额底纵裂入路手术治疗鞍上第三脑室底垂体瘤

目的观察经额底纵裂入路手术治疗鞍上第三脑室底垂体瘤的临床疗效。方法对24例鞍上第三脑室底垂体瘤患者行额底纵裂入路手术治疗。结果 24例术中见肿瘤位于鞍内鞍上并且突入第三脑室底,5例伴有脑积水。肿瘤全切16例,次全切6例,大部切除2例。术后随访6个月,16例肿瘤全切者病灶无复发,5例次全切者病灶无明显变化,1例次全切和2例大部切除者术后行伽马刀治疗。结论额底纵裂入路手术对于鞍上第三脑室底的垂体瘤是一种较为理想的术式。     

脑动静脉畸形破裂出血并发脑疝患者急诊手术疗效观察

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形(AVM)破裂出血导致脑疝的急诊手术治疗的临床疗效.方法 对17例脑动静脉畸形破裂出血导致脑疝的患者行颅内血肿清除术,切除畸形血管团15例.结果 所有患者均一次手术清除血肿,术后再出血2例.11例患者术后复查,8例行数字减影技术(DSA)检查、3例行血管造影(CTA)检查,其中10例AVM全切,1...     

经纵裂-胼胝体入路手术治疗重型脑室出血并铸型

采用显微镜下经纵裂-胼胝体入路手术治疗重型脑室出血并铸型20例患者。术后随访3个月,预后分级：Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级3例。早期显微镜下经胼胝体—侧脑室入路手术是治疗脑室出血并铸型的一种有效方法,手术在直视下操作,盲区小,便于保留重要结构。     

三维CT血管成像在颅内动静脉畸形诊治中的价值

目的探讨三维CT脑血管成像（CTA）在颅内动静脉畸形（AVM）诊治中的价值。方法采用8排螺旋CT及静脉注射非离子型对比剂进行头部螺旋容积扫描,分析23例AVM的CT平扫、增强的影像表现,利用血管生成及图像融合技术对病变进行容积重建。依据CTA检查结果,对15例颅内AVM的患者进行手术病灶切除。通过手术所见,评价三维CTA对AVM的诊断和手术治疗的指导价值。结果行CTA检查发现23例25处AVM,手术切除AVM病灶15处。①手术中发现AVM的位置与三维CTA检查结果完全一致,符合率为100％。②三维CTA对供血动脉显示率为91．9％（34／37）,其中3例因供血动脉纤细、走行弯曲显示不清;引流静脉的显示率为77．8％,其中4例（6支）引流静脉因弯曲、血管团及供血动脉重叠,显示不清。18例引流静脉及所导入的静脉窦同时显影。③三维CTA检测15处畸形血管团平均累及范围为（13．75±0．48）cm^2;术中测量为（13．51±0．52）cm^2,CTA与手术结果比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多排螺旋CT血管成像技术可清晰完整地显示AVM的准确位置、畸形血管团、病灶范围、供血动脉、引流静脉全程及邻近组织的三维影像,能够提供手术所需的重要信息。     

胼周动脉瘤开颅夹闭术中磁共振神经导航的应用

目的探讨磁共振神经导航辅助技术在胼周动脉瘤开颅夹闭术中的安全性及临床疗效。方法回顾性连续纳入2010年1月至2017年1月解放军第一七五医院神经外科行开颅夹闭术的胼周动脉瘤患者40例,术前分别经CT血管成像(CTA)、磁共振血管成像(MRA)或DSA检查确诊。根据术式的不同,将40例患者分为常规手术组(18例)和神经导航辅助组(22例)。神经导航辅助组在常规纵裂入路基础上辅以磁共振神经导航技术,准确定位动脉瘤及上引流静脉,设计切口及手术路径。比较两组手术时间、手术相关并发症(引流静脉损伤后脑水肿或脑梗死以及术区继发出血)及预后良好[改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分3分]比例。结果 (1)40例患者均在显微镜下经纵裂入路行开颅胼周动脉瘤夹闭术,术后经CTA或DSA证实均为完全夹闭。神经导航辅助组手术时间短于常规手术组[(2.5±0.5)h比(3.5±0.4)h,t=1.254],静脉损伤后脑水肿或静脉性脑梗死比例少于常规手术组[4.5%(1/22)比6/18],组间差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);两组意外破裂和继发出血发生率的差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。(2)两组患者均完成了术后6个月的随访,常规手术组预后良好者占12例,神经导航辅助组预后良好者20例(90.9%),两组预后良好比例的差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.545,P0.05)。结论采用磁共振神经导航辅助技术有助于病灶的术中精确定位及优化手术入路,从而有效实施脑保护,降低手术风险,提高手术精度及安全性,是胼周动脉瘤开颅夹闭术的有效辅助手段。     

