The airway management using laryngeal mask airway and tracheal fiberscopy in a pediatric patient with tracheal stenosis after tracheostomy

A 9-year-old boy was scheduled for excision of tracheal granuloma which had developed at the tip of a tracheostomy tube. Instead of a tracheostomy tube, a 4 mm ID tracheal tube was inserted via the tracheostomy beyond the tracheal constriction because of rapid development of respiratory failure. General anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane and oxygen via the tube, and a size 2.5 laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was inserted without muscle relaxant. Spontaneous respiration remained. Under monitoring by fiberoptic tracheoscopy via the LMA, the tracheal tube was extubated carefully. An 8 Fr. suction tube was indwelled via the tracheostomy beyond the stenosis for oxygen supply. After sealing the tracheostomy, he could breath spontaneously through the LMA. During the excision of tracheal granuloma by holmium:YAG laser, fiberoptic observation was continued via the LMA, and the procedure was performed without any complication. We conclude that the tracheal stenosis can be managed using the LMA, continuous fiberoptic monitoring and additional option of keeping spontaneous ventilation.     

可弯曲喉罩用于鼻内镜手术患者气道管理的效果

目的 评价可弯曲喉罩用于鼻内镜手术患者气道管理的效果.方法 择期拟行鼻内镜手术患者60例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,体重51～83 kg,性别不限,随机分为2组(n=30):气管导管组(T组)和可弯曲喉罩组(F组).静脉注射咪达唑仑、维库溴铵、异丙酚和瑞芬太尼麻醉诱导.T组置入气管导管;F组置入可弯曲喉罩,然后行机械通气.静脉输注异丙酚和瑞芬太尼,吸入七氟烷维持麻醉.术中维持BIS 40～55,维持MAP基础值60%～70%,必要时静脉输注硝酸甘油1～3μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)和艾司洛尔20～30μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)行控制性降压.术毕待患者清醒后拔出气管导管或可弯曲喉罩.于麻醉诱导前、麻醉诱导后即刻、置人气管导管或喉罩后1、3、5 min和拔出气管导管或喉罩即刻记录SP、DP和HR;于置入气管导管或喉罩后5、30 min和拔出气管导管或喉罩前即刻记录P_(ET)CO_2、气道峰压、平均气道压和SpO_2;记录术中需要控制性降压情况、苏醒时间、患者清醒到拔出气管导管或喉罩前呛咳的发生情况和术后24 h内咽痛的发生情况.结果 与T组比较,F组置人喉罩后各时点和拔出喉罩即刻SP、DP和HR降低,置人喉罩后各时点和拔出喉罩前即刻气道峰压降低(P＜0.05),平均气道压、P_(ET)CO_2和SpO_2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术中需控制性降压率降低,苏醒时间缩短,呛咳和咽痛发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论 可弯曲喉罩用于鼻内镜手术时,可降低对患者血液动力学的干扰,有助于麻醉恢复,且不良反应较少,其效果优于气管导管.     

Anesthetic management with a laryngeal mask airway for gastrectomy in a patient with myotonic dystrophy

We report a case of 50-year-old male with myotonic dystrophy who underwent distal gastrectomy. A laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was inserted easily without using a muscle relaxant after propofol injection. Anesthesia was maintained with continuous propofol infusion and epidural anesthesia. The airway management with LMA enabled us to evaluate patient's awareness and respiratory pattern appropriately at the end of anesthesia. No respiratory complications, such as respiratory depression or atelectasis, occurred after surgery. We consider that LMA is useful for anesthetic management in a patient with myotonic dystrophy.     

Comparison of laryngeal mask airway with tracheal tube for ophthalmic surgery in paediatric patients

This study of sixty ASA grade 1 or 2 children, aged 1 to 12 years, undergoing elective ophthalmic procedures, compared the use of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) with that of an endotracheal tube. Changes in intraocular pressure and haemodynamic parameters, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were measured Patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 30 patients. In group 1, the airway was secured with an LMA and in group 2 with an endotracheal tube. A standard technique of general anaesthesia incorporating positive pressure ventilation was used in both groups. The changes in intraocular pressure, heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were observed before and after insertion of the airway device, two minutes after insertion, and pre and post removal of the device. The incidence of airway complications was also noted. There was no significant change in mean intraocular pressure after insertion of the LMA, but removal caused a significant increase to 19.3 +/- 7.6 mmHg (from a baseline of 13.9 +/- 4.3 mmHg). In the endotracheal tube group, intubation increased the mean intraocular pressure significantly to 19.9 +/- 7.3 mmHg (from a baseline of 13.1 +/- 4.0 mmHg) and extubation caused an increase to 24.6 +/- 10.4 mmHg which was clinically as well as statistically significant. The incidence of postoperative coughing was lower in the LMA group, but the incidence of vomiting higher. Two patients had displacement of the LMA during the procedure. We conclude that the use of an LMA is associated with less increase in intraocular pressure than the use of an endotracheal tube in children.     

