进口和国产索他洛尔片剂的相对生物利用度研究

目的：本文对进口和国产索他洛尔片剂在１２名男性健康志愿者中的药物动力学和相对生物利用度进行了研究。方法：建立了一个检测血清中索他洛尔浓度的反相高效液相色谱－荧光检测法。结果：单剂量口服索他洛尔１６０ｍｇ后的血药浓度数据用３Ｐ８７药物动力学程序进行模型拟合，国产片剂ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２分别为１６．２±３．６ｈ·μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１．２±０．２μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２．１±０．７ｈ，１７．０±７．２ｈ；进口片剂ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２分别为１５．９±３．５ｈ·μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１．２±０．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２．１±０．６ｈ，１８．６±９．４ｈ。国产片剂的相对生物利用度为１０３．５％。结论：两种片剂的所有药动学参数经统计学（ＳＰＳＳ软件）处理差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

替硝唑胶囊剂的相对生物利用度

目的：研究替硝唑胶囊剂的相对生物利用度。方法：８名健康男性志愿者交叉口服２ｇ替硝唑胶囊和片剂，用高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度经时过程。结果：替硝唑胶囊与片剂的药时曲线符合一房室模型，胶囊与片剂的Ｔ１／２（Ｋｅ）分别为１３．７±１．５ｈ、１４．２±２．０ｈ、Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．４±０．４ｈ、１．９±０．８ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ分别为５２．１±９．１μｇ·ｍｌ－１、５１．１±１０．３μｇ·ｍｌ－１；ＡＵＣ分别为１０９３．０±１１１．８、１１２３．０±１２８．２（μｇ·ｍｌ－１）·ｈ，胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为９７．６％，经统计学分析处理，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：替硝唑胶囊与片剂具有生物等效性     

罗红霉素胶囊剂的临床药物动力学及相对生物利用度

目的：进行国产与进口罗红霉素的生物利用度研究。方法：通过交叉试验对８名男性志愿者（２２．６ａ±ｓ２．１ａ）交叉口服罗红霉素３００ｍｇ国产胶囊剂和进口片剂,进行单剂量药物动力学研究。血药浓度采用微生物法进行测定。结果：口服国产胶囊和进口片剂的血药浓度＿时间曲线均符合二室模型,Ｃｍａｘ分别为９．５ｍｇ／Ｌ±１．３ｍｇ／Ｌ与９．０ｍｇ／Ｌ±１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,Ｔｍａｘ为１．１４ｈ±０．１８ｈ与１．３１ｈ±０．２１ｈ,Ｔ１２β为１３．１ｈ±２．４ｈ与１３．６ｈ±２．２ｈ,ＡＵＣ为１０７ｍｇ·ｈ／Ｌ±２３ｍｇ·ｈ／Ｌ与１０８ｍｇ·ｈ／Ｌ±１４ｍｇ·ｈ／Ｌ。比较２种制剂的药物动力学参数,其差别均无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。与进口罗红霉素片相比较,国产罗红霉素胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为（９８±１３）％。口服该药４８ｈ尿药回收率为给药量的（１５±５）％。结论：国产罗红霉素胶囊体内过程与进口罗红霉素片剂相仿,２种制剂生物等效。     

对乙酰氨基酚凝胶在人体的药动学和生物利用度

８名健康男性志愿者交叉服用５００ｍｇ剂量的对乙酰氨基酚凝胶剂和片剂。血药浓度采用ＨＰＬＣ测定。对乙酰氨基酚凝胶剂的药动学参数：Ｔ１／２（Ｋａ）０．３０±０．２２ｈ，Ｔ１／２（Ｋｅ）２．１±０．４ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ１．０±０．４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ５．１±１．５μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ２１±５（μｇ／ｍｌ）·ｈ。这些参数与片剂的相似，凝胶剂相当于片剂的生物利用度为１０５．１％     

两种布洛芬缓释制剂在健康人体内的药物动力学

目的：本文对布洛芬缓释片和胶囊在健康志愿者中的药物动力学进行研究。方法：建立了一个测定人血中布洛芬的高效液相色谱法。结果：口服单剂量６００ｍｇ片剂和胶囊的ＡＵＣ分别为１５０．２±３４．８和１５１．８±３４．５μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；Ｃｍａｘ分别为２２．７±５．３和２２．２±３．９μｇ·ｍｌ－１；Ｔｍａｘ分别为３．５±０．７和３．８±０．８ｈ。口服多剂量６００ｍｇ达稳态后片剂和胶囊的ＡＵＣ分别为１５６．０±３８．７和１６３．２±４４．７μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；Ｃｍａｘ分别为２４．６±５．５和２３．８±４．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１；Ｔｍａｘ分别为３．０２±０．２９和３．２±０．５ｈ。达稳态后片剂和胶囊的波动系数分别为１．４±０．３和１．４２±０．２３。经统计学处理，上述各参数间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：双单侧ｔ检验（ＮＤＳＴ程序）的结果表明，布洛芬两种缓释制剂具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素分散片的人体药物动力学及相对生物利用度研究

