Argatroban for anticoagulation in pediatric patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring extracorporeal life support

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a well recognized and described immune phenomenon in adults. However, pediatric data on the incidence, treatment, and complications of HIT are limited. Despite the widespread use of heparin in pediatric patients and the repeated and sustained exposures to heparin in neonates and children with congenital heart disease, HIT has been infrequently recognized and under-reported in this population. HIT is an intensely procoagulant disorder and carries significant morbidity and mortality. In this case series, we describe HIT management with argatroban as alternative anticoagulation in 3 children requiring extracorporeal life support.     

Effect of pediatric advanced life support course on pediatric residents' intubation success

Background: The Pediatric Advanced Life Support Program (PALS) course very important for teaching about intubation, resuscitation, shock, trauma, respiratory failure and rhythm disturbances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the PALS course on pediatric residents' intubation success during their rotation, daytime and night‐time practice in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: The study was carried out from 1 March 2005 to 28 February 2007. The study period had two parts, in that the number of attempts and successful intubations performed by pediatric residents, and the pediatric intensivist successful intubation ratio were evaluated in two different periods: before the PALS course, 1 March 2005–28 February 2006, and after the PALS course, 5 March 2006–28 February 2007. The participating residents' pediatric levels (PL) were classed as PL‐1, PL‐2, PL‐3, PL‐4, and all had first experience in the PICU at the PL‐1 level. The PALS instructor was a pediatric emergency or intensive care doctor. We evaluated whether the PALS course influenced intubation success or not. Results: Sixteen residents participated in the study. The proportion of successful intubations was 110 (53.3%) and 104 (65.4%) attempts before and after the PALS course, respectively. The proportion of intubations done by intensivists decreased from 49.1% to 31.7% before and after PALS. The most frequently used endotracheal tube (ETT) internal diameter (ID) was 4.0 mm, and cuffed ETT was used 16% and 21% before and after the course, respectively. Appropriate placing of ETT tip occurred 70.4% and 82.2% of the time before and after the PALS course, respectively. Proportion of successful intubations by residents increased in all levels, except for PL‐1. The most important reason for unsuccessful attempts was inappropriate patient position. Only one patient could not be intubated, and laryngeal mask airway was used in that case. During intubation, complications were broken teeth in two patients before the course, and subglottic stenosis developed in only one patient due to cuffed ETT. Conclusion: Successful intubation is a life‐saving intervention during resuscitation, ETT revision for extubation or obstruction for extubation or obstruction during mechanical ventilation. This skill can be developed in the PALS course and by clinical study in PICU and pediatric emergency services. The PALS course must be given to pediatric residents especially within the first year. Also, cuffed ETT can be used for infants and children.     

Cerebral oxygenation in neonatal and pediatric patients during veno-arterial extracorporeal life support.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of right carotid artery ligation and variations in extracorporeal life support (ECLS) flow on regional cerebral oxygenation index (rSO2i) measured using near infrared spectroscopy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Tertiary children's hospital. PATIENTS: Eleven neonatal and pediatric patients requiring veno-arterial ECLS support between June 2000 and March 2003. INTERVENTIONS: Near infrared spectroscopy probe placement on left and right frontal regions of patients undergoing ECLS, before vessel cannulation or within 24 hrs of initiation of ECLS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Regional cerebral oxygenation was measured every minute for 72 hrs or until the patient was decannulated. The effect of cannulation on rSO2i from each hemisphere of the brain and the relationship between ECLS flow and rSO2i during ECLS support and "trialing off" periods were determined. Ligation of the right carotid artery resulted in a 12-25% decrease in rSO2i from baseline in the right frontal region for a duration ranging from 17 to 45 mins before returning toward baseline. No substantial change in the left frontal region rSO2i was detected during cannulation. Following this depression in rSO2i on the right, there was a transient increase above baseline in rSO2i observed in both hemispheres on initiating ECLS. No correlation between ECLS flow and rSO2i was found over the 72-hr period. Periods of "trialing off" ECLS were not related to any change in rSO2i in either hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated no relationship between ECLS flow and rSO2i changes during the 72-hr observation period. A brief period of cerebral oxygen desaturation of the right frontal region at the time of right carotid ligation was seen in all three study patients examined during cannulation, followed by an increased rSO2i with initiation of ECLS flow. Near infrared spectroscopy measurement may offer an important adjunct for neurologic monitoring of ECLS patients.     

