Carpal tunnel syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 262 cases and a one to one matched case-control study of 61 women pairs in relationship between manual housework and carpal tunnel syndrome

Objectives　To get a more comprehensive recognition about carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), especially the manual housework as its risk factor, and to facilitate early diagnosis and proper treatment. Methods　262 CTS patients (396 CTS hands) were analyzed retrospectively. A 1∶1 matched case-control study of 61 woman pairs in relationship between manual housework and the occurrence of CTS was carried out. Results　In 262 CTS patients, 84% were female, and the dominant hand was more frequently affected; repetitive and forceful movement of the hand and wrist might be associated with CTS. Typical clinical manifestations include pain and paresthesia in the median nerve territory, but 75.3% of our 396 CTS hands had all five digits involved. Conduction abnormalities appeared selectively in the median nerve distal to the wrist. In the case-control study, for manual washing, rolling or kneading dough, and knitting woolen sweater, the odds ratios (OR) of CTS between high and low intensities were 3.86 (95% confidence interval 1.79-8.33, χ2=11.76, P<0.01), 6.25 (95% confidence interval 2.50-15.63, χ2=15.21, P<0.01) and 1.13 (95% confidence interval 0.57-2.22, χ2=0.125, P>0.05) respectively; and those between long and short duration (i.e. the number of years engaging in these manual housework) were 2.33 (95% confidence interval 0.63-8.64, χ2=1.6, P>0.05), 1.88 (95% confidence interval 0.81-4.38, χ2=2.13, P>0.05) and 1 (χ2=0, P>0.05). Conclusions　The diagnosis of CTS requires confirmation of illness history, symptoms and signs with objective electrodiagnostic tests. Manual washing and rolling or kneading dough might be associated with the onset of CTS.     

The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have carpal tunnel syndrome?

CONTEXT: History taking and physical examination maneuvers, including Tinel and Phalen signs, are widely used for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the precision and accuracy of history taking and physical examination in diagnosing CTS in adults. DATA SOURCES: English-language literature was searched using MEDLINE (January 1966-February 2000) as well as bibliographies of relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION: Studies of patients presenting to clinicians with symptoms suggestive of CTS in which findings from clearly described physical examination maneuvers were independently compared with electrodiagnostic testing. Twelve of 42 initially identified articles met these criteria and were included in the review. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently reviewed and abstracted data from all of the articles and reached consensus about any discrepancies. DATA SYNTHESIS: In patients presenting with hand dysesthesias, the findings that best distinguish between patients with electrodiagnostic evidence of CTS and patients without it are hypalgesia in the median nerve territory (likelihood ratio [LR], 3. 1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-5.1), classic or probable Katz hand diagram results (LR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.5), and weak thumb abduction strength (LR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.3). Findings that argue against the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome are unlikely Katz hand diagram results (LR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.0-0.7) and normal thumb abduction strength (LR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.7). Several traditional findings of CTS have little or no diagnostic value, including nocturnal paresthesias; Phalen and Tinel signs; thenar atrophy; and 2-point, vibratory, and monofilament sensory testing. Other less commonly used maneuvers, including the square wrist sign, flick sign, and closed fist sign, require validation by other studies before they can be recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Hand symptom diagrams, hypalgesia, and thumb abduction strength testing are helpful in establishing the [corrected] electrodiagnosis of CTS. The utility of these results is limited, however, by problems inherent in using nerve conduction studies as a criterion standard. JAMA. 2000.     

腕管综合征与尺神经腕部卡压相关性的神经电生理学分析

目的采用神经电生理学方法探讨腕管综合征(CTS)与尺神经腕部卡压的相关性。方法选择20例(22腕)CTS患者(CTS组)和20名(20腕)健康成年志愿者(对照组),测量并比较两组正中神经和尺神经感觉传导速度、运动传导速度、感觉远端潜伏期和运动远端潜伏期,计算并比较正中神经与尺神经感觉远端潜伏期差值,对CTS组正中神经与尺神经感觉传导速度行Pearson相关分析。结果与对照组比较,CTS组正中神经感觉和运动传导速度及尺神经感觉传导速度均较慢(P<0.05或P<0.01),尺神经感觉远端潜伏期较长(P<0.05);两组尺神经运动传导速度及其运动远端潜伏期比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CTS组正中神经与尺神经感觉远端潜伏期差值显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示:CTS组正中神经与尺神经感觉传导速度呈显著正相关(r=0.802,P=0.002)。结论 CTS与尺神经腕部卡压存在相关性,对CTS患者诊治时应充分考虑尺神经卡压并存的可能性。     

