七氟醚与异丙酚对先心病患儿应激反应及血流动力学的影响

目的探讨七氟醚与异丙酚麻醉对先心病患儿应激反应及血流动力学的影响。方法选取沈阳242医院收治的118例先天性心脏病患儿,随机分为两组。对照组59例予以异丙酚静脉诱导,并持续泵入6~8μg/(kg·h)维持麻醉,观察组59例采取七氟醚吸入诱导,并持续吸入2%~4%维持麻醉。观察两组患者不同时点血糖、皮质醇及心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉搏血氧饱和度(Sp O2)变化。结果两组患儿麻醉后HR、SBP、DBP均有所降低,术中对照组患儿HR、SBP、DBP较观察组明显降低(P0.05),两组患儿插管后血糖。皮质醇均显著降低,且对照组更为明显(P0.05),术毕关胸时对照组血糖、皮质醇明显高于观察组,P0.05。结论七氟醚吸入麻醉用于先心病患儿心脏手术时应激反应小,血流动力学变化稳定,安全性优于异丙酚麻醉。     

异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉诱导插管时血糖、皮质醇的变化

目的观察异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉诱导中血糖、皮质醇的变化,以评价两药对应激反应的抑制作用。方法本实验选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)病人40例,随机分为异丙酚组(Ⅰ组)和七氟醚组(Ⅱ组),每组20例,Ⅰ组异丙酚静脉诱导,Ⅱ组七氟醚吸入诱导。观测两组病人在诱导前、气管插管2 min、10 min时的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、血糖、皮质醇及插管时的体动、呛咳情况,所有数据进行统计学分析。结果插管2 min、插管10 min时,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组SBP、DBP均比诱导前显著降低(P<0.01),两组间比较Ⅰ组DBP比Ⅱ组DBP均显著降低(P<0.01);血糖均比诱导前显著降低(P<0.05);插管2 min时,皮质醇均比诱导前显著降低,Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。插管10min时,两组皮质醇变化不明显,两组病人各时点的HR、SpO2变化不明显。结论在抑制插管时应激反应方面,七氟醚吸入麻醉优于异丙酚静脉麻醉。     

异氟醚和异丙酚对高血压手术患者血压的影响

目的比较异氟醚和异丙酚麻醉对高血压手术患者麻醉中的安全性和有效性。方法择期行全麻手术的高血压患者60例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分成I组(异丙酚组)和Ⅱ组(异氟醚组),每组30例。诱导麻醉后,Ⅰ组异丙酚TCI维持麻醉,Ⅱ组异氟醚、氧化亚氮低流量吸入维持麻醉。记录诱导前2 min(T0)诱导前(T1)、插管后5 min(T2)、麻醉30 min(T3)、术毕拔管5 min(T4)时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)的变化。结果两组T1、T2、T3时点与T0时点比较SBP、DBP、MAP、HR都下降,以Ⅰ组下降比较明显(P0.05),但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Ⅰ组相对与Ⅱ组而言其苏醒时间稍长,但是其平稳性较好。结论从麻醉效果总体而言,高血压手术麻醉中应用异丙酚静脉麻醉优于异氟醚吸入麻醉。     

七氟醚与依托咪酯麻醉诱导对老年腹部手术患者应激反应及血液流变学的影响

目的比较七氟醚、依托咪酯麻醉诱导对老年腹部手术患者应激反应及血流动力学的影响。方法选择2018年8月至2019年7月择期腹部手术老年患者85例,随机数字表法分为七氟醚组44例、依托咪酯组41例。七氟醚组采用咪达唑仑、舒芬太尼、七氟醚、顺式苯磺酸阿曲库铵麻醉诱导,依托咪酯组采用咪达唑仑、舒芬太尼、依托咪酯脂肪乳、顺式苯磺酸阿曲库铵麻醉诱导。比较麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管1 min(T1)、插管3 min(T2)、插管5 min(T3)、插管10 min(T4)两组应激反应、血流动力学、不良反应。结果 T1～T4时,七氟醚组皮质醇(Cor)、血糖(Glu)低于依托咪酯组(P0.05); T1时,七氟醚组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)高于依托咪酯组,心率(HR)低于依托咪酯组,T2～T4时,七氟醚组SBP、DBP、HR均低于依托咪酯组(P0.05);两组恶心呕吐等不良反应比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论七氟醚诱导麻醉有助于缓解老年腹部手术患者插管应激反应,维持血流动力学的相对稳定。     

七氟醚吸入麻醉联合喉罩在乳腺日间手术中的应用

目的:观察七氟醚吸入麻醉联合喉罩在乳腺日间手术中的应用效果.方法:选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级需行乳腺纤维瘤切除术的患者40例,随机分为七氟醚-喉罩组(S组)和异丙酚-气管导管组(P组),分别采用七氟醚和异丙酚进行麻醉诱导与维持,使用喉罩和气管导管维持通气.观察记录两组患者麻醉中的血流动力学变化,记录睫毛反射消失时间、意识恢复时间及离院时间,观察并随访注射痛、体动、术中知晓、咽喉疼痛、恶心呕吐等不良反应.结果:S组患者的血流动力学明显较P组稳定(P＜0.05);S组的睫毛反射消失时间稍长于P组,但其意识恢复时间及离院时间明显短于后者(P＜0.05);S组无注射痛,其苏醒期躁动及咽痛的发生率亦明显低于P组(P＜0.05).结论:七氟醚吸入麻醉联合喉罩可为乳腺日间手术提供一种安全、有效、快捷的麻醉方法.     