Healthcare-associated infection in pediatric patients on extracorporeal life support: The role of multidisciplinary surveillance.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of a multidisciplinary approach to sepsis surveillance and evaluate impact on outcome. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study or clinical audit cycle. SETTING: Tertiary pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) center. PATIENTS: Patients were 215 children supported with ECMO January 1999 to December 2004. INTERVENTIONS: A multidisciplinary team met monthly to evaluate cases of bloodstream infection and mediastinitis, review trends, and update unit policies. Changes in practice were made at the end of 2001 in order to address a perceived high rate of sepsis: a) reeducation; b) introduction of electively preprimed ECMO circuits; and c) preference for neck rather than chest cannulation in cardiac patients. Prophylactic antibiotics were used from preprocedure for 24 hrs only throughout the study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Over the entire study period, 39 children had 47 septic episodes, with a rate of 24.9 per 1000 ECMO days. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that infection was associated with duration of ECMO support (odds ratio 1.24; 95% confidence interval 1.15, 1.35 per day) and case type: Closed vs. open chest was protective in cardiac patients (odds ratio 0.08; 95% confidence interval 0.01, 0.50). Infection increased the odds of death by 2.01 (95% confidence interval 1.00, 4.05), but this effect was less important than case type and ECMO days. After policy changes were implemented, there was a reduction in sepsis from 29.3 to 20.1 episodes per 1000 ECMO days. There was reduced sepsis in respiratory patients: neonates from 28.0 to 6.6 and pediatric patients from 42.4 to 16.9 episodes per 1000 ECMO days. Despite policy changes, sepsis remained a problem in cardiac patients with open sternum: 65.1 per 1000 ECMO days. CONCLUSIONS: ECMO support is a high-risk setup for nosocomial infection, in particular for cardiac patients with open sternum for whom antibiotic prophylaxis is justified. Multidisciplinary surveillance offers an excellent approach for quality improvement in this challenging field.     

体外生命支持系统的原理和应用

体外生命支持系统（ECLS）和传统定义的体外膜肺是一种改良的体外循环系统。用于对心肺衰竭患者提供长时间氧输送。它通过一种以循环血流泵与体外氧交换器为核心组成的人工体外循环装置。进行以体外替代性气体交换支持和心脏替代支持为目的的心肺支持，为那些可逆性的严重心肺功能障碍患者提供以肺功能支持为主的心肺支持。ECLS同时可以降低危重患者对其他心肺支持措施的要求，并仅需低参数机械通气，为肺功能的恢复赢得时间。ECLS应用已有70年历史。     

Perioperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for critical pediatric airway surgery

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used for cardiopulmonary support in neonates, infants, and adults. We report the application of ECMO for critical airway surgery when mechanical ventilation cannot provide adequate gas exchange. Three pediatric patients underwent emergency ECMO establishment because of hypercapnia that could not be managed by conventional mechanical ventilation. The pathology included: (1) left pulmonary artery sling with long-segment tracheal stenosis; (2) absence of the right intermediate bronchus and abnormal origin of the right lower bronchus arising from the left main bronchus; (3) right-lung agenesis with long-segment tracheobronchial stenosis. Venoarterial ECMO was established. Before ECMO, the arterial pH values were 7.28, 7.0, and 7.08, and the PaCO₂ values were 111.8, 112.0, and 208.7 mmHg for each patient, respectively. After ECMO support, respiratory acidosis was reversed. The patients then underwent surgical intervention. The surgical procedures included: (1) slide tracheoplasty and reimplantation of the left pulmonary artery; (2) resection of the stenotic tracheal segment and reconstruction of the bronchial tree; (3) tracheal dilatation and stent implantation. The ECMO durations were 11, 5, and 16 h, respectively. All patients were successfully weaned off ECMO without complications. In conclusion, ECMO provided adequate ventilation support for patients undergoing critical tracheobronchial reconstruction when conventional mechanical ventilation could not maintain adequate gas exchange.     

Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on extracorporeal life support

Purpose

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is applied to refractory pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We evaluate the single-center outcomes of infants with CDH to determine the utility of late repair on ECLS versus repair post-decannulation.

