of the head twitches and syndrome induced by 5-HTP. Taken together, these data indicate that the butanol and chloroform fractions from Hypericum reflexum possess antidepressant-like effects in mice, providing further support for the traditional use of these plants in the Canary Islands folk medicine against central nervous disorders.     

四妙散抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的：对四妙散的抗炎镇痛作用进行实验研究。方法：采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验、醋酸所致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性实验，观察四妙散的抗炎作用；用小鼠醋酸扭体法和热板法，观察四妙散的镇痛作用。结果：四妙散能明显抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和醋酸所致的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高；对醋酸致小鼠扭体反应有明显的抑制作用，并提高小鼠热痛闭值。结论：四妙散有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

Analgesic activity of Cassia alata leaf extract and kaempferol 3-o-sophoroside

The analgesic activity of an extract of the leaves of Cassia alata and kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside were studied after intraperitoneal injection in mice and rats using the tail clip, tail flick, tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing methods and the results compared with morphine. Maximum analgesic activity of the extract was apparent 120 min after injection. Fifty milligrams of kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside appeared equivalent to 100 mg of the extract.     

土甘草正丁醇提取物抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的：对土甘草正丁醇提取物的抗炎、镇痛作用研究。方法：采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀法、醋酸扭体法观察土甘草的抗炎、镇痛作用。结果：土甘草对二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀有明显的抑制作用（P〈0.05）;对0.7%醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应有明显的抑制作用（P〈0.05）。结论：土甘草正丁醇提取物具有一定的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

消痔洗剂的药效学试验

目的观察消痔洗剂的抗炎、镇痛、止血作用。方法采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀法、醋酸致小鼠扭体反应法、小鼠尾尖止血法,分别观察消痔洗剂的抗炎、镇痛、止血作用。结果消痔洗剂可显著降低二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,其最高的肿胀抑制率超过40%;显著降低小鼠的扭体反应数,其中以8.4 g生药/kg剂量组最为显著,该剂量组各时间段的镇痛百分率均在40%以上,最高为50.6%;显著缩短小鼠尾尖的出血时间,以消痔洗剂的1.68,3.36 g生药/mL剂量组作用最为明显。结论消痔洗剂具有显著的抗炎、镇痛、止血作用。     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum glaucum aqueous extract.

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the aqueous extract of Crinum glaucum were evaluated in mice and rats using the carrageenan- and dextran-induced paw oedema, acetic acid-induced writhing, cold water tail flick and formalin pain tests. The extract (100-400 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) produced a significant (P<0.05) inhibition of the second phase response in the formalin pain model, while only the high dose (400 mg/kg) of the extract showed an antinociceptive effect in the first phase. The extract also showed a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes. The tail flick latency was dose dependently enhanced by the extract but this was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that produced by morphine (2 mg/kg). The extract (125-500 mg/kg) administered 1 h before or after carrageenan-induced paw swelling produced a dose dependent inhibition of the oedema. No effect was observed with the dextran-induced oedema model. The data obtained suggest that the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the extract may be mediated via both peripheral and central mechanisms.     

白芥子不同提取部位抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的：研究白芥子不同提取物的抗炎镇痛作用.方法：采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸致小鼠扭体反应和小鼠热板法观察白芥子不同提取部位的抗炎、镇痛作用.结果：白芥子2个提取部位均能显著减少醋酸所致的小鼠扭体次数和抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀,且其水部位（WTEF-BA）比乙酸乙酯部位（EAEF-BA）的作用更强.热板试验中,水部位能明显提高小鼠的痛阈值,乙酸乙酯部位具有提高痛阈值的趋势,但未见明显差异.结论：白芥子不同提取部位灌胃给药具有抗炎镇痛作用,其有效部位主要是水部位.     

Antidepressant effects of the methanol extract of several Hypericum species from the Canary Islands.

The aim of the present study was to investigate several neuropharmacological effects of the methanol extract of the aerial parts in blossom of Hypericum canariense, H. glandulosum, H. grandifolium and H. reflexum (Hypericaceae). These extracts did not alter significantly the locomotor activity, body temperature or the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, with the exception of H. reflexum which significantly potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleeping time at both doses assayed (500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.). Additionally, neither muscle relaxant nor anticholinergic activity was observed. These extracts antagonized the ptosis and/or motor depression induced by tetrabenazine and also shortened the immobility time in the forced swimming test. Moreover, the H. glandulosum and H. grandifolium extracts at 1000 mg/kg p.o. potentiated the head twitches induced by 5-HTP. These observations suggest that the methanol extract of the Hypericum species in doses of 500-1000 mg/kg p.o. possess antidepressant activity in mice, without inducing significant muscle relaxation, anticholinergic and sedative properties.     

Analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of Sideritis lotsyi var. Mascaensis

The antiinflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial activities of crude ethanol extracts of Sideritis lotsyi var. mascaensis (Lamiaceae), and chloroform and aqueous fractions were evaluated in mice using paw and ear oedema induced by carrageenan and 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate (TPA), respectively, as inflammation models, the writhing test induced by acetic acid for evaluating analgesic activity and the disk-diffusion method for testing antimicrobial actions. The results obtained demonstrated significant topical antiinflammatory and analgesic activities for the ethanol extract and chloroform fraction, but no relevant antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms tested.     

Analgesic activity of Ugni molinae (murtilla) in mice models of acute pain

Leaf extracts of Ugni molinae Turcz. (Myrtaceae) are used in Chilean folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The antinociceptive effect of dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (ME) leaf extracts was assessed by intraperitoneal, oral and topical administration in writhing, tail flick, and tail formalin tests in mice. The extracts showed a dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in all the assays under different administration routes. The ED(50) values for the different tests for the DCM, EA, ME extract and reference drug (ibuprofen) were as follows. Writhing test in acetic acid (i.p. administration): 0.21, 0.37, 1.37 and 0.85mg/kg, respectively; tail flick test (oral administration): 199, 189, 120 and 45.9mg/kg. The EC(50) values for tail flick test were (topical administration): 2.0, 0.35, 1.4 and 8.2% (w/v), respectively; and the topical analgesic effects were (formalin assay) 75.5, 77.5, 31.6 and 76.5%, respectively. Ugni molinae extracts produce antinociception in chemical and thermal pain models through a mechanism partially linked to either lipooxygenase and/or cyclooxygenase via the arachidonic acid cascade and/or opioid receptors. Flavonoid glycosides and triterpenoids have been isolated from the plant and can be associated with the observed effect. Our results corroborate the analgesic effects of Ugni molinae, and justify its traditional use for treating pain.