PC-1基因多态性与2型糖尿病及胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的 探讨浆细胞膜精蛋白PC-1基因多态性与胰岛素抵抗（IR）特征和2型糖尿病（DM）的关系。方法 运用聚合酶链反应．限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）技术对深圳市133例2型DM患者和108例非DM对照人群的PC-1基因第四外显子K121Q多态性进行分析，并对2型DM组不同基因型间临床及生化指标进行比较。结果 2型DM组与非DM对照组比较，PC-1基因型频率和等位基因频率分布差别均无统计学意义；2型DM组携带Q等位基因者空腹血糖、甘油三酯及空腹血C肽水平显著高于携带K等位基因者。结论 Pc-1基因K121Q多态性与2型DM患者IR表型相关，但与2型DM的发生无明显关联。     

PC-1基因K121Q多态性对妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的:探讨PC-1基因K121Q多态性与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系。方法:运用PCR-RFLP技术分析PC-1基因多态性,应用放射免疫法测量孕妇空腹胰岛素,分析GDM妇女和正常妊娠妇女两组Q、K等位基因和KQ、KK基因型与胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)之间的关系。结果:GDM组KQ基因型频率和Q等位基因频率高于正常妊娠组(分别为P<0.01和P<0.05),GDM组KQ基因型孕妇的IR高于KK基因型孕妇(P<0.05)。结论:PC-1基因与妊娠期糖尿病IR密切相关,可能参与GDM的发病机制。     

非肥胖的高血压病患者的非酒精性脂肪肝与代谢综合征的关系

目的探讨非肥胖的不伴有糖尿病的高血压病患者的非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）与代谢综合征（MS）的关系。方法84例非肥胖的不伴有糖尿病的高血压病患者,根据B超诊断有无脂肪肝分为高血压伴NAFLD组42例,高血压不伴NAFLD组42例。对2组患者的体重指数（BMI）、血压、血糖、血脂、血胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、转氨酶及MS患病率等指标进行比较分析,并对MS与上述指标的关系进行多因素的logistic回归分析。结果高血压伴NAFLD组的BMI、甘油三酯、胰岛素、HO-MA-IR、转氨酶及MS患病率较不伴NAFLD组显著增高,而且MS与NAFLD呈独立相关。结论MS不但明显增加NAFLD发生率,而且还加重肝脏损害。     

体重控制与2型糖尿病发病前瞻性研究

目的 探讨体重控制情况与新发糖尿病(DM)的关系.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,以江苏省多代谢异常和代谢综合征防治研究队列满足条件的人群为研究对象,比较随访体重控制在不同水平时DM的发病率,运用Cox比例风险模型分析体重控制情况与随访新发DM的关系.结果 3 168名研究对象中,有102例新发糖尿病患者;基线体重偏瘦组、正常组、超重组、肥胖组的DM累积发病率分别为3.4%、4.1%、5.5%、5.7%;基线体重正常、超重但随访转为肥胖的人群DM发病率分别为15.4%、7.2%,而随访体重保持或控制为正常的人群DM发病率仅为4.9%;多因素凋整后,以体重保持正常的人群为对照组,基线体重正常但随访转肥胖的人群发生DM的RR为4.09,95%CI为1.75～9.54,基线体重肥胖随访仍为肥胖的人群发生DM的RR为2.89,95%CI为1.54～5.42.结论 若随访人群的体重能有效控制,发生糖尿病的风险将会明显降低.     

深圳汉族Kir6．2基因与2型糖尿病关系的病例一对照研究

目的研究深圳汉族人群钾离子内向整流通道Kir6．2基因多态性与胰岛素抵抗（IR）特征和2型糖尿病（T2DM）的关系。方法运用聚合酶链反应一变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR—DGGE）技术对深圳市251例T2DM患者和170例非DM对照（NGT）人群的Kir6．2基因第一外显子E23K多态性进行分析,并对T2DM组不同基因型间临床及生化指标进行比较。结果T2DM组与非DM对照组比较,Kir6．2基因型频率和等位基因频率分布差别均无统计学意义;T2DM组携带K等位基因者空腹血糖（FPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）及空腹血C肽（CP）水平显著高于携带E等位基因者f尸〈0．05）。结论深圳市汉族人群Kir6．2基因E23K多态性与2型DM患者胰岛素抵抗表型相关,但与T2DM的发生无明显关联。     

