2008～2010年大石桥市手足口病疫情分析

目的：了解大石桥市手足口病流行特征,为今后防治工作提供依据。方法：对大石桥市2008～2010年手足口病疫情资料进行分析。结果：2008～2010年共报告手足口病2168例,年平均发病率为99.87/10万。死亡2例,病死率为0.09%。全市18个镇区均有发病,其中石桥管理区发病率最高,为168.79/10万,沟沿镇发病率最低,为42.26/10万。5～8月为发病高峰共发病1843例,占85.01%。发病主要集中在5岁（包括5岁）以下儿童,发病1990例占总病例数的91.79%;散居儿童1308例占60.33%,幼托儿童749例占34.55%。共检测病例便检标本64份,检出阳性54份,其中EV71型37份占检测标本的57.81%,cox16型13份占检测标本20.31%,其他肠道病毒型4份占检测标本的6.25%。结论：大石桥市手足口病发病率较高,今后工作的重点是疾控部门做好手足口病疫情监测工作,一旦发现疫情要采取果断措施;学校和托幼机构要大力开展健康教育,医疗机构加强手足口病的早期诊断与治疗。     

2013年营口市手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的了解2013年营口市手足口病的流行病学特征,为该病的防治工作提供一定的科学依据。方法将2013年1月~2013年12月间经临床和实验室检查确诊为手足口病患者462例作为研究对象,系统分析患者感染的病毒型、性别、年龄、发病月份等流行病学特征。结果营口市儿童患手足口病肠道病毒核酸检测呈阳性的有330例,主要有EV71和CVA16型两种病毒型;其中男200,女130,比例为1.54∶1,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=13.545,P<0.05);幼托儿童发病率为43.33%,散居儿童51.82%,学生4.85%;发病患儿主要集中在2~5岁之间(224例,发病率67.88%);发病时间在4~10月份,其中7月为发病高峰期,发病率为68.79%,其次为6月份,发病率为23.94%。结论营口市2013年手足口病主要由EV71型和CVA16型肠道病毒感染所引起,男性发病率显著高于女性,患儿主要集中在2~5岁之间的幼托儿童和散居儿童中,疾病高发在6、7月份,具有一定的季节性。     

响水县2012年手足口病疫情分析

目的了解响水县2012年手足口病流行特征。方法运用描述流行病学方法对响水县2012年手足口病疫情进行分析。结果2012年全县报告手足口病例449例,发病率73.03/10万;4-6月份为发病高峰,占64.14%,主要集中在0-4岁婴幼儿,占95.10%;检测39例病人咽拭子和肛拭子标本,EV71病毒阳性30例,COXA16病毒阳性6例,其他肠道病毒感染3例。结论响水县手足口病防控重点以散童和托幼机构为主。     

周口市2009年手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的准确掌握周口市手足口病流行病学特征,为制订预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法对周口市《疾病监测信息报告管理系统》报告的2009年手足口病监测资料进行分析。结果 2009年共报告手足口病病例7608例,其中重症病例225例,死亡5例。2009年发病率为70.05/10万。周口市所属各个县(市区)均有发病,年均发病率,川汇区最高,项城市最低,分别为195.78/10万、22.98/10万(P<0.01);男性为93.18/10万,女性为46.92/10万(P<0.01);≤5岁为2166.21/10万,>5岁为2.31/10万(P<0.01)。3～6月合计发病6114例,其中重症211例,死亡4例,分别占发病、重症、死亡总数的80.36%、93.78%和4/5。全部病例中,散居儿童、幼托儿童、学生分别占88.87%、8.83%、1.98%。检测住院手足口病病例疱疹液186份,肠道病毒71型核酸阳性率为56.99%,柯萨奇病毒A16型核酸阳性率为3.23%,其他肠道病毒核酸阳性率为39.78%。结论 2009年周口市手足口病疫情呈现明显增高趋势,出现重症和死亡病例,分离病原主要是肠道病毒71型和柯萨奇病毒A16型。     

2009-2013年兴安盟手足口病疫情分析

目的 了解兴安盟地区手足口病流行特征和病原种类,为制定防控策略提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法描述2009至2013年兴安盟手足口病流行特征,采用分析性统计学方法分析病原检测结果.结果 2009至2013年全盟共报告手足口病病例3655例,各年发病率依次为113.71/10万、32.09/10万、18.78/10万、27.64/10万和27.49/10万,2009至2013年手足口病报告发病数居丙类传染病首位,发病高峰为6至7月,≤3岁组病例占发病总数的58.22％;2009至2013年兴安盟疾病预防控制中心共检测了952标本,检出阳性标本77份,其中EV71阳性标本33份,占实验室诊断病例总数的42.86％;CA16阳性标本15份,占19.48％;其他肠道病毒阳性标本29份,占37.66％.结论 2009至2013年兴安盟地区手足口病疫情比较平稳,发病有明显的季节性,散居儿童是主要发病人群;主要病原是EV71和CA16,EV71为优势流行株.     

