硬膜外阻滞和术后镇痛对胸壁结核患者术后T细胞亚群及血浆皮质醇的影响

目的观察全麻联合硬膜外阻滞和术后镇痛对胸壁结核患者术后T细胞亚群比例及血浆皮质醇变化的影响。方法选择60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行胸壁结核病灶清除术的患者,随机均分为三组,A组:静脉复合全麻+术后静脉患者自控镇痛(PCIA),B组:静脉复合全麻联合硬膜外阻滞+术后PCIA,C组:静脉复合全麻联合硬膜外阻滞+术后硬膜外患者自控镇痛(PCEA),分别于麻醉前30min(T0)、术后4h(T1)、术后1d(T2)、术后2d(T3)、术后3d(T4)及7d(T5)晨抽取外周静脉血2ml,用流式细胞仪测定患者外周血T细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+和CD8+,用放免法测定各时点血浆皮质醇水平,记录T1～T4各时疼痛VAS和镇静RSS评分。结果 T1、T2时A组的VAS评分明显高于B、C组(P<0.05);C组的RSS评分明显高于A、B组(P<0.05)。在T1和T2时三组患者的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+均明显低于T0时(P<0.05,P<0.01);C组T4时恢复至T0水平,A组和B组T5时恢复至T0时水平。T3、T4时A、B两组血浆皮质醇水平明显高于C组(P<0.05)。结论静脉复合全麻基础上联合硬膜外阻滞和PCEA可使胸壁结核病灶清除术的患者外周血T淋巴细胞各亚群比例较早恢复到术前水平,其机制与抑制皮质醇水平上升有关。     

全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞对不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术后患者T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的 观察全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞对不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCABG)后患者T细胞亚群及止浆皮质醇的影响.方法 22例择期行OPCABG患者随机分为全麻组(A组)和全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(E组),每组11例,术后均采用吗啡静脉镇痛(PCIA).分别于麻醉前(T1)、术毕(T2)、术后第1天(T3)及第3天(T4)抽取外周静脉血,用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测T淋巴细胞亚群变化,以化学发光法测血浆皮质醇.结果 与T1比较,两组血浆皮质醇在T2和T3均明显升高(P＜0.05),但E组患者升高程度明显低于A组(P＜0.05).两组T2和T3 CD3 、CD4 和CD4 /CD8 均较T1明显下降(P＜0.05).但与E组比较,A组T3及T4 CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 下降更明显(P＜0.05),且E组患者T淋巴细胞亚群在T4已恢复至T1水平(P＞0.05).结论 全麻对OPCABG后患者细胞免疫功能有抑制作用,复合胸段硬膜外阻滞将减轻此抑制的程度.     

依托咪酯联合TAPB麻醉对经腹全子宫切除术患者血清相关因子及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨依托咪酯联合腹横肌平面阻滞(transversus abdominis plane block, TAPB)对全子宫切除术后患者血清炎性因子及免疫功能指标的影响。方法本研究纳入2020年1月至2023年1月接受经腹全子宫切除术的86例患者, 根据随机数字表法分为A组(44例)与B组(42例)。A组实施全身麻醉(丙泊酚进行麻醉维持)+TAPB麻醉, B组实施全身麻醉(丙泊酚复合依托咪酯进行麻醉维持)+TAPB麻醉。观察两组不同时点心率(heart rate, HR)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure, MAP)变化, 比较两组麻醉前、术后24 h血清相关因子[白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)]、免疫功能指标(T淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+), 统计两组麻醉后并发症情况。结果两组患者HR、MAP在T1、T2时较T0时刻逐渐升高, T3、T4时较T2时逐渐回落。术后24 h两组患者血清IL-6、TNF-α较麻醉前升高, B组IL-6、...     