肥胖及2型糖尿病患者脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白水平及其临床意义

目的探讨血浆脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白（A—FABP）水平与肥胖类型,糖、脂代谢及胰岛素敏感性的关系。方法采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测正常糖调节正常体重者（NW—NGR）44例,正常糖调节超重／肥胖者（OB—NGR）36例,新诊断2型糖尿病（T2DM）及其亚组2型糖尿病正常体重组（NW—T2DM）89例和2型糖尿病伴超重／肥胖组（OB—T2DM）44例空腹状态下血浆A—FABP,同时测定血脂谱、空腹胰岛素及测量体重指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、腰臀比（WHR）和脂肪含量（Fat％）;采用HOMA—IR评价胰岛素敏感性。结果校正年龄、性别后,OB—NGR组,NW-T2DM组及OB—T2DM组血浆A—FABP高于NW—NGR组[11．32（6．54—15．43）ug／L、14．60（10．35—20．10）ug/L、18．25（12．85～26．65）ugL VS9．32（3．72-14．00）ug/L,P均〈0．05]。OB—NGR组与NW-T2DM组间血浆A—FABP差异无统计学意义[11．32（6．54—15．43）VS14．60（10．35—20．10）ug／L,P〉0．05],但OB-NGR组与NW—T2DM组均低于OB—T2DM组[11．32（6．54—15．43）ug／L、14．60（10．35—20．10）ug/LVS18.25（12．85～26．65）ug/L,P〈0．01]。校正年龄、性别及BMI后,血浆A—FABP与WC、WHR、FPG、TG、FINS、HOMA—IR均呈正相关（r=0．416、0．341、0．344、0．196、0．306、0．312,P〈0．01）。多元逐步回归分析示,HOMA—IR、性别、WC和年龄是血浆A—FABP主要的影响因素（P均〈0．05）。结论血浆A—FABP与腹型肥胖和胰岛素抵抗密切相关,可作为反映肥胖,特别是腹型肥胖的代谢标志物。     

胰岛素抵抗综合征患者血视黄醇结合蛋白4与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的研究超重或肥胖（OW/OB）和2型糖尿病（2型DM）患者血浆视黄醇结合蛋白4（RBP4）的变化及与胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法测定了22例对照组、30例OW/OB、和35例2型DM患者血浆RBP4水平,测定空腹血糖,胰岛素,血脂,量腰围,臀围,计算腰臀比,测身高及体重,计算体重指数。结果RBP4在OW/OB组和2型DM组均较正常组高（P〈0.01）,2型DM组较OW/OB组高（P〈0.01）。简单相关分析显示RBP4与W、WHR、FPG、InHOMAIR、TG有显著相关性（相关系数分别为r=0.572,0.408,0.672,0.538,0.451）;多元逐步回归分析显示,FPG、TG、WHR是RBP4的独立相关因素（决定系数分别为r^2=0.487,0.408,0.501）。结论OW/OB及2型DM患者血浆RBP4水平显著升高,且RBP4在发生2型DM前已升高,设想RBP4可作为IR的早期的标志物。     

2型糖尿病患者C反应蛋白水平与代谢综合征的关系

目的比较2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血浆C反应蛋白(CRP)水平变化并探讨与代谢综合征(MS)的关系。方法受试者分为三组肥胖的T2DM组68例(A组)、非肥胖的T2DM组86例(B组)和正常体重对照组68例(C组)。测定血清CRP水平,同时检测体重指数(BMI)、腰围(W)、腰臀比(WHR)、血压、糖脂代谢参数、空腹胰岛素(FINS),以稳态模式(HOMA)公式评估胰岛素抵抗(HOMA-IR),并对导致血清CRP改变的因素进行相关分析。结果(1)A和B组血清CRP显著高于C组(P<0.01),A组的CRP也明显高于B组(P<0.01)。(2)A组患者血清CRP与SBP、WHR、BMI、TG和HOMA-IR存在显著正相关,与其他变量无显著相关性。结论T2DM患者血清CRP水平明显高于非糖尿病患者,肥胖的T2DM患者血清的CRP水平升高与MS、胰岛素抵抗(IR)有密切关系。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗研究

