山西省的白蛉调查

1956～1959和1975～1982年,对山西省的白蛉进行了调查研究,共发现白蛉5种,即中华白蛉、蒙古白蛉、鳞喙司蛉、许氏司蛉及孙氏司蛉。在太原等21个县市都发现有白蛉分布。除忻县外,20个县市均有中华白蛉发现。蒙古白蛉分布于13个县市,许氏司蛉     

内蒙古白蛉种类分布的调查

1980-1982年,在内蒙古不同景观地带的21个旗(县)内对白蛉种类进行了调查。仅在6个旗(县)查见6种白蛉,即白蛉属的中华白蛉,硕大白蛉吴氏亚种,蒙古白蛉,安氏白蛉和亚历山大白蛉;司蛉属的微小司蛉新疆亚种。对不同景观地带的调查结果表明,白蛉主要分布在干旱荒漠地带,平原和山丘地区的数量很少,而在半荒漠(沙地)及干旱草原地带则未查见白蛉。     

PCR-RFLP鉴定我国黑热病流行区6种常见蛉种

目的 建立鉴定我国黑热病流行区6种常见蛉种的PCR-RFLP （PCR-restriction fragment length polymor-phisms）方法.方法 使用一对通用引物扩增线粒体COI基因,比较中华白蛉、长管白蛉、吴氏白蛉、亚历山大白蛉和歌乐山司蛉线粒体COI基因序列,寻找合适的限制性内切酶酶切位点,使用TaqI、PstI内切酶双酶切,通过电泳片段大小鉴别上述6种蛉种.结果 长管白蛉、中华白蛉、吴氏白蛉、亚历山大白蛉、歌乐山司蛉和鳞喙司蛉酶切片段呈现长度不同的种特异条带,可以将上述我国常见的6种蛉种区分开来.结论 基于COI基因序列差异建立的PCR-RFLP方法简便易行可靠,具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,可用于我国黑热病流行区6种常见蛉种的分类鉴定.     

新疆维吾尔自治区白蛉的地域分布与地理景观的关系

目的：研究新疆境内白蛉的地域分布与地理景观的关系。方法：综合白蛉地域分布的调查材料，配以各调查地点的景观特征，分析各种白蛉的地域分布格局与地理景观之间的关系。结果：在不同的区域地带，均有１－２种对该区环境有较强适应性的代表蛉种。山地景观地带（棕钙土）以中华白蛉长管亚种为主要蛉种，与山麓相衔接的砾漠地带（棕漠土），亚历山大白蛉占蛉种组成的６９．７％－１００％，古老绿洲地带（绿洲潮土／黄土）以中华白蛉长管亚种为优势种，胡杨荒漠地带（荒漠森林土）以硕大白蛉吴氏亚种的比例为大（６０．９％－７７．６％），其次为微小司蛉新疆亚种（１４．３％－３９．１％），梭梭荒漠地带（半固定风沙土）安氏白蛉占８５．２％－９７．９％，而在植被主要是琵琶柴混生红柳的地带（灰漠土），蒙古白蛉占６７．３％－８４．４％，在海拔低的盐土荒漠地带，地表散见骆驼刺，阿帕克司蛉为唯一的蛉种。结论：不同的地理景观地带有不同的蛉种，反映了各种白蛉对生存环境有不同的需求。     

南京司蛉口甲形态的研讨

目的　对南京司蛉口甲和色板变化作补充描述。　方法　对南京司蛉批量标本作形态观察 ,对单个饲养的南京司蛉母蛉和子 1代新蛉制成标本作比较观察。　结果　南京司蛉雌蛉口甲齿为 10～ 19个 ,色板形态具有多样性 ,雄蛉口甲齿为 8～ 15个 ,色板多不发育 ,在自然界中司蛉属蛉种口甲齿数不稳定 ,在同种司蛉中齿数的波动有时相差 10个以上。　结论　鉴定时宜用大数量的标本作比较观察 ,为弥补自然界直接采集成蛉标本数少的缺陷 ,最好将司蛉单个饲养 ,观察新羽化子 1代司蛉形态 ,避免同物异名的出现。     

新疆吐鲁番盆地亚历山大白蛉生态的调查研究

1983～1986年,在新疆吐鲁番盆地对黑热病的媒介亚历山大白蛉的生态作了调查。该种白蛉主要分布在土壤为棕漠土的山麓砾石戈壁地带,季节全长在4个月左右,它昼夜都能叮咬人和恒温动物,野栖,有强烈的趋光性,在25～28℃时,完成一次性营养周期需5～7天。在实验室内,多数可活30天以上。现场查见自然感染杜氏利什曼原虫的季节为6月下旬至9月中旬,传播季节为3个月。作者根据调查结果指示,亚历山大白蛉的生态幅度较窄,土壤类型是限制该蛉分布的重要因素,并就其生态与在吐鲁番地区传播黑热病的作用以及防制方法等进行了讨论。     