正中神经节段检查法诊断早期腕管综合征的临床价值

目的 观察神经节段检查法(Inching)诊断早期腕管综合征(CTS)的临床价值.方法 对我院2015年6月至2016年6月33例早期CTS患者行正中神经、尺神经常规神经传导检测后,再行Inching检测,同时选择健康体检者30例分别行神经传导检测和Inching检测,比较两组受检者的Inching检测结果.结果 CTS组患者和对照组的S-Inching检测LD横纹-腕下1 cm[(0.22±0.02)vs(0.17±0.03)ms/cm]、腕下2~3 cm[(0.71±0.14)vs(0.23±0.04)ms/cm]、3~4 cm[(0.74±0.21)vs(0.24±0.05)ms/cm]、4~5 cm[(0.32±0.10)vs(0.21±0.04)ms/cm]值比较,CTS组患者均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);CTS组患者和对照组的M-Inching检测LD腕下1~2 cm[(0.62±0.11)vs(0.37±0.08)ms/cm]、腕下2~3 cm[(1.32±0.20)vs(0.56±0.10)ms/cm]值比较,CTS组患者均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);CTS组患者经神经传导检测正中神经感觉传导和正中神经运动传导异常率分别为66.67%(22/33)和60.61%(20/33),敏感性为66.67%;S-Inching和M-Inching检测异常率分别为93.94%(31/33)和87.88%(29/33),敏感性为93.94%,Inching检测法敏感性明显高于神经传导检测,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 Inching检测法对早期腕管综合征诊断的敏感度高,且方便、经济、无痛,具有较高的临床应用价值.     

正中神经掌支肌电图检测在腕管综合征诊断中的应用

目的: 通过对腕管综合征(CTS)患者进行正中神经掌支纤维(PCBm)肌电图检测及常规神经传导检测(NCS),探讨CTS患者PCBm的电生理异常,阐明PCBm肌电图检测在CTS诊断中的作用。方法: 通过临床表现及肌电图检测确诊为CTS的50例患者为CTS组,并以30名健康者为健康对照组,对所有研究对象行NCS检测。记录正中神经腕复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅(Amp)、远端潜伏期(Lat)、运动传导速度(MCV);记录指₃感觉神经动作电位(SNAP)Amp、Lat、感觉传导速度(SCV),同时进行PCBm肌电图检测,观察各项指标的变化。结果: 与健康对照组比较,CTS患者(100%)均出现正中神经传导检测异常,主要表现为CMAP远端Lat延长(P<0.01),指3 SCV减慢及Lat延长(P<0.01),显示为正中神经腕部损伤;其中20例(29只手,45.3%)患者PCBm SCV减慢(P<0.01),Lat延长(P<0.01),提示PCBm损伤。结论: CTS患者常出现PCBm损伤,PCBm损伤可作为传统CTS神经电生理检测的补充,可做为CTS超出腕部损伤的依据。     

自制微型钩刀治疗腕管综合征56例报告

目的探讨应用自制微型钩刀技术治疗腕管综合征,掌握其手术方法及技巧,观察随访其术后疗效,介绍及推广微型钩刀治疗腕管综合征(CTS)的经验。方法在掌长肌腱尺侧,局部麻醉,距腕横纹近端20-25mm作8-10mm的横切口,插入槽形扩张导管,在槽的引导下插入自制微型钩刀,从腕横韧带远端到腕横韧带近端将腕横韧带彻底割开,松解受压的正中神经。结果56例61腕均得到随访,随访时间3个月-2年,根据kelly疗效评定标准。优:46腕,良:10腕,一般:3腕,差:2腕。其中1例1腕正中神经掌皮支损伤,1例术后正中神经粘连。结论微型钩刀技术治疗CTS组织创伤轻,切口瘢痕小,是简单有效的治疗方法。     

Sensory action potentials of ring finger in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome

Amplitudes and latencies of sensory action potentials (SAPs) recorded over the index, middle, little and ring fingers by antidromic stimulation of the median or ulnar nerve at wrist were measured in 65 normal adults and 78 patients with clinically and electrophysiologically verified carpal tunnel syndrome. In the normal adults, there was no significant difference among the SAP latencies of the index, middle, ring and little fingers. Among these 65 normal adults, the difference between median and ulnar SAPs of ring finger was less than 0.4 msec in 64 subjects, but 0.7 msec in one. In the patient group, the median distal sensory latency of the ring finger was significantly longer than that of the ulnar nerve which was recorded over the ring and little fingers. Six cases (7.7%) of 78 patients diagnosed as CTS by conventional electrophysiological studies was false negative by using the ring finger sensory action potential study. It is suggested that the SAP study of the ring finger by stimulation of the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist can not replace the conventional electrodiagnostic methods for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.     