目的分析2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）患者血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗关系。方法测定2型糖尿病105例,其中合并NAFLD者73例,及正常对照组30例的脂联素、BMI、HOMA-IR等指标。结果T2DM合并重度NAFL组BMI、WHR、FINS、TG、VLDL、HOMA-IR均较T2DM无NAFL组显著增高（P〈0．0l或P〈0．05）;T2DM合并重度NAFL组BMI、WHR、FINS、HOMA．IR均较T2DM合并轻度NAFL组显著增高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。T2DM合并重度NAFL组血清脂联素水平显著低于他DM无NAFL组与T2DM合并轻度NAFL组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。Logistic逐步回归分析显示BMI、TG、脂联素、HO-MA-IR与T2DM合并NAFL密切相关（13=0．225,0．385,-0．548,0．421,P〈0．05）。结论2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝以胰岛素抵抗为基础,脂联素与NAFL密切相关。     

载脂蛋白B基因EcoRI和XbaI多态性与血脂异常及血脂水平的关系

目的 分析载脂蛋白B（apolipoprotein B,apo B）基因EcoRI及XbaI位点多态性与新疆石河子地区汉族人群血脂异常的关系.方法 采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析法检测150例血脂异常患者和150例正常对照者的apoB基因EcoRI及XbaI位点多态性,并测定所有样本血清总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）,三酰甘油（triglyceride,TG）,低/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low/high density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C/HDL-C）,载脂蛋白AI／（apolipoproteinAI,apoAI）和apoB水平.结果 （1）血脂异常组E＋E-/E-E-基因型及E-等位基因含量（分别为37.3%和19%）均高于对照组（分别为12.7%和6.3%）,两组中携带E＋E-/E-E-基因型者TC、TG和LDL-C均高于携带E＋E＋基因型者（P＜0.01）;（2）血脂异常组X＋X-/X＋X＋基因型及X＋等位基因含量（分别为20.7%和11%）均高于对照组（分别为8%和4%）,两组中携带X＋X-/X＋X＋基因型者TC、TG、LDL-C和apoB水平高于同组携带X-X-基因型者（P＜0.05）.结论 apoB基因EcoRI及XbaI位点多态性与新疆石河子地区汉族人群血脂异常有关,E-和X＋等位基因可能是血脂异常的易感危险因素.     

单纯肥胖及糖尿病患者血清脂联素水平研究

目的 探讨脂联素与体脂含量、血糖、血脂和胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法 放射免疫法测定19例正常对照者，23例单纯肥胖者，31例2型糖尿病非肥胖者，26例2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者血浆中脂联素水平。结果 正常对照组和单纯肥胖组的血清脂联素水平没有显著性差异，而2型糖尿病组和2型糖尿病肥胖组的血清脂联素水平显著低于前两组，但可以看到在2型糖尿病的前提下，非肥胖组与肥胖组的血清脂联素水平的差异没有显著性。以性别分组进行独立两样本t检验，血清脂联素水平存在显著差异。血清脂联素与体重指数、腰围、腰臀比、体脂含量、空腹血糖、胰岛素敏感指数、血清甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白显著相关。多元逐步回归分析发现血清高密度脂蛋白、空腹血糖、腰围、体脂含量进入回归方程。结论 血清脂联素水平存在性别差异，其与肥胖、2型糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗相关。     

K121Q PC-1 gene polymorphism is not associated with insulin resistance in a Spanish population

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the K121Q plasma cell membrane glycoprotein (PC-1) polymorphism on the components of the insulin resistance syndrome in a population-based nationwide multicenter study in Spain. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The subjects of the study were 293 nonrelated adults (44.7% men and 55.3% women) ages 35 to 64 years randomly chosen from a nationwide population-based survey on obesity and related conditions, including insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors. Obesity-related anthropometric measurements included blood pressure, oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides), plasma leptin, insulin levels by radioimmunoassay, and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment). K121Q PC-1 genotypes were determined by restriction fragment-length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Overall Q allele frequency was 0.14, with no differences between obese and nonobese individuals (0.15 vs. 0.13). After adjustment for sex, age, BMI, and degree of glucose tolerance, the Q allele was associated with high plasma leptin and triglyceride levels, but not with insulin resistance. DISCUSSION: The results showed that the K121Q PC-1 polymorphism in the Spanish population has no significant impact on insulin sensitivity.     