丘脑动静脉畸形的手术治疗

作者报告用显微外科手术切除丘脑动静脉畸形(AVM)8例(男3例,女5例,9～39岁,平均25.6岁)。丘脑后部6例,丘脑前部2例。8例都发生过出血。CT扫描证实丘脑出血,右侧3例,左侧5例,血肿破入脑室。 手术方法 由胼胝体穿通动脉供血者,取仰卧位,经胼胝体前入路。皮瓣2/3位于冠状缝前,1/3位于冠状缝之后并使皮骨瓣越过中线,以能暴露矢状窦。“U”字形切开硬脑膜,沿大脑镰旁深入,在胼     

Diagnosis and treatment of diffuse cerebral arteriovenous malformations

目的探讨弥漫型颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)的临床特点、影像学特征、病理改变及治疗方法。方法回顾分析8例经脑血管造影证实为弥漫型颅内动静脉畸形患者的临床及影像资料。结果8例弥漫型脑AVM的脑血管造影影像不同于典型的脑AVM，可见多条供血动脉和弥漫的异常血管染色，边界不清，染色不匀，没有明显的畸形血管团边界，有数条引流静脉。手术治疗的4例中，2例畸形团全部切除，1例先栓塞后切除畸形团，术后复查仍有残留，1例因位于重要功能区未能全部切除。术中及组织病理学检查发现，在异常的动静脉血管问有正常脑组织存在。另4例中，2例再出血死亡，2例未做治疗。结论弥漫型脑AVM在脑血管造影和组织病理学上不同于典型的AVM，其病变范围可能存在一个局限病灶到弥漫性损害的发展变化过程。对于非重要功能区的患者可以考虑手术切除，但是全部切除比较困难。     

胼胝体梗死的临床与磁共振影像特点

目的探讨胼胝体梗死患者的临床和磁共振检查的影像学特点。方法回顾22例急性胼胝体梗死患者的临床和磁共振检查资料,分析其主要临床特点及其特征性影像学表现。结果胼胝体梗死主要表现为肢体瘫痪、认知功能下降、语言障碍、情感障碍、面舌瘫痪、感觉障碍、偏侧肢体失用。磁共振影像显示,胼胝体体部和膝部梗死患者的大脑前动脉狭窄或闭塞率明显高于胼胝体压部梗死患者（χ2分别为4.996、4.337,P均〈0.05）,胼胝体压部梗死患者的大脑后动脉狭窄或闭塞率明显高于胼胝体体部和膝部梗死患者（χ2分别为4.337、4.996,P均〈0.05）。结论胼胝体梗死临床表现复杂多样,颅脑磁共振检查是确诊胼胝体梗死的依据。     

彩色编码血流图对颅内动静脉畸形评估的价值

目的探讨彩色编码血流图对颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)术前及术中评估的价值。方法回顾性分析15例AVM患者术前行常规全脑DSA检查,并用i Flow软件进行影像后处理的彩色编码血流图的影像资料,在二维DSA图像及彩色编码血流图上对AVM的病灶范围、血管构筑及血流动力学等进行综合分析。结果 15例AVM患者中,小型9例(其中4例畸形团表现为弥散型),中型3例,大型3例;单支供血动脉8例,多支供血动脉7例;单支引流静脉11例,多支引流静脉4例。在显示动静脉畸形团大小,尤其是弥散型畸形团方面,彩色编码血流图较二维DSA图像可更加清晰。彩色编码血流图能直观显示表浅和深部的引流静脉走形,同时根据曲线下面积大小和半峰宽长短,可以判断出主要引流静脉和次要引流静脉,并能直观反映脑血流的完整周期。结论彩色编码血流图可快速、准确地描绘出AVM的范围、血管构筑特征以及术中血流动力学的变化。     

选择性胼胝体前部切开治疗难治性癫痫3例报告

我们自1985～1987年采用胼胝体前部切开手术治疗难治性癫痫3例(每日发作8～23次,用抗痫药治疗无效),显示了较好的疗效。1.手术方法:气管插管全麻,取头左斜仰卧位。右侧额顶部过中线开颅,“U”形剪开硬脑膜翻向矢状窦侧,仔细保护桥静脉,将右额叶从大脑镰向外牵开,注意保护大脑前动脉及其分支。显露胝胼体前部,用自动牵开器固定额叶,用精细吸引     

Aberrant interhemispheric functional coordination in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Aberrant brain functional connectivity has been considered as the important mechanism underlying minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE); however, little is known about the change in interhemispheric connection in MHE patients. Twenty patients with HBV-related cirrhosis and MHE and 15 healthy controls were included in this study and underwent the resting-state fMRI scanning and diffusion tensor imaging. The functional connectivity between symmetric interhemispheric voxels was computed by a technique called voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC), in which the time series for each voxel in one hemisphere was correlated with that of its homotopic voxel. Diffusion tensor imaging was conducted to measure the mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values in corpus callosum (CC). Compared with controls, MHE patients showed decreased regional VMHC in medial frontal gyrus, superior frontal gryus, anterior cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus, lingual gyrus, and middle occipital gyrus. MHE patients had significant decreased FA value in CC genu and CC splenium and increased MD value in CC genu. Pearson correlation analyses showed that the VMHC in anterior cingulate gyrus/medial frontal gyrus was correlated with FA/MD values of CC genu. These findings may suggest aberrant interhemispheric coordination in MHE and may provide new insight into the disease-related mechanisms.     