腕横纹小切口治疗轻中度腕管综合征的临床疗效评价

目的:探讨腕横纹小切口腕横韧带切开术治疗轻中度腕管综合征(CTS)的疗效和优点,阐明腕横纹小切口腕横韧带切开术的独特临床疗效。方法:切口长约2 cm,位于中间腕横纹水平,掌长肌作为手术标记位于切口中点。切开皮肤、皮下,辨清掌长肌腱显露正中神经,显露腕横韧带近侧部分,于掌腱膜与腕横韧带之间向切口远端钝性分离;提起掌长肌腱和皮肤,将腕关节背伸约15°,用钝头组织剪直视下沿正中神经尺侧环指中轴延长线纵向将腕横韧带完全剪开。结果:术后随访,2周后27例患者症状明显缓解,示、中指正中神经的感觉神经动作电位(SNAP)潜伏期缩短;3个月后患者症状完全消失,示指指腹平均两点辨别觉恢复至(5.0±0.5)mm、拇短展肌肌力部分恢复,复合肌肉动作电位(CAMP)的远端潜伏期(DML)明显缩短、波幅有所增加;术后1年,所有患者均无临床症状,拇对掌功能正常,各项神经电生理指标恢复正常。未发现切口瘢痕痛和其他并发症。结论:腕横纹小切口腕横韧带切开术是一种治疗轻中度CTS的有效方法。     

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most common peripheral neuropathies. It affects mainly middle aged women. In the majority of patients the exact cause and pathogenesis of CTS is unclear. Although several occupations have been linked to increased incidence and prevalence of CTS the evidence is not clear. Occupational CTS is uncommon and it is essential to exclude all other causes particularly the intrinsic factors such as obesity before attributing it to occupation. The risk of CTS is high in occupations involving exposure to high pressure, high force, repetitive work, and vibrating tools. The classic symptoms of CTS include nocturnal pain associated with tingling and numbness in the distribution of median nerve in the hand. There are several physical examination tests that will help in the diagnosis of CTS but none of these tests are diagnostic on their own. The gold standard test is nerve conduction studies. However, they are also associated with false positive and false negative results. The diagnosis of CTS should be based on history, physical examination and results of electrophysiological studies. The patient with mild symptoms of CTS can be managed with conservative treatment, particularly local injection of steroids. However, in moderate to severe cases, surgery is the only treatment that provides cure. The basic principle of surgery is to increase the volume of the carpal tunnel by dividing transverse carpal ligament to release the pressure on the median nerve. Apart from early recovery and return to work there is no significant difference in terms of early and late complications and long-term pain relief between endoscopic and open carpal tunnel surgery.     

腕掌部开放损伤的治疗教训

分析64例腕掌部开放性损伤患者的治疗教训。本院急诊38例全部随访，其中，2例遗漏正中神经损伤末缝合；1例正中神经缝接错误，外院转诊26例，二期手术中证实有9例神经损伤未缝合或缝接错误；13例肌腱缝接错误；另4例外敷草药治疗而致手麻木和功能障碍。作者认为清创是治疗手部开放性损伤的关键；早期修复受损组织优于二期手术。提出应建立手外科专业队伍和加强科普教育。     

神经电生理检查在22例腕管综合征患者中的应用

目的:对比分析腕管综合征(carpal tunnel syn-drome,CTS)患者的神经电生理特征。方法:对临床症状、体征符合CTS的22例患者进行正中神经和尺神经的运动与感觉传导速度测定,以及大鱼际肌、小鱼际肌的肌电图检测。结果:在22例患者中,双侧上肢均有病变者7例,单侧上肢病变者15例,共有29侧上肢病变。22例CTS患者中29条正中神经感觉传导潜伏期均延长,29条正中神经感觉传导速度均减慢,21条正中神经感觉诱发波幅降低,28条正中神经运动远端潜伏期延长,28条正中神经的复合肌肉动作电位波幅降低,1条正中神经运动远端潜伏期和诱发波幅正常。19块正中神经支配的大鱼际肌呈神经原性损害。结论:神经电生理检查在CTS的诊断与鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。     