鼻内窥镜手术患者可弯曲喉罩与一次性双管喉罩气道管理效果比较

目的 观察可弯曲喉罩(flexible laryngeal mask airway,FLMA)与一次性双管喉罩(supreme laryngeal mask airway,SLMA)在鼻内窥镜手术中的气道管理效果,并对二者进行比较. 方法 选取择期行鼻内窥镜手术患者40例.美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、年龄20岁～70岁、体重指数＜30 kg/m2.按随机数字表法随机分成两组,分别为FLMA组(F组)及SLMA组(S组),每组各20例.记录麻醉时间、手术时间、喉罩拔除时间(术毕至呼吸恢复正常可以拔除喉罩的时间)和苏醒时间(术毕至呼之睁眼的时间);术毕即刻、术后6、24、36 h咽喉疼痛发生情况;术者满意程度.统计学分析处理采用SPSS 19.0软件完成. 结果 ①两组喉罩首次成功率分别为95％、90％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②F组置入时间(10.2±1.8)s,S组置入时间(6.3±1.3)s,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).③气道压、气道密封压、纤维支气管镜(branchofiberoscope,FOB)检查分级、两组术后拔出喉罩即刻咽喉疼痛发生例数、术后6h咽喉疼痛发生例数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).④两组之间手术医生的满意度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但是F组有一个上升的趋势. 结论 ①FLMA与SLMA均可应用于全身麻醉下鼻内窥镜手术的气道管理,安全可靠.SLMA比FLMA更易置入.②FLMA可适用于各类鼻内镜手术,SLMA在涉及到额窦的手术时应用受到一定限制.     

Anesthetic management for placement of tracheobronchial stents in patients with airway stenosis

We report the anesthetic management for stents placement in patients with tracheobronchial stenosis. The subjects were 6 patients with lung cancer and one patient with tracheal invasion of esophageal cancer. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, fentanyl and vecuronium, and maintained with propofol and vecuronium. After intubation, tracheostomy was performed. The patients were kept apnic during insertion of stents. Three patients had dynamic stents inserted from tracheostomy site and one orally. Three patients had Dumon stents inserted orally, but the procedure in one patient was cancelled because her stent could not be placed at appropriate position. We recommend the anesthetic management through the tracheostomy site for the placement of Dumon tubes or dynamic stents.     

Resistance of laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube in mechanically ventilated patients

We compared the airflow resistance of 7.5 and 8.5 mm internaldiameter (i.d.) endotracheal tubes (ETTs) with that of a size4 laryngeal mask airway (LMA     

右美托咪定联合插管型喉罩在困难气道插管中的应用

目的 评价右美托咪定诱导联合插管型喉罩或纤维支气管镜(FOB)在清醒保留呼吸情况下气管插管的效果.方法 择期手术全麻患者96例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,术前气道评估Mallampati分级≥Ⅲ级,Cormack-Lehane分级≥Ⅲ级.随机均分为四组:A组静注右美托咪定1μg/kg(10min)+芬太尼2 μg/kg联合插管型喉罩插管;B组静注咪达唑仑0.03 mg/kg+芬太尼2μg/kg联合插管型喉罩插管;C组静注右美托咪定1 μg/kg(10min)+芬太尼2μg/kg经鼻FOB插管;D组静注咪达唑仑0.03mg/kg+芬太尼2μg/kg经鼻FOB插管.记录麻醉前(T0)、静脉推注右美托咪定或咪达唑仑完毕即刻(T1)、静脉推注芬太尼后(T2)、置入插管型喉罩或FOB到达会厌即刻(T3)、插入气管导管时(T4)、插入气管导管后1 min(T5)、插入气管导管后给予肌松药后3min(T6)时MAP、HR、SpO2、BIS,并记录插管成功率、心动过速、高血压、有无躁动、呛咳等插管反应,记录插管前心动过缓使用阿托品和插管后的心动过速使用艾司洛尔情况,术后随访患者对插管过程是否耐受.结果 与T0时比较,T2、T3时A、C组HR明显减慢,T3～T5时B、D组HR明显增快,T3～T5时B、D组和T4、T5时C组MAP明显升高(P＜0.05).诱导插管前阿托品使用率A、C组明显高于B、D组;插管后艾司洛尔使用率A、C组明显低于B、D组(P＜0.05);术后躁动发生率A、B、C组均明显低于D组(P＜0.05);对麻醉中插管的耐受、下次是否愿意使用同样的麻醉方法A组均明显高于B、C、D组(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定联合插管型喉罩在困难气道保留呼吸插管安全有效,而且可以减少心动过速、高血压及心肌缺血发生率,增强对气管插管的耐受.     

A comparison of laryngeal mask airway with tracheal tube for intra-ocular ophthalmic surgery

The use of the laryngeal mask was compared with tracheal intubation in 30 patients who underwent intra-ocular ophthalmic surgery and who received intravenous anaesthesia with propofol. Changes in intra-ocular pressure, heart rate and mean arterial pressure after the insertion of the laryngeal mask airway or the tracheal tube were not significantly different. However, at the end of the procedure, a significantly higher percentage of patients with a tracheal tube coughed, reacted to head movement and suffered breath-holding. In addition, significantly more patients in this group complained of a sore throat (p less than 0.05). During intravenous propofol anaesthesia, the laryngeal mask airway does not offer any advantage over tracheal intubation in the control of intra-ocular pressure for intra-ocular ophthalmic surgery. However, there were fewer complications immediately following surgery in the laryngeal mask group.     