2010-2017年四川省内江市手足口病流行特征及病原学分析

目的:分析2010-2017年手足口病在内江市的流行情况及病原学特点,探讨疾病防控工作中存在的问题,为手足口病的防控提供参考。方法:利用描述性统计学分析方法,应用Excel 2003软件对2010-2017年内江市手足口病流行资料进行数据整理和分析。结果:2010-2017年内江市手足口病共报告病例15113例,年发病率为19.53/100000~67.66/100000,平均为50.05/100000。2012年为发病高峰,年发病率达67.66/100000。0~5岁组占总发病人数的94.81%,为手足口病的主要发病人群。散居儿童和幼托儿童在职业分布中占发病总数的98.13%。发病时间全年散发,主要集中在4-7月及10-12月。2010-2017年共采集手足口病患者的血液样本4012例,病毒核酸检测阳性2390例(59.57%),其中,EV71占28.83%(689/2390),CA16占27.24%(651/2390),其他肠道病毒占43.93%(1050/2390)。结论:手足口病在内江市发病率处于相对较高水平,病例全年散发,患者主要为0~5岁人群。为控制手足口病的传播与流行,需加强监测与宣传,扩大疫苗免疫人群,增加疫苗保护的病原谱等措施。     

2009~2017年珠海市妇幼保健院632例重症手足口病患者流行特征分析

目的分析2009~2017年珠海市妇幼保健院632例重症手足口病患者流行特征,为重症手足口病患者防治工作提供可靠的科学依据。方法632例重症手足口病患者,进行描述性流行病学分析,采用实时荧光定量(PCR)方法对手足口病重症病例标本进行实验室检测。分析患者发病概况以及病毒分型、流行病学特征(发病时间分布、地区分布、职业分布)。结果2009~2017年珠海市妇幼保健院收治的632例重症手足口病患者中,2010年发病例数最多,为133例;2016年最少,为33例。重症病例肠道病毒病原学检测分型中肠道病毒71(EV 71)型占39.56%(250/632),柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Cox A16型)占27.22%(172/632),其他肠道病毒占33.23%(210/632)。2009~2017年珠海市妇幼保健院收治的重症手足口病病例的发病时间有明显的季节性特征,发病的高峰期为4~7月份,8月份患者数有所减少,9~11月为全年次高峰。农村重症手足口病发病率为66.46%(420/632),高于城镇的33.54%(212/632)。发病患者中男性多于女性,且多发于<5岁以及散居儿童。结论由珠海市妇幼保健院的研究可知,重症手足口病的发病具有季节性特征,多发于5岁以下长居农村的散居儿童,且男性发病率高于女性,病原学分型以EV 71为主。医院要针对疾病的特点对高发人群开展重点防治措施,以降低病死率。     

2011～2013年吉安市手足口病流行特征与病原学监测分析

目的了解吉安市2011~2013年手足口病疫情和病原学监测情况,从而为制订防控对策提供科学依据。方法使用SPSS 18.0软件对中国疾病预防控制信息系统的调查资料进行统计分析,并对部分病例进行病原学检测。结果 2011~2013年吉安市手足口病年发病率分别为57.79/10万、30.62/10万和27.20/10万,其中重症数3年累计为113例,死亡11例。0~4岁年龄组报告病例5367例,占96.51%。全市13个县、区均有病例报告,2011年青原区发病率高于其他县区,2012、2013年安福县发病率均高于其他县区。手足口病全年均有发病,在4~7月出现流行高峰,以托幼儿童和散居儿童发病为主。2011~2013年共检测阳性病例标本99份,其中EV71占61.62%。结论吉安市手足口病的发病呈现明显的地区、季节和人群特征,病原学监测以EV71病毒型为主。     

2009～2013年玉门市手足口病疫情分析

目的：了解玉门市近5年手足口病流行病学特征和流行现状,为全市防控措施和策略的制定提供科学依据。方法对手足口病疫情资料采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果2009～2013年全市手足口病年平均发病率92.48/10万,报告病例达到668例。全年每月均有发病,6～11月为发病高峰（占总数的91.77%）;发病地区以农村为主（81.29%）;发病年龄以1～5岁为主（74.55%）;发病职业主要集中在散居儿童和托幼儿童,分别占发病总数的45.21%和38.17%,流行优势株以Cox A16为主（87.5%）。结论玉门市手足口病发病率较高,以1～5岁儿童为主,发病高峰期较长,要加强重点时段、重点人群手足口病防控工作。     

某市手足口病的病原学研究

目的了解2015年～2017年锦州地区手足口病的病原体分布情况,为手足口病诊断、治疗及防制工作提供依据。方法收集539例手足口病的患儿咽拭子和粪便标本,用实时荧光定量PCR法对病毒进行分型。结果共检测手足口病例标本539份,496例通用型病毒(PE)阳性,其中EV71型占阳性率的8.06%(40/496),CoA16型占阳性率的33.44%(151/496),其他型别肠道病毒占阳性率的61.49%(305/496)。三年间肠道病毒阳性率统计无差异,无统计学意义(χ~2=0.426,P> 0.05)。539份样本中咽拭样本阳性率91.70%(486/495),粪便样本阳性率100%(9/9),检测出肠道病毒阳性率无差异,无统计学意义(χ~2=0.728,P> 0.05)。结论 2015年～2017年锦州市手足口病病原学分布以其他型别肠道病毒为主。     