不同麻醉方法对乳腺癌根治术病人围术期T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞的影响

目的　探讨两种不同麻醉方案对乳腺癌根治术病人围术期T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤细胞 (NK细胞 )的影响。方法　选择乳腺癌根治术病人 32例 ,随机分为两组。Ⅰ组为单纯全麻 ,Ⅱ组为全麻复合硬膜外麻醉。分别于麻醉前、麻醉后 2h、术后 1d和 7d抽取静脉血 ,用流式细胞仪测定T细胞亚群和NK细胞的数量。结果　两组麻醉后 2hCD3+ 、CD4+ 、CD4+ /CD8+ 、NK细胞均有所下降 ,与麻醉前相比 ,Ⅰ组P <0 0 5 ;术后 1d下降较为显著 ,与麻醉前相比 ,Ⅰ组P <0 0 1,Ⅱ组P <0 0 5 ,组间比较亦有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;术后 7d各组数据已恢复至术前水平。结论　乳腺癌根治术病人麻醉、手术后细胞免疫功能有一过性的不同程度的抑制 ,其中以单纯全麻组更为明显 ,全麻复合硬膜外麻醉组明显轻于单纯全麻组。     

右美托咪定对胃癌根治术患者围术期白细胞介素-6、皮质醇及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对胃癌根治术患者围术期白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、皮质醇(Cor)及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法 40例择期全麻下行胃癌根治术患者,随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组)。两组分别于麻醉诱导时在15min内静脉泵入1μg/kg右美托咪定和等容量的生理盐水,随后持续静脉输注右美托咪定0.2～0.7μg·kg-1·h-1和生理盐水0.125ml·kg-1·h-1。检测麻醉诱导前(T0)、切皮前(T1)、手术1h(T2)、术毕(T3)、术后1d(T4)和术后3d(T5)血清IL-6、血浆Cor浓度及外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+)水平。结果与T0时比较,C组T2～T4时血清IL-6和T2、T3时血浆Cor浓度升高(P<0.05);T1～T5时CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+显著下降(P<0.05);D组血清IL-6及血浆Cor浓度无明显变化,T2和T3时CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+显著上升(P<0.05)。结论全麻期间持续静脉输注右美托咪定可有效抑制胃癌根治术患者围术期的应激反应,减少细胞免疫功能的抑制。     

全麻复合硬膜外麻醉及术后硬膜外镇痛对食管癌患者术后T细胞亚群及循环、呼吸的影响

目的探讨静脉全麻复合硬膜外麻醉(CGEA)及患者自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)对食管癌患者术后 T 细胞亚群及循环、呼吸的影响。方法选择60例 ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级择期行食管癌根治术的患者,随机均分为三组。A 组行 CGEA 及术后 PCEA,B 组行 CGEA 及术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA),C 组行全凭静脉麻醉及术后 PCIA。分别于麻醉前30 min(T_0)、术后4 h(T_1)、1 d(T_2)、2 d(T_3)、3 d(T_4)、7 d(T_5)取外周静脉血2 ml,用流式细胞仪测定 T 淋巴细胞亚群,并观察各时间点循环、呼吸指标以及疼痛、镇静评分。结果三组患者 T_1～T_3时 CD3~ 、CD4~ 、CD8~ 、CD4~ /CD8~ 均明显下降(P<0.05)。B、C 组 RR 在T_1时明显快于 A 组(P<0.05)。T_4时 A 组 T 淋巴细胞亚群恢复至 T_0,B 组和 C 组 T_5时 CD3~ 、CD4~ 、CD8~ 、CD4~ /CD8~ 均基本恢复。结论 CGEA 辅以术后PCEA 可改善食管癌患者术后呼吸、循环功能并减轻免疫功能的抑制。     

罗比卡因-芬太尼术后镇痛对乳腺癌患者患者白细胞介素-2和白细胞介素-6的影响

目的探讨罗比卡因复合芬太尼行硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)对乳腺癌患者术后白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的影响。方法40例乳腺癌根治术患者随机分为两组,每组20例。Ⅰ组为罗比卡因复合芬太尼组;Ⅱ组为罗比卡因复合吗啡组。分别于麻醉前(T0)、术后2h(T1)、24h(T2)、72h(T3)采集外周静脉血,测定T淋巴细胞亚群及IL-2、IL-6水平。结果两组镇痛效果良好,与麻醉前比较,Ⅰ组T淋巴细胞亚群及IL-2水平各时点之间无显著性差异(P>0·05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组T1、T2时的CD3+、CD4+、IL-2均明显下降(P<0·05)。结论罗比卡因复合芬太尼行PCEA效果良好,对免疫的抑制作用较轻,适合乳腺癌患者术后镇痛。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术对机体炎症免疫反应的影响

