高效毛细管电泳法同时测定4种喹诺酮类药物

用高效毛细管电泳法分离测定４种喹诺酮类药物，盐酸洛美沙星，依诺沙星，盐酸环丙沙星，氧氟沙星，用５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ硼砂－磷酸盐缓冲液（ｐＨ８．５）运行电压１８ｋＶ２１４ｎｍ检测，压差法进样１０ｃｍ，１０ｓ，以咖啡因为内标定量，线性范围分别为：氧氟沙星和盐酸环丙沙星２０～１００ｍｇ／Ｌ，依诺沙星２４～１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ盐酸洛美沙星２０．８～１０４ｍｇ／Ｌ。峰面积之比与样品浓度线性回归，ｒ〉０．９９９５，最低     

高效毛细管电泳法分析血样尿样中巴比妥类药物

建立了血、尿样品中巴比妥类药物的高效毛细管电泳分离测定方法，测定条件为：运行缓冲液配比：１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ十二烷基硫酸钠－１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸二氢钠－甲醇－水＝７０∶１５∶５∶１０（ｐＨ值调至７．５５±０．０５），操作电压１７ｋＶ，检测波长２００和２８５ｎｍ，２０ｍｉｎ内７种巴比妥类药物全部得到分离。考察并选择了体液样品的预处理方法，测定了血浆和尿液中６种巴比妥类药物浓度（苯巴比妥、甲基苯巴比妥、异戊巴比妥、硫喷妥、戊巴比妥和速可眠）。测定血药浓度的线性范围为５．０～３５μｇ／ｍｌ，尿样药物浓度线性范围为１．０～８．０μｇ／ｍｌ，最低检测浓度为１．０μｇ／ｍｌ，方法重现性为ＲＳＤ小于１３％。     

罗红霉素胶囊剂的临床药物动力学及相对生物利用度

目的：进行国产与进口罗红霉素的生物利用度研究。方法：通过交叉试验对８名男性志愿者（２２．６ａ±ｓ２．１ａ）交叉口服罗红霉素３００ｍｇ国产胶囊剂和进口片剂,进行单剂量药物动力学研究。血药浓度采用微生物法进行测定。结果：口服国产胶囊和进口片剂的血药浓度＿时间曲线均符合二室模型,Ｃｍａｘ分别为９．５ｍｇ／Ｌ±１．３ｍｇ／Ｌ与９．０ｍｇ／Ｌ±１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,Ｔｍａｘ为１．１４ｈ±０．１８ｈ与１．３１ｈ±０．２１ｈ,Ｔ１２β为１３．１ｈ±２．４ｈ与１３．６ｈ±２．２ｈ,ＡＵＣ为１０７ｍｇ·ｈ／Ｌ±２３ｍｇ·ｈ／Ｌ与１０８ｍｇ·ｈ／Ｌ±１４ｍｇ·ｈ／Ｌ。比较２种制剂的药物动力学参数,其差别均无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。与进口罗红霉素片相比较,国产罗红霉素胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为（９８±１３）％。口服该药４８ｈ尿药回收率为给药量的（１５±５）％。结论：国产罗红霉素胶囊体内过程与进口罗红霉素片剂相仿,２种制剂生物等效。     

替硝唑对厌氧菌体外抗菌活性的研究

测定了替硝唑对临床分离的１４８株厌氧菌和２株标准株的ＭＩＣ，确定替硝唑对革兰氏阴性厌氧菌活性最强，其ＭＩＣ为０．０６２～１ｍｇ／Ｌ，它们对梭菌的ＭＩＣ为０．２５～０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，对革兰氏阳性无芽孢厌氧杆菌，除了真杆菌ＭＩＣ为４ｍｇ／Ｌ外，抗菌活性较低，其ＭＩＣ为大于６４ｍｇ／Ｌ，对厌氧球菌也有相当的活性，其ＭＩＣ为０．２５～１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

硫酸奈替米星在肾功能受损时的药物动力学

目的：测定不同肾功能患者体内单剂量静脉滴注５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１硫酸奈替米星（ＮＴＭ）后的血清药物浓度，并计算药物动力学参数；同时测定了尿药浓度及原形药物回收率。方法：采用高效液相色谱－间接光度检测（ＨＰＬＣ－ＩＰＤ）法，以烟酰胺为检测剂，庚烷磺酸钠为反离子。结果：ＮＴＭ在肾功能正常组和受损组的Ｔ１／２β分别为３．５±１．４ｈ和５．８±１．４ｈ，ＡＵＣ０～２４ｈ６３．４±３２．１ｍｇ·ｈ·Ｌ－１和８９．５±３５．９ｍｇ·ｈ·Ｌ－１，２４ｈ尿中回收率也有明显差异。结论：表明肾功能受损患者每２４ｈ给药一次体内仍有蓄积     