８ 名健康男性志愿者交叉单剂量口服５００ ｍ ｇ 阿奇霉素分散片及片剂,采用微生物法测定不同时间的血药浓度,求得分散片和普通片的药物动力学参数分别如下：ｋａ 为１．２８±０．２３、１．２１±０．１８ ｈ－ １;ｔ１／２（（β）为４６．２７±８．１６、４９．８１±８．８２ ｈ;Ｃｍ ａｘ 为０．６２±０．１１、０．５８±０．１１ μｇ／ｍ ｌ;Ｔｍ ａｘ 为１．７３±０．１５、１．８２±０．１５ ｈ;ＡＵＣ为１０．１６±２．３５、１０．６５±３．４３ μｇ·ｈ／ｍ ｌ。经统计学处理,两制剂的ｋａ、Ｃｍ ａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、ｔ１／２（β）均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。分散片相对生物利用度Ｆ为９５．０９±４．９８％ 。经方差分析、配对ｔ检验,均得出两制剂具有生物等效性的结论。     

布洛芬混悬液人体生物利用度和药物动力学研究

用反相高效液相色谱法，血样甲醇沉淀蛋白后直接进样测定。１０名受试者随机分组自身交叉对照试验，单剂量口服布洛芬片或混悬液３００ｍｇ，布洛芬药时数据经３Ｐ８７程序拟合为一房室模型，其主要药动学参数，片剂和混悬液分别为：Ｋａ０．７２±０．１８ｈ－１，２．５０±０．８ｈ－１；Ｔ１／２ｋｅ２．０４±０．３２ｈ，２．２±０．５ｈ；ＡＵＣ０－∞１１１±２５ｍｇ·ｌ·ｈ－１，１１９±２８ｍｇ·ｌ·ｈ；Ｔｍａｘ２．８±０．６ｈ，０．９８±０．２３ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ１９．９±３．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２７．３±３．３μｇ·ｍｌ；相对生物利用度１０７．１６±８．１２％。     

环丙沙星3种剂型在62名健康志愿者的药物动力学研究

用微生物测定法对环丙沙星３种剂型在６２名男性健康志愿者身上进行药物动力学研究。在１６名受试者静滴环丙沙星注射液（２００ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ）后，０、１、４、１２ｈ的血药浓度分别为３．６８±０．６３、≤１、０．３３～０．４３及０．１μｇ／ｍｌ，药动学参数Ｔ１／２为３．２４ｈ，总清除率３９３．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＡＵＣ０～２４６．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｖｓｓ１５５．０±３４．２Ｌ。单次口服环丙沙星１００及５００ｍｇ，体内平均药动学参数Ｃｍａｘ分别为２．３１±０．２８及２．４９±０．２４μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．２６±０．１８及１．４７±０．２１ｈ，Ｔ１／２为２．６９±０．４８及３．８７±０．５３ｈ，ＡＵＣ０～２４为１２．８１±０．８５及１５．０２±２．１１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ，结果与文献报道相同。此外，对静滴及口服两种给药途径的血药浓度与临床疗效关系以及统计矩法与房室模型在药物动力学研究中的选用进行了讨论。     

国产氧氟沙星颗粒剂生物利用度的研究

本文在８名男性健康志愿者中，对国产氧氟沙星颗粒剂与进口氧氟沙星片剂进行了生物利用度的比较研究。交叉试验设计，口服给药２００ｍｇ，用专一性强、灵敏度高的反相ＨＰＬＣ－荧先检测法，测定氧氟沙星血药浓度。氧氟沙星口服给药的药时曲线均符合二室模型，其主要药动力学参数，国产颗粒剂和进口片剂分别为：ＡＵＣ１７．２１±１．５３５和１６．６４±１．７２３μｇ·ｈ／ｍｌ、Ｃ（ｍａｘ）２．９７８±０．５４５６和２．５８８±１．１９１μｇ／ｍｌ、Ｔ（ｍａｘ）０．３７００±０．２２２９和０．８１６１±０．５７８４ｈ，其相对生物利用度为１０３．４３％。经统计学处理，二者的ＡＵＣ、Ｃ（ｍａｘ）、Ｔ（ｍａｘ）均无显著性差异（ｐ＞０．０５）。结果表明，国产氧氟沙星颗粒剂在人体内的生物利用度与进口氧氟沙星片剂相似。     