Methods

Records of infants with CDH (2004–2014) were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

CDH was diagnosed in 177 infants. Sixty six (37%) underwent ECLS, of which, 11 died prior to repair, 33 were repaired post-decannulation, and 22 were repaired on ECLS. Repair was delayed in patients on ECLS (19 versus 10 days, p < 0.001). Patients repaired on ECLS had longer ECLS runs (22 versus 12 days, p < 0.001) and higher rates of bleeding and mortality than those repaired post-decannulation. Survival was 54% in infants undergoing ECLS, 65% in those who underwent repair, 36% in those repaired during ECLS, and 85% in those who were decannulated prior to repair. Eighteen percent (N = 4) of deaths after repair on ECLS were attributable to surgical bleeding. The remainder was due to pulmonary hypertension or sepsis.

Conclusion

Infants who underwent CDH repair post-decannulation had excellent outcomes and no mortalities attributable to repair. Neonates who underwent repair on ECLS late on bypass had the lowest survival rate with only 18% of mortality in this cohort attributable to surgical bleeding.

     

体外生命支持模式及临床应用

危重患儿常合并多器官功能障碍.体外生命支持治疗利用体外设备代替体内脏器功能,从而达到维持生命的目的.体外设备可以支持多脏器功能障碍患儿的心、肺、肝、肾功能.与成人不同,多脏器衰竭患儿的基础疾病可能逆转,因此体外生命支持更为有效.本文概括介绍不同的体外脏器支持模式,包括体外膜肺、连续性肾脏替代治疗、人工肝、血液灌流和血浆置换治疗.

Abstract：

Multiple organ dysfunction(MODS) can be seen in critically ill children.Modality of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is the use of mechanical devices to support life when the native organ failure occurs.Extracorporeal devices can effectively support heart,lung,liver,and kidney function of the sick children with MODS.Unlike the adult experience,ECLS is an effective therapy in children with MODS,because the underlying disease possibly is reversible.This article focuses on the different modalities of ECLS which involve extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,continuous renal replacement therapy,artificial liver support system,hemoperfusion and plasma exchange.     

儿童急重症生命支持技术培训进展

儿童急重症生命支持技术培训主要涵盖基础生命支持、儿童高级生命支持、新生儿窒息复苏项目、儿童创伤生命支持、儿童危重症基础培训课程以及高仿真模拟教学模式.本文简要介绍和总结儿童急重症生命支持技术培训的相关内容,并就各项目在国内的现状和展望作一阐述.     

Neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pulmonary support. European experience

This report is a collection of data from January 1975 to April 1991 of the 13 registered centers in Europe providing ECMO treatment for pulmonary support in neonates and children. Correspondence to: H. Ehrén.     

Neonatal extracorporeal life support: impact of new therapies on survival

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of pre-extracorporeal life support (ECLS) management with nitric oxide (NO), high frequency ventilation (HFV), and surfactant on mortality among neonates supported with ECLS. STUDY DESIGN: Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) data on 7017 neonates cannulated for respiratory reasons between 1996 and 2003 were analyzed using chi2, analysis of variance, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The use of ECLS declined by 26.6% over the study period with no significant change in mortality. Unadjusted ECLS mortality for NO-treated patients was lower than for infants not treated with NO (25.1% vs 28.6%, P = .0012) and for infants treated with surfactant than for infants not treated with surfactant (18.7% vs 30.3%, p <.0001.) Unadjusted mortality for HFV-treated patients was no different than for non-HFV-treated patients (26.0% vs 26.6%, P = .56). After adjusting for confounders (primary diagnosis, age at cannulation, ECMO year 1996-1999 vs 2000-2003), surfactant use was associated with decreased mortality. NO-treated neonates were less likely to have a pre-ECLS cardiopulmonary arrest than infants not treated with NO. NO, HFV, and surfactant were not associated with prolongation of ECLS or mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: NO, HFV, and surfactant were not associated with increased mortality in neonates who require ECLS for hypoxic respiratory failure.     

Radiologic diagnosis of hemothorax during neonatal extracorporeal life support

The recognition of a significant hemothorax by chest radiography can be difficult during extracorporeal life support (ECLS) because diffuse pulmonary opacification is typically present. Five newborns who developed hemothoraces after repair of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia while on ECLS were evaluated. The presence of a clinically important hemothorax was suspected when a shift in the position of the ECLS venous cannula was noted on comparable chest films. Four patients required operative evacuation of hematomas and one responded successfully to suction-catheter evacuation of clot through a chest tube. All patients improved in their clinical status without recurrence of the hemothorax. A shift in the position of the ECLS venous cannula may be a radiographic clue that a significant hemothorax exists in newborns on ECLS. Awareness of this finding may allow early recognition and appropriate intervention.     