毛细管区带电泳法测定司巴沙星和茶碱的血药浓度

目的：建立用毛细管区带电泳法同时测定司巴沙星和茶碱血药浓度方法。方法血 离心后，分离血清，直接进样测定，用２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ硼砂缓冲液分离，２９８ｎｍ为测定波长，外标峰面积法定量。结果：血清中司巴沙星和茶碱分离良好，分别在１．２～１２．５μｇ／ｍｌ、３．８～３７．６μｇ／ｍｌ的浓度范围内线性关系良好。其血清最低检测浓度分别为０．８和２．５μｇ／ｍｌ。结论本法可作为同巴沙得和茶碱药物动力学研究时的血药     

高效液相色谱法测定静注吡洛地尔兔血药浓度及药物动力学参数

本文应用反相高效液相色谱法测定兔静注吡洛地尔（１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）血药浓度，样品用正庚烷提取。流动相以１０％三乙胺：甲醇液（甲醇：水＝９：１）＝５：９５。紫外检测波长为２５４ｎｍ，回收率８１．４％，日内和日间的ＲＳＤ值为２．４％、３．５％。最低检测血浓为２０ｎｇ／ｍｌ。用３Ｐ８７程序拟合为二室模型。α＝３．０８ｈ－１，β＝０．１８ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２＝４．０７ｈ，Ｋ１０＝０．９１ｈ－１，Ｋ１０＝０．６１ｈ－１，Ｖｃ＝１１．４５ＡＬ／ｋｇ，ＣＬ＝６．７３Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），ＡＵＣ＝２．２１（μｇ·ｈ）／Ｌ。     

HPLC测定血清中阿昔洛韦浓度的方法改进

改良ＨＰＬＣ测定人及大鼠血清中阿昔洛韦浓度的分析方法。和Ｗａｔｅｒｓ高效液相色谱仪，＝ＢｏｎｄａｐａｋＣ１８柱，流动相为甲－水，流速１．５ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，检测波长２５４ｎｍ，内标物为扑热息痛，血清样品采用甲醇去蛋白。阿昔洛韦血清浓度。０．０５－１．６ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内一峰高呈良好线性关系，大鼠和人血清中相对回收率分别为９３．３１％及９０．６９％；最低检测浓度均为０．０２５ｍｇ／Ｌ；天内精密度分别为０．８     

HPLC测定生物样品中头孢克肟含量

建立测定血浆及支气管肺胞灌流液（ＢＡＬ）中头孢克肟（ＣＦＸ）浓度的高效液相色谱方法．用Ｓｅｐ－ＰａｋＣ１８样品预处理小柱富集、分离、纯化生物样品中的ＣＦＸ，在Ｃ１８柱上，以甲醇—水—磷酸盐缓冲液（２２∶２８∶５０，Ｖ／Ｖ）为流动相，检测波长２８６ｎｍ，对头孢克肟进行定量分析．血浆中０．１～４．０ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＢＡＬ中０．０５～１．６ｍｇ／４Ｌ浓度范围内具有良好线性关系，血浆和ＢＡＬ回收率分别为（９９．２±２．３６）％和（９７．９±２．７７）％．血浆及ＢＡＬ的日内、日间ＲＳＤ均小于５％．方法简单、灵敏、准确，特别适用于生物样品中低浓度ＣＦＸ的测定．     

泰宁中亚胺培南在呼吸系统感染患者体内的药物动力学

对泰宁中亚胺培南在８便呼吸系统感染患者体内的药物动力学特征进行了研究。其血浆浓度采用ＨＰＬＣ测定。泰宁１０００ｍｇ溶于１００ｍｌ生理盐水静滴后,即刻平均血药浓度为（３８．４±１０．６）ｍｇ／Ｌ,５．５ｈ血中浓度仍达（０．４８５±０．１１３）ｍｇ／Ｌ,ｔ１／２β为（０．９７０±０．０４６４）ｈ,Ｃｌｓ为（１２．９±３．０２）Ｌ／ｈ,ＶＣ为（６．４９±１．８５）Ｌ,ＡＵＣ为（４４．９±１０．９）ｍｇ·     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.