股骨近端髓内钉-螺旋刀片（PFN-A）治疗老年股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折

目的：探讨应用股骨近端髓内钉-螺旋刀片（PFN-A）治疗老年股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法：自2006年1月-2007年10月，采用PFN—A治疗老年股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折19例。结果：19例均获3—10个月随访，骨折全部临床愈合。按Harris关节评分：优9例，良8例，可2例，优良率89．5％。结论：PFN-A治疗老年股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折，具有手术操作简单，创伤小，固定可靠的特点，是治疗老年股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折的良好选择之一。     

防旋股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效分析

目的：探讨防旋股骨近端髓内钉(PFN-A)内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的效果。方法对C臂透视下闭合复位PFN-A内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折12例的疗效进行回顾性分析。结果经随访6~12个月,12例骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间5个月。按髋关节Har is法评分标准,髋关节功能优7例,良4例,可1例,关节功能优良率为91.7%。结论闭合复位PFN-A内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折具有手术创伤小、操作简单、固定牢靠、并发症少等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

股骨近端抗旋髓内钉治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端抗旋髓内钉（PFNA）治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的方法及疗效。方法采用股骨近端抗旋髓内钉内固定治疗21例老年股骨粗隆间骨折。骨折按AO分型：A1型2例,A2型17例,A3型2例。合并糖尿病2例,心肺疾病6例。以骨折部位有四分之三区域骨小梁通过为愈合标准。结果骨折全部愈合。根据Harris髋关节功能评分：优12例（大于等于90分）,较好5例（80～89分）,良2例（70～79分）,差2例（小于70分）,总体优良率90.5%。无褥疮、下肢静脉血栓、髋内翻等并发症发生。结论股骨近端抗旋髓内钉的设计符合生物力学原理;其治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折具有操作简单、创伤小、固定牢固、并发症少、疗效确切等优点。     

股骨近端髓内钉(PFNA)和股骨近端锁定钢板(LPFP)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折

目的 探讨股骨近端髓内钉(PFNA)和股骨近端锁定钢板(LPFP)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2013年2月～2014年6月我科对39例股骨粗隆间骨折的患者,按Evens分型,分别选择股骨近端髓内钉和股骨近端锁定钢板来进行固定治疗.结果 本组39例患者,两组患者的髋关节功能无明显的差别,但在手术时间,术中的出血量,手术的创伤等方面,股骨近端髓内钉明显优于股骨近端锁定钢板.结论 股骨近端髓内钉比股骨近端锁定钢板更适合用于治疗股骨粗隆间骨折.     

PFNA与PFN内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效评价

目的探讨PFNA(股骨近端抗旋髓内钉)与PFN(股骨近端重建钉)内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗效果。方法 2010年5月~2012年12月采用C臂透视下闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折108例为PFNA组,随机选取同时期病例采用PFN内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折102例为PFN组,记录手术时间、术中出血量、手术前后血红蛋白值、术后完全负重时间、术后并发症及末次随访时患髋Harris评分,对二者的疗效进行回顾性分析比较。结果两组术后均随访8~24个月,PFNA组1例发生下肢深静脉血栓。全部病例未发生螺旋刀片骨内切割、松动移位,骨折全部愈合。PFN组6例发生髋部加压螺钉松动,其中骨折畸形愈合2例,2例行PFNA翻修治疗,2例行人工关节置换补救手术治疗。两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后血红蛋白值、术后完全负重时间、术后并发症比较差异有统计学意义(0.05)。术前血红蛋白值、末次随访髋关节Harris评分无统计学意义(0.05)。结论采用PFNA微创内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折可以减少医源性血运破坏、骨质丢失,操作简单、缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量,可有效固定骨折,减少并发症,有利于骨折愈合,临床疗效满意,是老年股骨粗隆间骨折理想的治疗方法。     

应用可膨胀髓内钉（Fixion PF）治疗老年股骨近端骨折

目的 评价可膨胀髓内钉(Fixion PF)应用于老年股骨近端骨折的治疗效果和技术特点.方法 自2005年1月至2006年2月,22例老年股骨近端骨折采用可膨胀髓内钉系统(Fixion PF)固定,其中,股骨粗隆间骨折16名,股骨粗隆下骨折4名,股骨粗隆下合并粗隆间骨折2名.男7名,女15名,平均年龄72岁.结果 本组平均手术时间45分钟,平均出血量为200ml,术中平均透视6次.骨折术后临床愈合时间最短8周,平均10周.未发生脂肪栓塞、骨折延迟愈合、不愈合、肢体短缩、髋内翻以及旋转畸形.结论 Fixion PF可膨胀髓内钉固定原理为沙漏样固定,应力均匀分布于股骨髓腔,股骨头栓钉于股骨头内膨胀,增加抗旋转能力,不需扩髓、远端交锁,其独特的设计原理可减少创伤和相关于术并发症,尤其适合于老年骨质疏松性股骨近端骨折的治疗.     

股骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年陈旧性粗隆间骨折9例

目的探讨老年陈旧性粗隆间骨折股骨近端锁定板的手术治疗。方法自2006年2月～2011年3月对9例老年陈旧性粗隆间骨折实行切开复位股骨近端锁定板固定术,手术在骨科牵引床上进行,同时使用C型臂x光机检查复位固定情况。结果所有患者均满意复位固定,经随访12～36个月（平均22个月）,按Harris标准评分7例为优,2例为差。结论老年陈旧性粗隆问骨折股骨近端锁定板术为一简单有效的手术方法。     

运用PFNA内固定综合治疗高龄粗隆间骨折

目的探讨运用防旋股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法运用防旋股骨近端髓内钉（PFNA）治疗24例高龄股骨粗隆间骨折。结果 21例获得随访6～12月,全部骨性愈合,未见股骨头切割现象,无髋内翻等其他并发症。结论 PFNA具有创伤小,固定牢靠,并发症少,防旋、防切割等特点,是目前治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的理想方法 。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉微创内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折33例分析

目的：探讨小切口股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFNA）内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的方法和疗效.方法：2007年8月至2010年8月,采用小切口、微创方法置入PFNA治疗股骨粗隆间骨折33例,其中顺粗隆间骨折27例、反粗隆间骨折6例、合并同侧股骨干骨折3例.按A0分型,A1型2例、A2型25例、A3型6例.术后根据髋关节疼痛、功能及关节活动度评定疗效.结果：手术顺利,术后切口均一期愈合.33例患者均获随访,随访时间6-18个月,平均12个月.无感染、延迟愈合、髋内翻等并发症,骨折全部愈合,愈合时间11～16周,平均13周.按照黄公怡评定标准,本组疗效优29例、良4例,优良率100%.结论：PFNA微创治疗股骨粗隆间骨折固定可靠、操作简便,能缩短骨折愈合时间,较早恢复患肢功能.     

亚洲型髋关节髓内钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的效果分析

目的 探讨亚洲型髋关节髓内钉(Asian intramedulary hip system,ASIAN IMHS)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果.方法 自2008年5月～2010年10月对46例股骨粗隆间骨折采用ASIAN IMHS固定治疗,并观察其疗效.结果 随访7～15个月,骨折全部愈合,其优良率为94.4％.结论 ASIAN IMHS治疗股骨粗隆间骨折具有操作简便,创伤小,出血量少,手术时间短,固定稳定可靠,术后恢复好,是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的理想选择.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.