Focal transient lesions of the corpus callosum in systemic lupus erythematosus

Focal lesions limited to the splenium of the corpus callosum are rare and little is known about their etiology. We describe three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that presented transient lesions of the corpus callosum. We reviewed three patients with SLE whose magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results revealed focal lesions in the splenum of corpus callosum. The medical records, including clinical, serological, and treatment features, were reviewed to determine the etiology of these lesions. Of 115 patients who had MRI for research purposes, three patients with focal nonhemorrhagic lesions of the corpus callosum were identified. All patients had active SLE at the time of MRI. One patient had other findings on MRI, including cerebral venous thrombosis. On follow-up MRI, patients had an inactive disease and the corpus callosum lesions disappeared. A transient lesion in the splenium of corpus callosum seems to be a nonspecific endpoint of different disease processes leading to vasogenic edema. The complete and rapid reversibility in all cases with disease control is emphasized and any invasive diagnostic or therapeutic approach is discouraged.     

急性胼胝体梗死33例临床及影像学分析

目的探讨急性胼胝体梗死的临床及影像学特征：方法回顾性分析2006年4月-2010年4月安徽医科大学附属省立医院1609例脑梗死患者中,经MRI确诊的33例胼胝体梗死患者的临床及影像学资料结果①该病发生率为2．05％（33／1609）;发病年龄为（63±9）岁,主要危险因素是高血压、高脂血症和糖尿病。②33例中,以肢体瘫痪（93．9％）和认知功能下降（57．6％）最为多见,其次是面、舌瘫（48．5％）,共济失调（45．5％）,感觉障碍（39．4％）,再次是情感障碍和语言障碍（均为30.3％）,而异己手综合征最少见（9．1％）。（3）33例通过MRI检出病灶42个,以体部（42．9％）、压部（35．7％）多见。6例为单纯胼胝体梗死,27例合并颅内其他部位梗死,最多见于基底核区（75．8％）。单侧梗死患者（24／33）多于双侧（9／33）,P〈0．01。④15例行血管造影检查（MRA／CTA／DSA）,大腩的动脉狭窄6例,闭塞3例;胼周动脉狭窄3例,闭塞2例;大脑中动脉狭窄1例,大脑后动脉狭窄3例,闭塞2例;血管形态正常者2例。结论胼胝体梗死发生率相对低,临床表观复杂多样,应重视认知功能的下降和异己手综合征,MRI对胼胝体梗死定位诊断具有重要意义。     

老年人脑白质结构的扩散张量成像研究

目的应用扩散张量成像（diffusion tensor imaging，DTI）阐明老年人脑白质结构平均弥散系数（ADCavg）和部分各向异性（FA）的变化。方法老年组及非老年组各30例。所有受检者均进行神经科查体和简易智能精神状态量表（MMSE）测试，无影响神经系统的疾病。所有受检者均行DTI检查，选择额叶白质、顶叶白质、半卵圆中心、胼胝体膝部、胼胝体压部为兴趣区，定量测量ADCavg与FA值。结果ADCavg、FA值男、女性别差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），左右半球无明显改变。随着年龄增长，ADCavg值与年龄呈正相关，FA值与年龄呈负相关。在额叶白质（ADCavg：r=0．449，P〈0．05；FA：r=0．350，P〈0．05）、半卵圆中心（ADCavg：r=0．347，P〈0．05；FA：r=0．409，P〈0．05）、胼胝体膝部（ADCavg：r=0．452，P〈0．01；FA：r=0．556，P〈0．01）、压部（ADCavg：r=0．296，P〉0．05；FA：r=0．289，P〉0．05）、顶叶白质（ADCavg：r=0．367，P〈0．05；FA：r=0．287，P〉0．05）。老年组额叶白质、胼胝体膝部、半卵圆中心的ADCavg、FA值与简易智能精神状态量表（MMSE）相关，尤其是额叶白质的FA值相关更显著（r=0．466，P〈0．01）。结论与年龄相关的定量DTI分析，可有助于评价与年龄相关的变化。并且可建立一个与神经变性疾病比较对照的标准。DTI功能与结构的结合，表明老年人认知功能的衰退与白质微结构密切相关。     

Evolution amplified processing with temporally dispersed slow neuronal connectivity in primates