Alcohol,Age, and Piloting: Judgment,Mood, and Actual Performance

We have previously described acute and carry-over effects of alcohol on young and older pilots' performance. In the present paper we report the effects of alcohol and age on self-assessment of performance and mood in the same study. Young and older pilots flew in a simulator during an alcohol and placebo condition. In the alcohol condition, they flew after reaching. 04 g/dL (.04%) BAL, after. 10% BAL, and then 2,4, 8,24, and 48 h after. 10% BAL (they flew at the same times in the placebo condition). They rated confidence in ability to fly, mood, alertness, and intoxication before each flight, and perceived workload and performance after each flight. As reported in Morrow et al., alcohol had both acute and carry-over effects for 8 h on actual flight performance, with greater acute impairment for older pilots. The present study reports that these older pilots tended to be more aware than the young pilots of acute and carry-over alcohol impairment out to 4 h. By 8 h, however, all pilots were unaware of impairment. Alcohol also had a biphasic effect on mood, which increased on the ascending limb and decreased on the descending limb of the BAL curve.     

Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, and amorphism of peracetylated alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins

Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, and amorphism of hexakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-alpha-cyclodextrin (TAalphaCyD), heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TAbetaCyD), and octakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin (TAgammaCyD) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy. An anhydrous and a bi-hydrate crystalline forms of TAalphaCyD, two monotropic anhydrous polymorphs and three pseudopolymorphs (i.e. methanolate, hydrate, and isopropanolate-hydrate) of TAbetaCyD, as well as two monotropic anhydrous polymorphs and isostructural pseudopolymorphs (e.g. hydrate and isopropanolate-hydrate) of TAgammaCyD were isolated and characterized. The amorphous forms of each TACyD were also obtained. Thermal data for desolvation of TAalphaCyD.2H2O and TAbetaCyD.CH3OH were reconciled with their crystal packing features. Melting temperatures and enthalpies of the crystalline forms of each TACyD can be referred to for possible solid-state interactions with drugs.     

Smooth-pursuit eye movements,and diazepam,CPZ, and secobarbital

This study examined the effects on smooth-pursuit eye tracking of single doses of CPZ (0.667 and 1.334 mg/kg), diazepam (0.071, 0.142, and 0.284 mg/kg), and secobarbital (100 mg). Only the barbiturate significantly affected the ability to follow a moving target with smooth-pursuit eye movements. In repeated testing of a single subject, 130 mg of secobarbital disrupted smooth-pursuit movements at least until 24 hrs after ingestion.This study was supported in part by grant MH-19477, USPHS, and USFDA contract No. 72-42. Dr. Holzman is the recipient of Research Scientist Award No. K5-MH-70900, USPHS. We express our thanks to Dr. Alfred Heller for helpful comment.     

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and fibrosis: fact, fiction, and the future

Fibroblasts and their activated phenotype known as myofibroblasts are nonexcitable cells found in all organs of the body. In the heart, fibroblasts, along with the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, make up approximately 30% of tissue mass. In vitro, myofibroblasts cocultured with cardiac myocytes can propagate electrical signals down cellular strands indicating that under these conditions myofibroblasts are capable of depolarizing enough to maintain electrical propagation. This has obvious implications for cardiac biology if heterocellular coupling between fibroblasts and myocytes were to occur in the intact heart either under normal conditions or during cellular stress. The purpose of this review series is to highlight the newest information on cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and to review the data on their interactions with cardiac myocytes.     

Lesbian,Gay, Bisexual,and Transgender Youth: Health Concerns,Services, and Care

Abstract

This paper was developed from a presentation made at the FDA/Industry Workshop held at Sandoz Research Institute, East Hanover, New Jersey on November 20, 1986.     

Temperature,pH, salinity,hardness, and particulates mediate nickel toxicity to eubacteria,an actinomycete,and yeasts in lake,simulated estuarine,and sea waters

The survival of some eubacteria, an actinomycete, and yeasts after acute and chronic exposures to nickel (Ni) in lake, simulated estuarine, and sea waters and the influence of environmental factors on Ni toxicity were determined. Nickel toxicity to microbes in marine systems was reduced by increasing the salinity, by decreasing the temperature, and by the incorporation of simulated sediment. The toxicity of Ni to microbes in fresh water was reduced by increasing the pH, by increasing the hardness, and by the incorporation of suspended particulates. Chronic toxicity studies indicated that fresh waters are more sensitive than marine waters to Ni pollution, as microbial survival was greater in marine than in fresh waters stressed with equivalent concentrations of Ni.