Bronchoscopic treatment for upper tracheal lesions with a laryngeal mask

A laryngeal mask provides maintaining airway with a larger inner diameter of the tube. A little information is available about bronchoscopic treatment for upper tracheal lesions. Three patients undergoing bronchoscopic treatment for upper tracheal lesions with a laryngeal mask were reviewed. The patients include 3 women, having 2 thyroid cancers and 1 thyroid goiter. The aims of the procedure were hemostasis and reduction of the tumor with subsequent endotracheal stenting in 2 patients, and endotracheal stenting in one patient. The treatment was performed under general anesthesia using a laryngeal mask. All cases were successfully treated without operative and postoperative complications related to the use of the laryngeal mask placement. Use of a laryngeal mask may facilitate insertion and retrieval of a flexible bronchoscope and instruments with an excellent manipulation in therapeutic bronchoscopy for subglottic and upper tracheal lesions.     

I-gel喉罩用于乳腺癌根治术患者气道管理的效果

目的 评价I-gel喉罩用于乳腺癌根治术患者气道管理的效果.方法 择期拟行全麻乳腺癌根治术患者120例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄25 ～ 64岁,体重45 ～ 90 kg,体重指数＜30 kg/m2,Mallampati分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=60):I-gel喉罩组(Ⅰ组)和经典喉罩组(C组).麻醉诱导后,I组和C组分别置入I-gel喉罩和经典喉罩,记录喉罩首次置入成功率、喉罩置入时间、喉罩密封压及术中气道峰压,纤维支气管镜检查评估喉罩对位情况,记录术中口咽部漏气、低氧血症和不良反应发生情况.结果 两组喉罩置入成功率均为100％;与C组比较,Ⅰ组喉罩首次置入成功率和纤维支气管镜检查评分升高,喉罩置入时间缩短,血迹残留和咽痛发生率降低(P＜0.05);C组有5例患者发生一过性气道压力增高和口咽部漏气情况,经处理后恢复,Ⅰ组则无一例发生;两组均无低氧血症发生.结论 I-gel喉罩较经典喉罩易于置入,且首次置入成功率高,不良反应少,可安全有效地用于乳腺癌根治术患者的气道管理.     

Case of airway management by laryngeal mask airway for a child with laryngeal web undergoing adenotonsillectomy

We report a case of airway management by laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for a 4-year-old boy with laryngeal web undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Although the patient had no symptoms of airway stenosis, we detected a subglottic laryngeal web during the preoperative examination. The opening orifice of the laryngeal web was estimated to be too small for intubation, and we chose to manage the airway with LMA and spontaneous respiration. Using the LMA and Davis-Crowe mouth gag, we were able to provide the surgeon with the same exposure as with intubation while effectively managing the airway.     

Conventional tracheal tubes for intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask airway

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Fastrach silicone wire-reinforced tracheal tube (FTST) was specially designed for tracheal intubation through the intubating LMA (ILMA). However, conventional tracheal tubes have been successfully used to accomplish tracheal intubation. We designed this study to evaluate the success rate of blind tracheal intubation through the ILMA by using the FTST, the Rusch polyvinyl chloride tube (PVCT), and the Rusch latex armored tube (LAT). One-hundred-fifty healthy adults of ASA physical status I and II who were undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into three groups. FTST (n=50), prewarmed PVCT (n=50), and LAT (n=50) were used for tracheal intubation. Ease of tracheal intubation was assessed by the time taken, the number of attempts, and the number of maneuvers required for success. In addition, numbers of failed intubation attempts and times taken for ILMA removal were also recorded. After surgery, the incidence of trauma, sore throat, and hoarseness was noted. Significantly more frequent success in tracheal intubation was achieved with the PVCT and FTST (96%) compared with the LAT (82%) (P <0.05). Tracheal intubation on the first attempt was similar with the PVCT and FTST (86%) and was significantly more frequent than with the LAT (52%) (P <0.05). Esophageal placement was significantly more frequent with the LAT (29.7%) when compared with the PVCT and FTST (1.8% and 7.4%, respectively) (P <0.05). The authors conclude that a prewarmed PVCT can be used as successfully as the FTST for blind tracheal intubation through the ILMA, whereas the LAT is associated with more frequent failure and esophageal intubation.     

The laryngeal mask airway and the tracheal route for drug administration

We undertook a study to observe if a preformed curved plastic cannula, the Trachojet, could be passed blindly down a laryngeal mask airway into the trachea in 100 anaesthetized patients. Using air aspiration and a fibreoptic scope to confirm placement of the cannula, it passed into the trachea in only 27% of patients. The air aspiration technique used for detecting tracheal cannulation was 100% successful when the cannula was inserted fully. We conclude that it may not be possible to gain access to the trachea with a Trachojet for drug administration if a laryngeal mask airway is used to maintain the patient's airway.