Unfavorable effect of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on maternal and fetal essential fatty acid status: a potential marker of fetal insulin resistance

BACKGROUND: Pregestational maternal diabetes increases obesity and diabetes risks in the offspring. Both conditions are characterized by insulin resistance, and diabetes is associated with low membrane arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy compromise maternal and fetal membrane essential fatty acids (FAs). DESIGN: We studied 39 nondiabetic (control subjects), 32 type 1 diabetic, and 17 type 2 diabetic pregnant women and the infants they delivered. Maternal and cord blood samples were obtained at midgestation and at delivery, respectively. Plasma triacylglycerols and choline phosphoglycerides and red blood cell (RBC) choline and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride FAs were assessed. RESULTS: The difference in maternal plasma triacylglycerol FAs between groups was not significant. However, the type 1 diabetes group had lower plasma choline phosphoglyceride DHA (3.7 +/- 0.9%; P < 0.01) than did the control group (5.2 +/- 1.6%). Likewise, RBC DHA was lower in the type 1 [choline: 3.4 +/- 1.5% (P < 0.01); ethanolamine: 5.9 +/- 2.5% (P < 0.05)] and type 2 [choline: 3.5 +/- 1.6% (P < 0.05)] diabetes groups than in the control group (choline: 5.5 +/- 2.2%; ethanolamine: 7.5 +/- 2.5%). Cord AA and DHA were lower in the plasma (type 1: P < 0.01) and RBC (type 2: P < 0.05) choline phosphoglycerides of the diabetics than of the control subjects, and cord RBC ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were lower in DHA (P < 0.05) in both diabetes groups than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes (either type) compromises maternal RBC DHA and cord plasma and RBC AA and DHA. The association of these 2 FAs with insulin sensitivity may mean that the current finding explains the higher incidence of insulin resistance and diabetes in the offspring of diabetic women.     

Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Gene and Glucose Metabolism Characteristics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Comorbidities

BackgroundGenetic variants that affect insulin signaling play an important role in insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to evaluate changes of the glycemic profile and IR in T2DM with comorbid obesity and chronic pancreatitis (CP) considering the allele status of the IRS1 gene (rs2943640).MethodsThe study involved 33 type-2 diabetic patients and 10 healthy individuals. The IRS-1 gene rs2943640 C>A polymorphism was genotyped using the TaqMan real-time PCR method.ResultsIn type 2 diabetic patients regardless of the presence/absence of comorbid obesity and CP glycemic profile parameters significantly did not differ between carriers of allele C or allele A of the IRS1 gene (rs2943640). At the same time significantly higher HOMA-IR (by 2.25 times) was established in carriers of the C allele. In type 2 diabetic patients with both comorbidities (carriers of the C allele) the maximum HOMA-IR was established, which significantly differed from the data of patients with only T2DM and patients with comorbid obesity. In carriers of the A allele significantly higher level of HOMA-IR was found in patients with comorbid obesity and CP vs patients with only T2DM, and also in patients with comorbid obesity vs patients with only T2DM.ConclusionsPresence of the C allele of the IRS1 gene (rs2943640) may indicate risk of high IR in type 2 diabetic patients regardless of the presence/absence of comorbid obesity and CP; here with CP is a more important factor in IR progression then obesity.     