国产与进口地高辛片人体生物利用度的研究

目的：国产地高辛片长期以来存在着生物利用度差的问题,为此杭州民生药厂进行了工艺改进。方法：以英国Ｌａｎｏｘｉｎ片为对照,采用荧光偏振免疫分析法测定了８名健康男性受试者口服单剂量０．５ｍｇ地高辛片的药时数值,经ＰＫＢＰＮ１程序拟合,计算其药动学参数。结果：国产和进口的Ｃｍａｘ分别为３．０±０．６ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和２．５±０．５ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１;Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．１±０．６ｈ和１．１±０．４ｈ;ＡＵＣ分别为３７．９±４．２ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１和３７．２±６．１ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１;杭州民生药厂工艺改进后的片剂相对生物利用度为１０３．８％±１７．０％。结论：国产片与进口片地高辛完全等效。这为临床应用提供参考,也为药品的国际接轨提供依据     

口服氢氧化铝对静注诺氟沙星体内药动学的影响

利用紫外分光光度法测定家兔血中的诺氟沙星浓度,对静注诺氟沙星在口服铝盐前后的体内药动力学的情况进行了研究。结果显示单独静注诺氟沙星与同时口服铝盐两种方案给药的药动学参数无显著性差异。本实验为临床合理用药提供了参考资料。     

口服氢氧化铝对静脉给予环丙沙星的体内药动学影响

目的：探讨临床常见的静脉给予环丙沙星同时经口给予含铝抗酸剂是否合理。方法：采用紫外分光光度法测定家兔血清中的环丙沙星浓度，对静脉给予环丙沙星在口服含铝抗酸剂前后的体内药动学的情况进行了比较。结果：各取血时间点的环丙沙星平均血药浓度数值相近，同时口服含铝抗酸剂不影响经静脉给予环丙沙星的AUC。结论：静脉给予环丙沙星与经口给予含铝抗酸剂是合理的。     

家兔体内钙盐对诺氟沙星药动学的影响

利用紫外分光光度法测定兔血中的诺氟沙星浓度,对诺氟沙星与钙盐合用后的相互作用进行了研究.结果,钙盐可显著影响诺氟沙星的体内血药浓度及生物利用度.为临床合理用药提供了参考.     

氟哌酸注射液和胶囊剂在家兔体内的药物动力学研究

比较了氟哌酸肌肉注射和口服后在家兔体内的药物动力学,结果表明肌肉注射的吸收速度、吸收程度以及尿中排泄量均远高于口服给药。由此认为注射剂是一种有应用价值的值得研制的剂型。     

The influence of aluminium hydroxide on the bioavailability of feprazone. Single dose study

The influence of aluminium hydroxide (given as a suspension, Aludrox) on the oral bioavailability of feprazone was tested. The degree and speed of absorption of feprazone from capsules (400 mg feprazone as a single dose; 8 volunteers) was investigated by determining plasma levels of feprazone and one of its metabolites using an HPLC method. No statistically significant change in feprazone kinetics caused by the antacid was evident. Cmax (means +/- SEM) decreased from 40.6 +/- 2.9 to 36.25 +/- 1.4 micrograms/ml; the mean area under the plasma level time curve was somewhat higher after additional administration of aluminium hydroxide (n. s.).     

Disposition kinetics and oral bioavailability of vincamine-loaded polyalkyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles

Hexyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles loaded with vincamine as a drug model were prepared. Disposition kinetics and oral bioavailability of vincamine in rabbits were compared after administration of an aqueous solution of the drug and an aqueous colloidal suspension of nanoparticles. After intravenous administration, total body clearance of vincamine was equal for both dosage forms, but a longer half-life (X 2) and larger distribution volume (X 2) were observed with the suspension of nanoparticles. After oral administration, the bioavailability of vincamine was considerably greater for the drug loaded onto nanoparticles.     

Successful treatment of acute aluminium phosphide poisoning: possible benefit of coconut oil

Aluminium phosphide is used to control rodents and pests in grain storage facilities. It produces phosphine gas, which is a mitochondrial poison. Unfortunately, there is no known antidote for aluminium phosphide intoxication, but our recent experience with a case showed that rapid prevention of absorption by coconut oil might be helpful. In the present case, we used the same protocol in a 28-year-old man who had ingested a lethal amount (12 g) of aluminium phosphide with suicidal intent and was admitted to hospital approximately 6 hours postingestion. The patient had signs and symptoms of severe toxicity, and his clinical course included metabolic acidosis and liver dysfunction. Treatment consisted of gastric lavage with potassium permanganate solution, oral administration of charcoal and sorbitol suspension, intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulphate and calcium gluconate, and oral administration of sodium bicarbonate and coconut oil. Conservative and supportive therapy in the Intensive Care Unit was also provided. The patient survived following rapid treatment and supportive care. It is concluded that coconut oil has a positive clinical significance and can be added to the treatment protocol of acute aluminium phosphide poisoning in humans.     