关节镜下“双孔道”技术治疗腕管综合征

目的探讨关节镜下＂双孔道＂技术腕横韧带减压对腕管综合征的疗效。方法 2002年11月-2008年12月对31例（36腕）腕管综合征,应用关节镜下＂双孔道＂技术（＂Two-Portal＂technique）行腕横韧带松解。术后随访1-7年,平均39个月。结果随访28例（33腕）,术后1年Kelly分级评定：优20例（23腕）,良7例（9腕）,一般1例;术后无正中神经损伤及粘连等并发症。结论关节镜下＂双孔道＂腕横韧带松解术切口小、创伤少、手术时间短,效果良好。     

腕管综合征患者神经电生理检测

目的观察腕管综合征（carpal tunnel syndrome,CTS）患者神经电生理检测的临床应用价值。方法 2010-04/2013-06月就诊于本科的67例CTS患者测定环指-腕正中神经感觉及运动传导速度、潜伏期、运动波幅检测;并计算正中、尺神经感觉潜伏期差值。结果 67例CTS患者正中神经感觉传导异常75侧（88.2%）,潜伏期延长79侧（92.9%）,波幅降低33侧（38.8%）,15侧未引出感觉诱发电位（17.6%）。运动传导异常20侧（23.5%）,潜伏期延长25侧（29.4%）,波幅降低22侧（25.8%）。CTS患者正中神经感觉传导各项及运动传导潜伏期与正常对照组比值有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）;CTS环指正中/尺神经感觉动作电位潜伏期差异常率98.2%;亦有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论正中神经感觉、运动传导可作为腕管综合征诊断的重要指标,且正中、尺神经感觉潜伏期差可作为腕管综合征诊断的敏感指标,可提高腕管综合征的诊断率,减少误诊率。     

Reconstructive surgery in upper limbs in leprosy

Of all the deformities in leprosy, 80% require minor surgery and the rest major surgery. Upper and lower limbs and face are mainly affected by deformities. Either the median or ulnar nerve and rarely the radial nerve are involved in isolation or in combination. Tendon transfer is the only option available in cases of deformities like simian hand, ulnar claw hand, wrist drop and failure to the metacarpals. The only motor function to be restored in median nerve palsy is opponensplasty. For radial nerve palsy standard FCU transfer, FDS transfer and FCR transfer are the reconstructive methods. For ulnar nerve palsy, an intrinsic minus hand function is restored by the motors PL, ECRL, FDS, EIP or EDM extended by four tail fascia lata graft onto lateral or ulnar bands of fingers. When ulnar nerve is part of much more extensive paralysis, reducing the availability of suitable motors, static mathods of conection of claw hand are done.     

Carpal tunnel syndrome: a complication of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients.

Symptoms of compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel developed in two patients in whom an arteriovenous fistula was created to alleviate chronic renal failure through hemodialysis. Anatomic changes in the wrist area due to the fistula are probably important in the development of this syndrome, and pre-existing uremic peripheral polyneuropathy may also be important in the early development of local symptoms of nerve damage.     

卡压性神经损害的另类发现

目的观察上肢神经卡压患者的神经超声图像特征,明确卡压神经除受压处损害外是否有其他部位的合并性损害,研究卡压神经合并性损害与性别及卡压点横截面积（CSA）的关系。方法回顾性总结2013年10月-2015 年10 月在贵州医科大学附属医院神经科确诊为腕管综合征（CTS）、肘管综合征（CubTS）患者（49 例）的高频超声图像资料。将卡压神经分为CTS 伴CSA 增粗组、CTS 伴CSA 正常组、CubTS 伴CSA 增粗组和CubTS 伴CSA 正常组,统计各组卡压神经合并性损害的情况,分析各组出现合并性损害与性别及卡压点CSA的关系。结果79 条卡压神经中有48 条合并该神经其他部位损害。CTS 伴CSA 增粗组中有合并性损害与无合并性损害的神经卡压点CSA 比较,差异有统计学意义（p <0.05）;CTS 是否同时伴有CSA增粗,其性别间比较,差异有统计学意义（p <0.05）。结论卡压性神经损害除卡压点外,可能涉及神经其他部位,CTS 出现合并性损害可能与卡压点神经增粗程度有关。神经有卡压不一定有卡压点神经肿胀,性别可能是影响神经卡压后是否出现卡压点神经肿胀的一个因素。高频超声对神经卡压的有重要诊断意义,对其早期诊断有潜在价值。     