场景模拟教学在医学生儿童高级生命支持技能培训的应用效果

目的：评估场景模拟教学对提高医学生儿童高级生命支持(pediatric advanced life support,PALS)技能的效果。方法对首都医科大学儿科系2005、2006级七年制51名在校学生进行PALS 场景模拟教学,统一填写调查表,并在教学前后进行儿童危重症及心肺复苏知识的理论测试和操作考试,进行统计分析。结果51名学员接受 PALS 场景模拟教学培训后,其儿童危重症和心肺复苏理论知识考核的平均成绩较培训前显著提高[(86.51±7.16)分 vs.(53.85±14.24)分,P ﹤0.05];培训后与培训前相比,心电图识别、寻找并治疗病因以及药物使用剂量及方法的错误率显著下降(64.7%vs.15.7%,71.0% vs.10.5%,73.2% vs.25.9%),所有学员均可正确使用除颤仪;学员对培训的满意度达94%以上。结论 PALS 场景模拟教学可使在校医学生较好地掌握儿童危重症的抢救理论知识和技能。     

血浆置换与血液灌流在体外生命支持中的地位和应用

近年来,体外生命支持技术取得迅猛发展,尤其表现在体外膜肺氧合技术在心肺支持上的广泛应用.近20年来,在血液透析基础上发展而来的血液净化技术进入了一个持续快速发展的新时期.血液净化治疗包括血液透析、血液滤过、免疫吸附、连续性血液净化及腹膜透析等,作为其重要组成部分的血浆置换和血液灌流,在许多器官系统疾病的治疗中发挥重要作用,治疗范畴已涉及肾脏疾病、神经系统疾病、肝脏疾病、代谢性疾病、结缔组织疾病以及感染性疾病、药物中毒等.

Abstract：

The progress and development of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is suprising and on-going,especially extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become an accepted therapeutic modality for patients who have failed conventional therapy with respiratory and/or cardiac support.Blood purification developed from hemodialysis is designed to remove substances from the circulation and now includes hemodialysis,hemofiltration,immunoadsorption,continous blood purification and peritoneal dialysis.Plasma exchange and hemoperfusion play an important role in critically system diseases,i.e.,some kidney diseases,neurologic diseases,liver failure,metabolic diseases,connective tissue disease,infection diseases,intoxication and so on.     

超声引导经皮穿刺置管建立儿童体外膜肺氧合初步观察

目的评价超声引导下经皮穿刺置管用于建立儿童体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)的作用与安全性。方法回顾性分析2016年5月至2021年4月上海交通大学附属儿童医院重症医学科完成的66例非心脏手术ECMO支持患儿的临床资料。收集患儿一般情况、ECMO支持模式、动静脉插管类型与尺寸、置管方式、操作时间和置管并发症等。根据置管方式分为经皮穿刺置管组与外科切开置管组, 比较两组患儿年龄、体重、置管操作时间、ECMO支持时间、ECMO撤机成功率和出院存活率等。组间比较采用χ2检验或非参数秩和检验。结果 66例患儿中男38例、女28例, 年龄44.5(12.0, 83.5)月龄, 体重15.0(10.0, 25.0)kg。床旁超声引导下经皮穿刺置管21例(32%), 成功20例(95%), 1例穿刺失败改为外科切开置管。最终经皮穿刺置管组20例, 年龄70.5(23.8, 109.5)月龄, 体重23.2(13.6, 37.0)kg。经皮穿刺置管组置管操作时间明显短于外科切开血管置管组[26.0(23.3, 30.3)比57.0(53.8, 64.0)min, Z=6.31, P<0.001]。经皮穿刺...     

Management of abdominal compartment syndrome during extracorporeal life support.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the successful use of a peritoneal dialysis catheter for emergent decompression of abdominal compartment syndrome during extracorporeal life support for septic shock. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit at a freestanding tertiary children's hospital. PATIENT: Two-year-old toddler with influenza A complicated by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and septic shock. INTERVENTIONS: Placement of peritoneal dialysis catheter. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Changes in hemodynamic and respiratory parameters. Improvement in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation venous drainage with subsequent survival. CONCLUSIONS: Although the standard therapy for abdominal compartment syndrome is decompressive laparotomy, a minimally invasive percutaneous approach may be effective and should be considered in selected patients.