The corpus callosum (CC) provides the main route of communication between the 2 hemispheres of the brain. In monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans, callosal axons of distinct size interconnect functionally different cortical areas. Thinner axons in the genu and in the posterior body of the CC interconnect the prefrontal and parietal areas, respectively, and thicker axons in the midbody and in the splenium interconnect primary motor, somatosensory, and visual areas. At all locations, axon diameter, and hence its conduction velocity, increases slightly in the chimpanzee compared with the macaque because of an increased number of large axons but not between the chimpanzee and man. This, together with the longer connections in larger brains, doubles the expected conduction delays between the hemispheres, from macaque to man, and amplifies their range about 3-fold. These changes can have several consequences for cortical dynamics, particularly on the cycle of interhemispheric oscillators.     

胼胝体梗死的临床与影像学分析

目的 探讨胼胝体梗死患者的临床和影像学特点.方法 收集符合脑梗死诊断的416例患者的临床资料,其中8例经过MRI证实为胼胝体梗死.结果 胼胝体梗死占全部脑梗死患者的1.9%.7例CT扫描未显示胼胝体梗死,经非增强MRI检查显示病灶,另1例经增强MRI检查显示病灶.梗死灶可仅累及胼胝体(膝部、体部或压部),也可合并额叶、...     

与颅内动静脉畸形血流相关的动脉瘤血管内治疗分析

目的探讨与颅内动静脉畸形（AVM）血流相关的动脉瘤血管内治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析20例AVM患者的临床资料。采用Seldinger技术,在栓塞20个动脉瘤的同时,栓塞全部或部分畸形血管团,对残余部分畸形血管团,按计划分期进行再次栓塞治疗（9例）或进行放射治疗（3例）。分析DSA结果及血管内治疗动脉瘤的效果。结果20例与动静脉畸形血流相关的动脉瘤患者中,有18例Spetzler分级在Ⅲ级以上。共发现与颅内动静脉畸形血流相关的动脉瘤22个,其中位于畸形血管团内11个,基底动脉末端2个,病灶同侧颈内动脉C1段2个,后交通动脉起始部3个,供血动脉段4个。共栓塞了20个动脉瘤,其中使用弹簧圈栓塞5个动脉瘤,11个畸形血管团内动脉瘤及供血动脉上的4个动脉瘤,均以Onyx及Glubran胶进行栓塞。颈内动脉C1段及后交通动脉起始部的2个小宽颈动脉瘤未予处理,现尚在随访中。脑血管造影随访9例,随访时间为1．5—13．0个月,9例再次进行残余畸形血管团栓塞时,见动脉瘤栓塞致密,症状较术前改善。3例残留较少的病例术后进行了伽玛刀放射治疗。结论与颅内动静脉畸形血流相关的动脉瘤多见于中、大型血管畸形,血管内治疗是安全、有效的方法。     

A case of corpus callosum splenium encephalopathy and 2009 influenza A/H1N1

Encephalopathy with reversible lesion of the corpus callosum splenium has a favorable prognosis, but that in 2009 influenza A/H1N1 is unknown. We report a case of clinically mild encephalopathy with a reversible lesion of the corpus callosum splenium in which 2009 influenza A/H1N1 virus was confirmed by laboratory tests. A 15-year-old Japanese girl seen at the emergency unit for loss of consciousness 18 hours after fever onset had been diagnosed with influenza A, and administered zanamivir. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated lesions of the corpus callosum splenium, and electroencephalography showed slow basic activity, suggesting influenza A related to encephalopathy. She required intensive care with ventilation for two days. Her consciousness had become normal by day 6 after onset, and MRI findings improved on day 7. She recovered without adverse sequelae.     

In vivo detection and functional correlates of white matter microstructural disruption in chronic alcoholism

BACKGROUND: Postmortem studies report degradation of brain white matter microstructure in chronic alcoholism, but until recently, in vivo neuroimaging could provide measurement only at a macrostructural level. The development of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for clinical use offers a method for depicting and quantifying the diffusion properties of white matter expressed as intravoxel and intervoxel coherence of tracts and fibers. METHODS: This study used DTI to examine the intravoxel coherence measured as fractional anisotropy (FA) and intervoxel coherence (C) of white matter tracts of the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and of the centrum semiovale in 15 detoxified alcoholic men and 31 nonalcoholic control subjects. Exploratory correlational analyses examined the relationships between regional DTI measures and tests of attention and working memory in the alcoholic patients. RESULTS: The alcoholic group had lower regional FA than the control group. C was lower in the alcoholics than controls in the splenium only. Working memory correlated positively with splenium FA, whereas attention correlated positively with genu C. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide in vivo evidence for disruption of white matter microstructure in alcoholism and suggest that interruption of white matter fiber coherence contributes to disturbance in attention and working memory in chronic alcoholism.