超高频剪切波弹性超声成像检测正中神经改变对腕管综合征的诊断价值*

目的?探讨超高频剪切波弹性超声成像检测正中神经改变对腕管综合征（CTS）的诊断价值。方法?选取2017年3月—2019年12月宁波大学医学院附属医院收治的经临床和神经电生理检查诊断为CTS的患者108例作为CTS组,另取同期该院健康体检者30例作为对照组。对两组受试者行超高频剪切波弹性超声成像检查,比较两组受试者各参数的差异,绘制受试者工作特征曲线,分析各参数对CST的诊断效能。 结果?两组二维超声结果显示,CTS组正中神经DW、CSAW值高于对照组（P?<0.05）。超高频剪切波弹性超声成像结果显示,CTS组豌豆骨水平正中神经的弹性模量均值（WEmean）、前臂区距离腕横纹上5cm处正中神经弹性的弹性模量均值（FEmean）及该平面同一目标区域内正中神经与指浅屈肌的弹性模量均值比（FRatio）高于对照组（P?<0.05）。ROC曲线结果显示,WEmean、FEmean、FRatio诊断CTS的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.830、0.768和0.752,敏感性分别为83.17%（95% CI：0.798,0.907）、79.32%（95% CI：0.712,0.856）、72.38%（95% CI：0.705,0.822）,特异性分别为78.33%（95% CI：0.831,0.916）、82.15%（95% CI：0.792,0.879）、67.29%（95% CI：0.710,0.813）。结论?超高频剪切波弹性超声成像可准确反映正中神经硬度,从而为CTS临床诊断提供一种无创、简便的方式,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

腕管综合征91例电生理诊断

目的:探讨神经电生理检测对腕管综合征的诊断价值。方法:对91例(131侧)腕管综合征患者作神经传导速度(NCV)和肌电图检测分析,并与正常值对比。结果:131侧正中神经中6侧运动神经动作电位、7侧感觉神经动作电位消失;95侧正中神经运动传导速度腕部潜伏期(DML)延长;114侧正中神经感觉传导速度减慢、波幅降低。47块拇短展肌见有失神经电位。其中,拇指～腕段感觉神经传导速度减慢是最敏感的指标。结论:神经电生理检查在腕管综合征诊断中有重要意义。     

超声对正常腕部神经干的检查价值

［摘要］目的　应用超声对正常腕部神经干进行扫查,拟对超声评估周围神经的临床应用价值进行探讨．方法　应用高频超声对100例正常人腕部正中神经、尺神经、桡神经进行扫查,观察其走行、形态及内部回声表现,并进行纵横径及横断面积测量．结果（1）超声能够清晰显示神经及周围组织结构的解剖断面;（2）超声能够对神经进行径线及横截面积的测量．正中神经前后径及桡神经前后径同性左右侧比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,尺神经前后径女性左右侧比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,尺神经前后径男性左右侧比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,正中神经、桡神经、尺神经前后径异性同侧比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;正中神经CSA、尺神经CSA、桡神经CSA同性双侧对比差异无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,正中神经CSA、尺神经CSA、桡神经CSA异性同侧比较差异有统计学差异（P＜0.05）;（3）正中神经横截面积（CSA）与体重相关性差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,与年龄及身高相关性差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）．结论　高分辨率超声能够诊断和评估上肢神经病变．     

腕部神经阻滞配合肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉治疗手指毁损伤

目的：观察单纯肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞和肌间沟臂丛加腕部神经阻滞后手部的麻醉起效时间和麻醉效果。方法：选择160例手外科需麻醉的单侧手指毁损伤手术患者,分J和JW组共两组,J组80例全部采用单纯肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,JW组80例采用肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞加腕部神经阻滞麻醉。比较两组手部的麻醉起效时间和麻醉效果。结果：JW组麻醉起效时间显著快于J组,麻醉效果优于J组（P〈0．05）。结论：腕部神经阻滞配合肌间沟臂丛的麻醉效果在手外科手术中有确定的实用性。