Norfloxacin interaction with antacids and minerals.

The urinary excretion of norfloxacin was measured in eight healthy volunteers after its co-administration with a variety of over-the-counter preparations, each containing a different metal ion. Commonly used doses of ferrous sulphate, zinc sulphate, aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide reduced the 24 h urinary excretion of norfloxacin by 50 to 90%. Bismuth subsalicylate had no significant effect. In vitro experiments demonstrated the formation of complexes between norfloxacin and iron, zinc, aluminium, and magnesium ions, respectively. Many pharmaceuticals contain the same metal ions that caused significant interactions with norfloxacin. The efficacy of norfloxacin treatment may be compromised when it is taken concurrently with preparations containing these metal ions.     

Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between the oral anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor prodrug oseltamivir and antacids

AIMS: Oseltamivir is an oral ester prodrug of its active metabolite Ro 64-0802, a potent and selective neuraminidase inhibitor of the influenza virus. The object of this study was to evaluate whether the oral absorption of oseltamivir was reduced in the presence of two main classes of antacid, Maalox(R) suspension (containing magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide) and Titralac(R) tablets (containing calcium carbonate). METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers completed a randomized, single dose, three-period crossover study. Each volunteer received in a fasted state, 150 mg oseltamivir alone (Treatment A), 150 mg oseltamivir with a 20 ml Maalox suspension (Treatment B), and 150 mg oseltamivir with four Titralac tablets (Treatment C), with 7-10 days washout in between treatments. Plasma and urine concentrations of oseltamivir and Ro 64-0802 were measured using a validated h.p.l.c./MS/MS assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for oseltamivir and Ro 64-0802. Since antacids are locally acting drugs and generally not expected to be absorbed substantially into the systemic system, no plasma or urine concentrations of antacids were measured. RESULTS: Bioequivalence was achieved for the primary pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax and AUC(0, infinity ) of Ro 64-0802 following administration of oseltamivir with either Maalox suspension or Titralac(R) tablets vs administration of oseltamivir alone. The bioavailability (90% confidence intervals) of Ro 64-0802 following administration of oseltamivir together with Maalox suspension vs administration of oseltamivir alone, was 90% (83.6, 96.9%) for C(max) and 94.1% (91.4, 96.9%) for AUC(0, infinity); similarly, for Titralac tablets, the equivalent values were 95.1% (88.3, 102%) for C(max) and 94.7% (91.9, 97.5%) for AUC(0, infinity). CONCLUSIONS: The coadministration of either Maalox suspension or Titralac tablets with oseltamivir has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of either oseltamivir or Ro 64-0802, and conversely, there is no evidence that coadministration with oseltamivir has an effect on the safety and tolerability of either Maalox suspension or Titralac tablets. There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between oseltamivir with either antacid, demonstrating that the oral absorption of oseltamivir was not impaired in the presence of antacids containing magnesium, aluminium or calcium.     

The effect of concomitantly administered antacids on the bioavailability of lornoxicam, a novel highly potent NSAID

Antacids are used in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal side-effects during therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Since pharmacokinetic interactions between antacids and NSAIDs have been reported, it was investigated whether aluminium and magnesium hydroxide (Maalox as oral suspension) or aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate (Solugastril as oral gel) influenced the bioavailability of Lornoxicam (rINN), a new potent NSAID from the chemical group of the oxicams. Eighteen male volunteers were given 4 mg of Lornoxicam as a film-coated tablet either alone or together with 10 ml of Maalox or 10 g of Solugastril in an open, randomized, three-way cross-over study. The levels of Lornoxicam in plasma were determined by HPLC following solid-phase extraction. It was found that none of the antacids changed significantly any of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: elimination half-life (t1/2 beta), concentration at peak time (Cmax), time to reach the peak (tmax) and area under the curve to infinity (AUCo-infinity). The results indicate that the concomitant administration of antacids did not influence the pharmacokinetic profile of Lornoxicam. Furthermore they confirm the short elimination half-life of Lornoxicam in man, which is markedly shorter than that of other oxicam-type compounds.