异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉用于腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术患者苏醒质量研究

目的 探讨异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉对腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术患者麻醉后苏醒质量的影响.方法 选择择期行腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术的终末期肾病患者100例,随机分成两组:异丙酚组(n=50),给予芬太尼、阿曲库铵、异丙酚行麻醉诱导,异丙酚、瑞芬太尼维持麻醉;七氟醚组(n=50):给予芬太尼、阿曲库铵、七氟醚行麻醉诱导,七氟醚维持麻醉.观察围手术期患者的血液动力学状态,术后麻醉恢复时间,疼痛、呕吐评分.结果 两组患者在气管插管时,血压、心率均升高(P＜0.05),七氟醚组较异丙酚组升高较低(P＜0.05);七氟醚组麻醉后苏醒时间较异丙酚组快(P＜0.05),两组疼痛、呕吐评分差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 七氟醚用于腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术麻醉诱导和维持,具有血液动力学平稳,苏醒快速的优点.     

七氟醚与异丙酚麻醉BIS为50时血流动力学参数变化

目的以脑电双频指数（BIS）50±5作为麻醉深度的监测指标,观察3种不同麻醉方法对血流动力学参数变化的影响。方法选择60例择期行上腹部手术的病人,随机分为3组：七氟醚吸入麻醉组（S组）、异丙酚静脉麻醉组（P组）、七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉组（C组）。术中维持BIS为50±5,血压和心率波动均不超过基础值的±30%,记录麻醉诱导后到手术探查结束期间不同时点血流动力学参数和BIS值。结果麻醉诱导后3组BIS、收缩压（SBP）和平均动脉压（MAP）均显著下降（F=4.14~19.29,q=8.05~12.31,P〈0.01）,HR在诱导后变化不明显;插管即刻,HR和SBP均上升,且P组、S组上升高于C组,差异有显著性（q=3.09~5.01,P〈0.05）。插管6 min至探查前3组HR、SBP变化差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;探查时,P组、S组HR和SBP上升明显高于C组,差异有显著性（q=3.44~4.67,P〈0.05）。结论维持BIS=50±5时,采用七氟醚和异丙酚（1 mg/L）静吸复合麻醉可使血流动力学参数波动更平稳。     

七氟醚吸入麻醉在体外循环转流期间对机体应激和血流动力学的影响

[目的]通过观察体外循环转流期间七氟醚吸入麻醉对应激、血流动力学的影响,为七氟醚应用于体外循环转流期间的麻醉维持提供依据.[方法]30例瓣膜置换手术患者随机分为两组:七氟醚吸入组(S组)、丙泊酚静脉组(P组),每组15例.除转流期间外麻醉诱导和维持方法两组无差异外,在转流期间:S组吸入七氟醚,不用丙泊酚,P组采用丙泊酚静脉持续输注,不吸入七氟醚.比较两组患者血流动力学和应激激素的变化.[结果]两组病人血流动力学和应激激素的变化组间比较差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).[结论]由于七氟醚吸入麻醉具有保护心肌、操作简便等优势,因此七氟醚吸入麻醉更适合用于体外循环转流期间的麻醉维持.     

异丙酚和七氟醚对老年乳腺癌患者术中应激反应和术后认知功能的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉对老年患者术中应激反应及术后认知功能的影响.方法 乳腺癌手术老年患者60 例,分别接受异丙酚(30 例)和七氟烷(30 例)麻醉,比较两组术中应激反应、术后简易精神状态量表评分、术后认知功能障碍发生率.结果 丙泊酚组在麻醉诱导后3 min皮质醇浓度明显低于入室后(t=2.15,P＜0.05);七氟醚组在麻醉诱导后3 min、插管后1 min、切皮后2 min、关腹后及拔管后皮质醇浓度均高于入室后(t分别=2.25、2.13、1.98、2.99、3.15,P均＜0.05);七氟醚组各时间点的血液中皮质醇浓度均高于丙泊酚组(t分别=3.21、2.95、3.42、3.55、3.54,P均＜0.05);丙泊酚组术后认知功能障碍发生率为6.70%,七氟醚组为13.30%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=50.28,P＜0.05).结论 丙泊酚能有效抑制全麻术中应激反应,两组均可引起老年患者术后早期短暂的认知功能下降,但异丙酚较七氟烷能减少认知功能障碍的发生率.     

超快通道麻醉在小儿心脏直视手术中的应用

目的:观察超快通道麻醉应用于小儿心脏直视手术的安全性和有效性.方法:超快通道组50例患儿入室后均吸入七氟醚诱导,静注舒芬太尼、爱可松完成气管插管,术中吸入七氟醚维持麻醉;传统组50例予静注异丙酚、芬太尼、爱可松完成气管插管,术中持续泵注异丙酚、芬太尼维持麻醉.两组机械通气均采用PCV模式,观察心率、平均动脉压、CVP、术后拔管时间、CICU停留时间、术后并发症、住院费用等.结果:两组病例血流动力学稳定.与传统组比较,超快通道组术后拔管时间(36.3 ± 8.5)min (P ＜ 0.01),重插管率0%,CICU停留时间(5.3 ± 3.2)h (P ＜ 0.01)、住院费用明显减少(P ＜ 0.01).结论:心脏超快通道麻醉能维持稳定的血流动力学参数,是一种安全、有效的心脏麻醉方法.     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.