目的:对比研究腹腔镜胆囊切除(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)和开腹胆囊切除术(open choleaptectomy,OC)对机体炎症免疫反应的影响.方法:检测胆囊结石患者(LC及OC各30例)术前、术后1 h、术后1 d、术后2 d的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、WBC计数、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及白介素-6(IL-6)的变化并进行对比研究.IL-6值的检测用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),T细胞亚群用流式细胞仪检测.结果:OC组术后2 d,成熟T淋巴细胞(CD3)、辅助性T淋巴细胞(CD4)、CD4/抑制性T淋巴细胞(CD8)比值较术前下降(P<0.05),且同LC组相比较,OC组明显低于LC组(P<0.01).OC组术后1 d或/和术后2 d WBC计数、CRP、IL-6均较术前明显升高(P<0.01),且与LC组相比较,OC组明显高于LC组(P<0.01).结论:LC对机体炎症免疫反应影响小,有利于LC术后的恢复.     

胃肠道肿瘤患者术后早期肠内营养与肠外营养支持的随机对照研究

目的比较胃肠道肿瘤患者术后早期肠内营养（EN）与肠外营养（PN）支持的临床效果，探讨其对细胞因子、细胞免疫功能和蛋白质代谢变化的影响。方法36例胃肠道肿瘤根治术后患者，随机分为早期EN组19例，早期PN组17例，术后1d分别采取EN和PN支持。术前3d和术后1、3、5d检测患者血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10水平，淋巴细胞总数及其亚群CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8和NK细胞，24h尿素和尿肌酐排泄量。比较两组患者的临床恢复指标、并发症发生率等。结果两组术后血清IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10和24h尿素及肌酐排泄量多较术前有不同程度升高，血清TNF-α和淋巴细胞总数（除EN组术后3、5d）明显下降，淋巴细胞亚群分布比例无明显变化。两组间比较：IL-1β、IL-10及TNF-α变化差异无统计学意义，术后EN组IL-6（3、5d）、24h尿素排泄量（3、5d）和尿肌酐排泄量（3、5d）与PN组同期相比明显降低（P〈0．05），淋巴细胞总数（3、5d）较PN组高（P〈0．05）。EN组术后感染并发症发生率、发热时间、住院时间和医疗费用均较PN组低（P〈0．05）。结论胃肠道肿瘤患者术后早期EN支持较PN支持更具优越性，可降低手术应激导致的细胞因子释放和蛋白质分解代谢反应程度，缩短炎症反应时间，降低患者术后感染并发症发生率，缩短住院时间，降低医疗费用。     

不同麻醉方法对胃癌患者围术期T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的 探讨不同麻醉方法对胃癌患者围术期T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法 36例择期胃癌根治术患者,随机分为硬膜外阻滞组（I组）、全麻组（Ⅱ组）和硬膜外阻滞复合全麻组（Ⅲ组）,每组12例,分别于诱导前、术毕及术后1、3、5、7d取外周静脉血2ml,采用APAAP法测定T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果 与诱导前相比,术毕、术后第1、3d各组CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ 、及CD4^ /CD8^ 均明显下降（P＜0．05）;术后第5d,Ⅲ组各指标恢复（P＞0．05）;术后第7d,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组各指标恢复（P＞0．05）。Ⅲ组CD3^ 、CD4^ 及CD4^ /CD8^于术后第5d明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P＜0．05）。结论 硬膜外复合全麻能减轻围术期应激反应及麻醉药物对T淋巴细胞亚群的抑制,有利于胸腹部肿瘤病人免疫功能的及早恢复。     

不同麻醉方式对血液流变学的影响

麻醉对外科手术患者术中及术后早期血液流变学产生一定的影响,这可能与围手术期血栓形成等因素有一定的关联.而不同麻醉方式对血液流变学的影响不同,现就此进行综述,为临床麻醉方式的选择提供一定的参考.     

