加替沙星分散片人体药动学及生物等效性

20名健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服加替沙星分散片（受试）和片剂（参比）400mg。用HPLC法检测血浆中加替沙星浓度，计算两种制剂的药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果表明，受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数：AUC0→t为（35．51±4．87）和（36．38±4．50）μg·h·ml^-1，Cmax为（4．48±0．89）和（4．60±0．86）μg／ml，tmax为（0．85±0．38）和（0．94±0．38）h。加替沙星分散片的相对生物利用度为（98．5±15．4）％，表明两制剂具有生物等效性。     

青霉素V钾咀嚼片的药动学和生物等效性研究

目的：研究青霉素V钾咀嚼片在健康人体的药物动力学及生物等效性。方法：19名健康志愿者随机双交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂0．472g，用液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC—MS／MS）测定人血浆中青霉素V的浓度，利用DAS2．0药物动力学软件计算有关药物动力学参数、相对生物利用度，并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果：受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax分别为（0．54±0．09）h和（0．53±0．13）h；Cmax分别为（10．64±3．84）μg·ml^-1和（10．87±4．43）μg·ml^-1；t1／2分别为（0．74±0．20）h和（0．75±0．10）h。AUC0-6h分别为（11．92±4．04）μg·ml^-1·h和（12．34±4．17）μg·ml^-1·h；AUC0-∞分别为（12．00±4．04）和（12．43±4．17）μg·ml^-1·h。青霉素V钾咀嚼片的相对生物利用度为（97．9±12．8）％。结论：两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

酚咖口腔崩解片的人体生物等效性

采用随机交叉给药方案,18名健康志愿者服用酚咖口崩片和普通片剂,剂量均为对乙酰氨基酚500mg和咖啡因65mg。以HPLC法测定血药浓度,受试制剂和参比制剂中对乙酰氨基酚的药动学参数分别为：cmax（8450±1300）和（9350±1870）μg/L,tmax（0.6±0.3）和（0.7±0.3）h,AUC0→24（32680±7550）和（31280±6570）μg·h·L^–1。咖啡因的药动学参数分别为：cmax（1649±303）和（1659±272）μg/L,tmax（0.6±0.1）和（0.6±0.1）h,AUC0→24（10711±2743）和（10384±2948）μg·h·L^–1。口腔崩解片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的生物利用度分别为（105.1±13.8）%和（100.7±10.1）%。经方差分析表明酚咖口腔崩解片与普通片的主要药动学参数无显著性差异,两制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥美沙坦酯胶囊的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的：研究奥美沙坦酯胶囊与片剂的人体药动学及相对生物利用度.方法：18名健康志愿受试者采用随机交叉试验设计,分别口服受试制剂（奥美沙坦酯胶囊）和参比制剂（奥美沙坦酯片）20 mg,服药后0.5～36 h内间隔采血,采用固相萃取结合HPLC-MS/MS法,比较两者的生物利用度.结果：奥美沙坦酯胶囊与片剂的主要药动学参数：Cmax分别为（530±180）μg·L^-1和（660±240）μg·L^-1;tmax分别为（3.1±0.8）h和（2.4±0.7）h;AUC0-36h分别为（4 200±1 700）h·μg·L^-1和（4 400±1 400）h·μg·L^-1;t1/2分别为（6.7±1.1）h和（6.7±0.9）h;以AUC0-36 h计算,奥美沙坦酯胶囊的相对生物利用度为（95.6±22.4）%.结论：奥美沙坦酯胶囊与片剂具有生物等效性.     

液-质联用法考察单硝酸异山梨酯片的人体生物等效性

目的：建立液-质联用法（LC-MS／MS）的检测方法，评价受试与参比的单硝酸异山梨酯片在健康人体的生物等效性。方法：健康志愿者20名，随机交叉试验设计，单剂量口服受试或参比制剂，给药剂量均为20mg，应用LC-MS／MS法测定各受试者给药后不同时间点的血药浓度，计算药动学参数，应用BAPP 2．0软件进行生物等效性评价。结果：受试与参比制剂的药动学参数如下，AUC0-24分别为（3．4±0．6）mg·h·L^-1、（3．3±0．7）mg·h·L^-1，AUC0-∞分别为（3．6±0．7）mg·h·L^-1、（3．5±0．7）mg·h·L^-1；tmax分别为（1．2±0．9）h、（1．0±0．6）h；Cmax分别为（464．9±108．2）μg·L^-1、（433．6±115．3）μg·L^-1；t1／2分别为（5．4±0．7）h、（5．5±0．9）h。单硝酸异山梨酯片的相对生物利用度为（106．0±16．0）％，主要药动学参数经统计学分析无显著性差异。结论：受试与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