新疆伽师县内脏利什曼病媒介白蛉调查

目的调查新疆伽师县的白蛉种类、季节消长等生态学特性。方法 2009年5月中旬至9月上旬,在伽师县卧里托克拉克乡的居民点和野外采集白蛉,鉴定后计算蛉种组成和性别比例,统计白蛉数量和密度,观察白蛉通宵活动情况。解剖白蛉,分析雌蛉生殖营养周期,检查白蛉体内利什曼原虫自然感染情况;以油纸、捕蛉罩等方法调查白蛉栖息地。结果捕获白蛉4540只,其中99.9%为吴氏白蛉,微小司蛉新疆亚种仅占0.1%。人房处在5月底6月初出现第1个密度高峰,8月中旬出现第2个密度高峰。白蛉的活动主要集中在22:00～次日4:00,午夜0:00达到活动最高峰。生殖营养周期分析表明吴氏白蛉为野生野栖蛉种,主要在户外吸血,有较强的嗜人血习性;在4只白蛉体内查到内脏利什曼原虫前鞭毛体,野外(3只)的自然感染率高于人房内(1只)。栖息地调查发现畜圈内墙壁缝隙等处是白蛉的栖息地。结论新疆伽师县的优势蛉种为吴氏白蛉,其每年有2个世代,主要栖息在各种隐蔽、恒温的洞穴和缝隙中。     

克拉玛依地区的利什曼病ⅩⅣ.硕大白蛉吴氏亚…

硕大白蛉吴氏亚种是新疆克拉玛依地区的主要蛉种之一，具有强的亲人性，在野外和居民点内常能查见该蛉有前鞭毛体的自然感染。本文结果表明，白蛉自然感染的前鞭毛体能使仓鼠及ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠发生内脏利什曼病；在感染仓属内脏涂片上的无鞭毛体，由蛉体而来的明显较由大沙鼠而来的都兰利什曼原虫为小；白蛉自然感染的前鞭毛体在ＮＮＮ培养基内生长不良，用３２Ｐ标记的ｇｐ＾６＾３基因为探针，与婴儿利什曼原虫同源。克拉玛依无内     

甘肃省文县黑热病流行病学调查

１９９５年７月对文县主要进行抽样免疫学监测，用尼龙管取血作ＥＬＩＳＡ共检测５２９人血清，阳性率３４％（１８／５２９），３１１岁儿童占９４１％（１７／１８），ＯＤ值平均１０９。６例有黑热病史的患者中仅１例为阳性。利什曼素皮试阳性率２３３％（１３０／５５９），男女之比为１０∶１２４，＜１２岁各年龄组阳性率均较高，＞１２岁全部阴性。皮试和ＥＬＩＳＡ并作的３９７人中，３例（３１％）均为阳性。经髂骨穿刺共检查家犬４７只，其中１只为阳性（２１％），将该犬骨髓液接种于金仓地鼠腹腔内，６个月后处死并检取小块肝、脾组织分别接种于２支３Ｎ培养基中，一周后培养结果阳性。对捕捉的白蛉进行解剖鉴定，结果是中华白蛉１００只（占９４３％）、歌乐山司蛉５只、鳞喙司蛉１只     

中国新疆阿帕克司蛉的首次记述

学者们对苏联中亚的阿帕克司蛉Ser gentomia arpaklensis的吸血习性及其是否为皮肤利什曼病的传播媒介的看法尚不一致。1983～84年,我们在新疆准噶尔盆地西南部首次发现了阿帕克司蛉。现将其形态和生物学特性分述于下。     

Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Leishmania donovani in naturally infected Phlebotomus chinensi from southwestern China

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is an important vector-borne infectious disease in western China. In this study, an epidemiological study was carried out on the vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas from Sichuan Province, southwestern China. In the 1263 phlebotomine sandflies captured, 859 (68.01%) were females and 404 (31.99%) males, belonging to Phlebotomus chinensis (83.37%), Sergentomyia koloshanensis (6.57%), Sergentomyia squamirostris (4.04%), and Sergentomyia barraudi (6.02%), respectively. The average prevalence of Leishmania parasites in P. chinensis females was 1.98%, which was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS2-rDNA revealed that Leishmania parasites detected in sandflies belonged to the L. donovani group and formed a novel haplotype. This was the first report on molecular detection of L. donovani in naturally infected P. chinensi from China.     

Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Marrakech city, Morocco

The sandflies at 17 sites within or near the Moroccan city of Marrakech were surveyed between 2002 and 2006. Overall 2310 specimens were collected and five species were identified. Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi was the most prevalent species (47.4%), followed by Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) minuta (16.6%), S. (S.) fallax (16.1%), P. (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti (12.8%) and P. (Larroussius) longicuspis (7.1%). Phlebotomus sergenti appeared to be the most endophilic species. When the collection sites were categorized into five types of habitat, only P. papatasi and S. minuta were found to be common in every habitat type. Urbanization seemed to have a significant effect on the numbers and species of sandfly. In the year after the demolition and redevelopment of the Akioud neighbourhood, there were far fewer sandflies and species of sandfly than observed before the redevelopment. Two years later, however, the sandfly population was found to be much larger than that seen before the neighbourhood was demolished.     

Sandfly survey in Nainital and Almora districts of Uttaranchal with particular reference to Phlebotomus argentipes, vector of kala-azar

Kala-azar continues to pose a major public health problem in Bihar, West Bengal and parts of eastern Uttar Pradesh in India causing great deal of morbidity and mortality. During 1998, several kala-azar cases from Sub-Himalayan region were treated in Delhi hospitals. And a suspected focus of kala-azar was subsequently reported from this area. Therefore a preliminary sandfly survey was carried out during October, 1999 in 18 randomly selected villages at different altitudes in Nainital & Almora districts of Kumaon region Uttaranchal. The surveys revealed relative preponderance of vector sandfly Ph. argentipes as 77%; mainly confined to cattlesheds and mixed dwellings in the villages at an altitude ranging from 350-960 metres main sea level. The other sandfly species encountered were: Ph. papatasi 6.9%, Ph. major 2.9% and 13.2% Sergentomyia spp. 17.4% Ph. argentipes reacted positive with human antisera and 82.6% with bovine but none reacted with goat, pig dog and bird antisera indicating that Ph. argentipes in the area is mainly zoophilic. Ph. argentipes was found to be highly susceptible to DDT; mortality ranging from 98-100%.     

Molecular characterization of sandflies and Leishmania detection in main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Abarkouh district of Yazd province,Iran

ObjectiveTo assess molecular characterization, distribution, seasonal activities of sandfly species and Leishmania parasites infecting them for this zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus.MethodsThe collections were carried out in 2009–2011 using CDC traps, Sticky Papers and manual aspirator in and around the villages in Abarkouh district. Individual sandflies were characterized by PCR amplification and sequencing of fragments of their mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Leishmania parasite infections within sandflies were performed by targeting Cyt b, ITS-rDNA, k-DNA and microsatellite genes.ResultsThe PCR assays detected only Leishmania major (L. major). All infections (30) were found in the abundant and widespread vector Phlebotomus papatasi (P. papatasi). Small numbers of other sandfly species were also screened for infections, but none was found. Sergentomyia sintoni and P. papatasi were the predominant members in all locations of this district and in all habitats throughout the trapping season. Only five other sandfly species were found, namely Phlebotomus ansari, Phlebotomus caucasicus, Phlebotomus sergenti, Sergentomyia dentata and Sergentomyia merviney.ConclusionsIn the current survey, the only infections detected are of L. major in females of P. papatasi (30 out of 190). The rates of infection of P. papatasi by L. major are not significantly different in compare with other locations in Iran with no diversity of parasite strains. Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis may have emerged only recently in Abarkouh district, and the reason may well be the instability of the transmission cycles there.     

新发现的内脏利什曼病流行区新疆民丰县Ⅱ. 传播媒介的初步研究

目的 在新发现的流行区新疆塔里木盆地南缘民丰县调查内脏利什曼病（黑热病）的媒介蛉种。方法 在民丰县安迪尔乡雅通古斯村居民点和附近野外采集白蛉,经鉴定后计算蛉种组成和数量比例; 定人、定点、定时观察白蛉数量统计密度;观察白蛉昼夜活动的数量变动;解剖白蛉,分析雌蛉生殖营养周期;检查白蛉有无前鞭毛体自然感染。结果 捕获白蛉1 210只,其中99.17%（1 200/1 210）为吴氏白蛉; 6月上中旬是该蛉季节消长的第一高峰; 生殖营养周期分析表明吴氏白蛉为野生野栖蛉种,夜间活动的白蛉主要在户外吸血,有较强的亲人性;在2只白蛉体内查到自然感染前鞭毛体。 结论 塔里木盆地南缘民丰县安迪尔乡雅通古斯村存在内脏利什曼病传播媒介吴氏白蛉,并有利什曼前鞭毛体自然感染,表明当地存在内脏利什曼病自然疫源地。