联合椎管内麻醉时硬膜外注药升高阻滞平面的机制研究

探讨联合椎管内麻醉时硬膜外注药升高阻滞平面的机制。方法：３０例下肢矫形手术患者均采用蛛网膜下隙与硬膜外联合穿刺针行Ｌ２－３穿刺,蛛网膜下隙注入等比重的０．７５％布比卡因１．５ｍｌ后硬膜外置管。患者随机分成三组,每组１０例：硬膜外不给药（Ａ组）,蛛网膜下腔注射药后１５、２０、２５分钟经硬膜外导管给予２％利多卡因各３ｍｌ（Ｂ组）或生理盐水各３ｍｌ（Ｃ组）。结果     

Regional versus general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients: The need for a clinical trial

Regional anesthesia is often preferred over general anesthesia for patients with cardiovascular disease because of presumed decreased risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia. However, few studies have addressed this issue directly. To determine whether the type of anesthesia is independently associated with myocardial ischemia, records of 134 patients undergoing peripheral vascular grafting under general or regional anesthesia were examined. There were no significant differences preoperatively between groups in ASA class, age, sex, or prevalence of angina, diabetes, or hypertension. Twelve patients developed myocardial ischemia or infarction within 7 days of operation; 11 of these 12 patients had received regional anesthesia (p < 0.015). The association between anesthetic approach and perioperative myocardial ischemia or infarction remained after adjustment for preoperative factors associated with ischemia or with type of anesthesia. General anesthesia does not appear to be associated with increased risk of myocardial ischemia, and stringent recommendations to avoid it in this population may be unfounded. A clinical trial is needed to define more clearly the risks and benefits of different types of anesthesia in high-risk patients.     

Finland's first anaesthesia revealed by newspapers

Background: According to the literature on the history of anaesthesia, Finland's first anaesthesia was given on March 8, 1847 for a ligature of an aneurysm of the subclavian artery. It has, however, not been possible to verify the date with certainty. We therefore wanted to find out whether newspapers might give additional information and how this exceptionally important medical invention had been received by the Finnish newspapers.
Methods: Microfilms of the 10 newspapers which appeared in Finland in 1847 were studied at the Helsinki University library.
Results: The first report which made reference to English newspapers was published on February 10 by "Borgå Tidning". On March 6, "Helsingfors Tidningar" wrote that two anaesthesias had already been given in Helsinki; the first of them for a difficult varicose veins operation and the second for an exarticulation of a shoulder. But there was no information regarding the dates of the operations. Fortunately, both operations had been recorded in the patient diary of the clinic, although without any information about the anaesthesia. According to the diary, Johan August Örn was operated for varicose veins on February 16 and Anders Gustaf Henrikson had his right arm exarticulated on March 3. Both patients recovered. In total, only six pieces of news on anaesthesia were found.
Conclusions: Finland's first anaesthesia was given on February 16, 1847, which is three weeks earlier than had been previously assumed.     

Effect of Time on Clinical Efficacy of Topical Anesthesia

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time on the clinical efficacy of topical anesthetic in reducing pain from needle insertion alone as well as injection of anesthetic. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-mouth, clinical trial which enrolled 90 subjects, equally divided into 3 groups based upon time (2, 5, or 10 minutes) of topical anesthetic (5% lidocaine) application. Each group was further subdivided into 2: needle insertion only in the palate or needle insertion with deposition of anesthetic (0.5 mL 3% mepivacaine plain). Each subject received drug on one side and placebo on the other. Subjects recorded pain on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). The results showed that for needle insertion only, 5% lidocaine reduced pain as determined by a significant difference in mean VAS after 2 minutes (20.1 mm, P < .002), 5 minutes (15.7 mm, P < .022), and 10 minutes (13.7 mm, P < .04), as analyzed by paired t tests. For needle insertion plus injection of local anesthetic, a significant difference in mean VAS was noted only after 10 minutes (14.9 mm, P < .031), yet pain scores for both topical anesthetic and placebo were elevated at this time point resulting in no reduction in actual pain. Time of application did not result in a significant difference in effect for either needle insertion only or needle insertion plus injection of local anesthetic, as analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In conclusion, topical anesthetic reduces pain of needle insertion if left on palatal mucosa for 2, 5, or 10 minutes, but has no clinical pain relief for anesthetic injection.     