糖尿病患者血清瘦素、内皮素水平与糖尿病视网膜病变不同分期的相关性研究

目的探讨血清瘦素、内皮素水平与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。方法收集本院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者80例,将其分为增殖性视网膜病变组23例,非增殖性视网膜病变组30例,糖尿病无视网膜病变组27例,另设健康对照者30例。采用放射免疫法测定血浆瘦素水平,采用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法原理（ELISA）定量测定内皮素水平,并于生化检验室检验空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胆固醇、三酰甘油。结果病例组,包括增殖性视网膜病变组、非增殖性视网膜病变组、糖尿病无视网膜病变组与对照组血浆瘦素分别为（17．41±5．81）μg／L、（13．32±6．78）μg／L、（9．52±4．34）μg/L、（5．1-4-3．4）μg/L;血浆内皮素水平分别为（80．68±13．57）mg／L、（73．38±12．37）mg／L、（65．33±11．24）mg／L、（45．25±9．06）mg／L。各病例组与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;各病例组组问比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;血浆瘦素水平与年龄、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胆固醇、三酰甘油等无相关。血浆瘦素水平与体重指数呈正相关（r=0．468,P〈0．01）。结论血浆瘦素、内皮素水平是2型糖尿病视网膜病变发病的一种独立危险因子,且随着病情的加重,血浆瘦素、内皮素水平逐渐增高。为糖尿病视网膜病变的早期干预治疗提供了新思路。     

免疫炎性反应与2型糖尿病大血管病变的相关性分析

目的观察免疫炎性反应标志物在2型糖尿病大血管病变患者的表达及相关性。方法收集本院住院治疗120例2型糖尿病患者及60例正常体检者的病史和临床生化资料,2型糖尿病患者根据有无大血管病变分成两组,单纯2型糖尿病组与2型糖尿病大血管病变组。ELISA法分别测定两组患者的免疫炎性反应标记物IL-1B、TNF-仅及Hs-CRP。分析免疫炎性反应与2型糖尿病大血管病变之间的关系。结果2型糖尿病大血管病变组患者血FBG、PPG、HbAlc、Hs-CRP及TNF-a水平[（9．86±1．79）mmol／L、（14．454-5．48）mmol／L、（11．43±3．25）％、（6．79±3．71）mg／L和（1．99±0．65）ng／m1]高于单纯2型糖尿病组[（7．25±0．64）mmol／L、（10．45±2．89）mmol／L、（8．56±1．58）％、（4．724-2．39）mg／L和（1．24±0．44）ng／ml,P〈0．05]。多因素相关分析示,Hs-CRP、TNF．仅和HbAlc是2型糖尿病合并大血管病变的相关危险因素。结论免疫炎性反应参与了2型糖尿病大血管病变的发生发展,而Hs-CRP、TNF-仅及HbAlc是2型糖尿病合并大血管病变的相关危险因素。     

Can anthropometric measurements and diet analysis serve as useful tools to determine risk factors for insulin-resistant diabetes type 2 among white and black Americans?

OBJECTIVE: Central obesity is implicated in the development of insulin resistance by increasing insulin demand and eventually leading to hyperinsulinemia. Anthropometric measurements have been helpful in determining the risk factors in developing diabetes mellitus type 2. In this study we investigated whether anthropometric measurements differ among diabetics of different races. We also evaluated whether nutrient intake of these individuals was related to anthropometric measurement changes. METHODS: Subjects were recruited from four groups: white control (n = 10), black control (n = 10), white diabetic (n = 5), and black diabetic (n = 10). The diabetic subjects had type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance on insulin monotherapy (age and sex matched). The following determinations were made: diet analysis, body mass index (kg/m(2)), the ratio of waist (umbilical level) to hip (maximum at buttocks) circumference, the ratio of waist to thigh (mid-thigh), and body fat percentage. RESULTS: The micronutrient consumption was fairly similar in all groups with the exception of vitamin A (greatest consumption in the white control group, P < 0.05; and the lowest consumption in the black control group, P < 0.05). The data also suggested that central obesity (greatest waist-to-hip ratio) was present in the individuals with type 2 diabetes. The higher total fat, including saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and cholesterol, intake in the diabetic groups were observed. CONCLUSION: The type of fat consumed may be as important as the total fat consumption in the development of insulin resistance. The diet analysis can provide valuable information about the dietary habits of an individual and the possible causes of metabolic problems leading to a disease state. However, genetic factors must be considered when looking at diabetes incidence in different ethnic groups. For example, even though the black diabetic group consumed less fat in comparison with the other groups, their body fat percentages were higher. Therefore, we cannot conclude that high fat intake is primarily responsible for increased body fat percentage. Although anthropometric measurements are a useful tool in risk assessment, researchers should consider anatomic differences among different racial groups as covariables. Diet analysis when used in conjunction with anthropometric measurements can serve as a useful tool to detect whether metabolic alterations are related to dietary habits.