氟罗沙星胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究氟罗沙星胶囊（第3代喹诺酮类抗生素）的药代动力学并评价2种国产制剂的生物等效性。方法用随机分组自身对照方法，20例健康男性志愿者单次口服氟罗沙星参比和受试制剂200mg后，用高效液相色谱一紫外法测定血浆中氟罗沙星浓度，用3P97软件进行药代动力学参数的计算及生物等效性评价。结果2种氟罗沙星胶囊在健康志愿者体内的药一时曲线均符合一室开放模型，参比与受试制剂的主要药代动力学参数：Cmax分别为（2．90±0．55），（2．94±0．53）μg·mL^-1；tmax分别为（1．09±0．44），（1．09±0．38）h；t1/2分别为（12．64±1．71），（13．14±1．78）h；AUC0-t分别为（29．86±3．40），（32．81±4．54）μg·h·mL^-1；AUC0-∞分别为（32．54±3．90），（35．70±5．53）μg·h·mL^-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（110．1±11．4）％。结论氟罗沙星的受试制剂和参比制剂在健康人体有生物等效性。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法研究人体内马来酸氨氯地平滴丸的生物等效性

目的：研究健康人口服马来酸氨氯地平滴丸后的药动学和生物等效性。方法：20个健康受试者采用随机分组自身交叉对照试验设计，口服马来酸氨氯地平滴丸10mg后应用LC／MS／MS测定血浆中氨氯地平浓度，以DAS2．0软件计算其药动学参数和评价生物等效性。结果：在选定的色谱／质谱条件下氨氯地平与内标及血浆杂质分离良好，在0．2～16．0μg·L^-1范围内线性良好。相对回收率大于95．420，日内和日间RSD小于12．6%,氨氯地平受试制剂（T）和参比制剂（R）的主要药动学参数：tmax分别为（5．7±0．8）h和（6．0±1．0）h，Cmax分别为（5．3±1．4）μg·L^-1和（5．3±1．4）μg·L^-1；t1/2分别为（43．7±4．4）h和（44．6±4．3）h；AUC0→∞分别为（188．2±49．6）μg·h·L^-1和（185．0±44．8）μg·h·L^-1；用面积法（AUC0→∞）估算的马来酸氨氯地平滴丸相对生物利用度为（102．0±13．6）%。结论：用LC／MS／MS测定血浆中氨氯地平浓度，杂质无干扰，定量限低，重复性好，准确度高。受试的马来酸氨氯地平滴丸与参比的马来酸氨氯地平片（麦利平）生物等效。     

厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪片中氢氯噻嗪人体生物等效性研究

目的：评价两种复方厄贝沙坦片中氢氯噻嗪的生物等效性。方法：20名健康男性志愿者分别单剂量po受试制剂和参比制剂，采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血浆中氢氯噻嗪的浓度并拟合药动学参数。结果：受试制剂和参比制剂在受试者体内的药动学参数如下：血浆中氢氯噻嗪的Cmax（72．6±33．8）和（74．7±31．9）ng·ml^-1，tmax（2．0±0．5）和（1．8±0．4）h，t1／2（2．9±1．2）和（2．5±1．0）h，AUC0-48h（372．3±168．7）和（377．5±210．4）ng·h·ml^-1，AUC0-∞（398．3±191．2）和（396．5±223．5）ng·h·ml^-1。与参比制剂相比，受试制剂中氢氯噻嗪的平均相对生物利用度为（106．7±26．1）％。结论：两种制剂中氢氯噻嗪具生物等效性。     

盐酸氨溴索颗粒的药物动力学及生物等效性研究

采用双周期随机交叉试验设计,研究了19名健康男性受试者单剂量口服盐酸氨溴索颗粒（受试制剂）与盐酸氨溴索片（参比制剂）的药动学。采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中氨溴索的浓度。受试制剂与参比制剂的cmax为（69.66±22.12）和（67.89±25.08）ng/ml,tmax为（1.95±0.60）和（1.89±0.43）h,t1/2为（7.77±0.93）和（7.61±1.02）h,AUC0→24h为（517.9±180.4）和（518.3±215.5）ng·h·ml^-1。盐酸氨溴索颗粒的相对生物利用度为（102.7±17.1）%,双单侧t检验结果表明两制剂具有生物等效性。     

赖诺普利片的人体药物动力学和相对生物利用度

10名男性健康受试者交叉口服市售赖诺普利的受试制剂与参比制剂,以LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中赖诺普利的浓度.口服受试和参比制剂后的cmax分别为（58.2±21.5）、（54.6±16.6）ng·ml^-1,tmax分别为（7.3±1.5）、（7.0±1.6）h,AUC0-48分别为（1025.5±501.7）、（849.0±218.9）ng·h·ml^-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（116.9±44.5）%.经90%置信区间和双单侧t检验,两种片剂具有生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.