胆道手术全麻-硬膜外复合麻醉围拔管期心血管反应的临床观察

目的 探讨全麻-硬膜外复合麻醉对胆道手术病人围拔管期心血管反应的影响。方法 ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期胆道手术患者40例,随机分成两组：Ⅰ组20例,采用单纯全麻;Ⅱ组采用全麻复合硬膜外麻。观察并记录两组术前、拔管前5 m in、拔管、拔管后5 m in的SBP、DBP、HR。结果Ⅰ组在围拔管期各时点、Ⅱ组在拔管时SBP、DBP、HR较术前显著升高（P〈0.01）;组间比较,Ⅱ组围拔管期各时点SBP、DBP、HR均低于与Ⅰ组（P〈0.01）,全麻用药量也少于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）。结论 全麻-硬膜外复合麻醉有利于维持胆道手术病人围拔管期血流动力学的相对稳定。     

Semi-automated,slow subcutaneous infusion anesthesia (SIA) with diluted mixtures of prilocaine and ropivacaine

In recent years it has been found that local anesthesia, which often suffices for surgery of the skin and superficial structures, can be adequately administered using large amounts of highly diluted anesthetic solutions combined with epinephrine. This has considerably increased application of local anesthesia in plastic surgery. Using one or more conventional infusion pumps for slow subcutaneous infusion anesthesia (SIA), we injected mixed anesthetic solutions painlessly and automatically into the subcutaneous layer. The local anesthetics used were equivalent mixtures of prilocaine and ropivacaine (Xylonest and Naropin); these were diluted with original Ringers solution containing epinephrine (1:1,000,000) in 500-ml bottles. The concentrations of the mixtures varied between 0.3% and 0.06% depending on the requirements of surgery. Routinely available 18- to 30-gauge needles were used. The speed of injection varied between 30 ml and 1500 ml per hour depending on the location, the requirements of surgery, and the needle size. Volumes usually ranged from 2 ml to 1000 ml depending on the concentrations. The maximum dose was approximately 4 mg of prilocaine and 2 mg/kg of ropivacaine, which is the maximum tolerated dose. Regardless of secondary disorders, all patients scheduled for skin and lymph node operations under local anesthesia underwent surgery using this kind of anesthesia, including those for the nose and ear region. No suprarenin was added for nerve blocks of the fingers and penis. This technique was used in 20,310 major and minor skin operations in 11,810 patients ranging in age from 0.5 years (510 children under 14 years) to 95 years (mean age 55 years; 49% females, 51% males), including all types of local flaps and grafts. There were no complications whatsoever from local anesthesia. The technique proved safe and comfortable even for children and very sensitive patients. The median duration of postoperative anesthesia was 4.3 h (maximum 23 h). We found that experience is required for correct selection of the needle position, the flow rate, and the volume.     

A survey of pediatric caudal extradural anesthesia practice

Background:  Caudal extradural blockade is one of the most commonly performed procedures in pediatric anesthesia. However, there is little information available on variations in clinical practice.
Objectives:  To perform a survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland who undertake caudal anesthesia.
Methods:  An 'online' World Wide Web questionnaire collected information on various aspects of clinical practice. The survey ran from April to June 2008.
Results:  There were 366 questionnaires completed. The majority of respondents had >5 years of pediatric experience and performed up to ten caudal extradural procedures a month. The commonest device used was a cannula (69.7%) with 68.6% using a 22G device. There was a trend toward the use of a cannula in those anesthetists with <15 years experience, while those with >15 years experience tended to use a needle. Most anesthetists (91.5%) did not believe that there was a significant risk of implantation of dermoid tissue into the caudal extradural space. The majority used a combination of clinical methods to confirm correct placement. Only 27 respondents used ultrasound. The most popular local anesthetics were bupivacaine (43.4%) and levobupivacaine (41.7%). The most common additives were clonidine (42.3%) and ketamine (37.5%). The caudal catheter technique was used by 43.6%. Most anesthetists (74%) wear gloves for a single shot caudal injection.
Conclusions:  This survey provides a snapshot of current practice and acts a useful reference for the development of enhanced techniques and new equipment in the future.