预防性输卵管切除的应用价值与潜在风险

卵巢浆液性癌发病率呈逐年上升趋势,被视为发展最为迅猛的恶性肿瘤,临床发现时多为晚期。近年研究发现,输卵管伞端可能是女性盆腔浆液性癌前病变或癌的来源,输卵管腹膜接合部位(the fallopian tube-peritoneal junction,TPJ)可能与卵巢表面肿瘤有关。因子宫良性病变需切除子宫的绝经前女性,同时接受预防性双侧输卵管切除可能降低其患盆腔浆液性癌和卵巢表面肿瘤的风险。另外,有研究在输卵管组织发现间充质干细胞,其可作为多能干细胞新来源,并在修复生殖系统损伤中存在优势。综述盆腔肿瘤输卵管起源学说,预防性输卵管切除对盆腔良恶性病变的预防作用、术中及术后并发症,预防性输卵管切除在其他领域的应用价值,切除输卵管对卵巢功能的影响,探讨预防性输卵管切除的安全性及可行性。     

子宫外盆腔浆液性癌的起源

子宫外盆腔浆液性癌包括卵巢浆液性癌、输卵管浆液性癌、腹膜浆液性癌。根据细胞分化程度可将卵巢浆液性癌分为低级别和高级别浆液性癌,两者临床特征、预后及分子特征完全不同,是两种不同的疾病。大量证据表明前者由卵巢的良性囊肿如浆液性囊腺瘤、内膜样囊肿等经交界性肿瘤逐步发展而来,而后者起源不明确。传统观点认为高级别浆液性癌起源于卵巢上皮,但对因携带遗传性乳腺癌-卵巢癌综合征易感基因(BRCA)突变行预防性输卵管卵巢切除术的患者手术标本行病理检查,可发现其输卵管伞端存在上皮内癌灶,可能为卵巢高级别浆液性癌的前驱病灶。输卵管浆液性癌及腹膜浆液性癌患者的临床及分子特征与卵巢高级别浆液性癌相似,且输卵管伞端也可见上皮内癌灶,故卵巢高级别浆液性癌、输卵管浆液性癌、腹膜浆液性癌可能均起源于输卵管伞端的上皮内癌灶。     

不同类型上皮性卵巢癌中卵巢与输卵管病变累及关系的研究

目的:研究不同病理类型上皮性卵巢癌的输卵管累及情况,探讨浆液性卵巢癌起源于输卵管上皮的可能性。方法:回顾分析2008年10月至2013年2月在同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院进行初次手术治疗的146例上皮性卵巢癌患者的临床病理资料,比较不同病理类型对输卵管的累及,并比较高级别浆液性癌(HGSC)和低级别浆液性癌(LGSC)的临床病理资料。结果:上皮性卵巢癌中,浆液性癌有69.9%累及输卵管,高于其余病理类型;输卵管累及的病例中,卵巢的病理类型为浆液性癌者占90.6%。浆液性癌中,HGSC组的晚期病例(FIGOⅢ、Ⅳ期)数、累及双侧卵巢、累及输卵管、累及腹膜及大网膜的情况均高于LGSC组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:高级别浆液性卵巢癌较其他病理类型,同时发生输卵管病变的情况更多见,提示输卵管可能为浆液性卵巢癌的起源之一。     

输卵管伞端上皮内癌与高级别盆腔浆液性癌发生的关系

目的 初步探讨发生于伞端的输卵管上皮内癌(TIC)与高级别盆腔浆液性癌发生的关系.方法 选取2009年1月至2010年6月间因原发性高级别盆腔浆液性癌行手术治疗的患者中输卵管伞端结构清晰的全部患者34例作为研究组,包括卵巢浆液性癌26例(卵巢表面受累12例,实质受累14例)、输卵管浆液性癌7例及腹膜浆液性癌l例.选择同...     

子宫切除术中行预防性双侧输卵管切除对卵巢功能的影响

子宫切除术是妇科最常见的手术,以往良性的子宫病变行子宫切除术时并不常规切除双侧输卵管,近年研究提出卵巢浆液性癌可能起源于输卵管的学说,为子宫切除术中行预防性输卵管切除术提供了理论支持,得到了许多临床医生的认可。目前对于子宫切除术中行预防性双侧输卵管切除是否会进一步加重患者围绝经期症状及对卵巢的基础内分泌功能产生影响,目前仍存在争议。本文就子宫切除术中行预防性双侧输卵管切除的风险与意义综述如下。     

卵巢外腹膜浆液性乳头状癌五例临床分析

卵巢外腹膜浆液性乳头状癌五例临床分析张国楠孙维纲彭莉余建樊英陈毅男卵巢外腹膜乳头状浆液性癌（ＥＰＳＰＣ）系原发于腹膜表面、双侧卵巢正常大小、无肿瘤浸润或仅表面有微小浸润，组织学特征与卵巢乳头状浆液性癌相类似的恶性肿瘤［１～３］。ＥＰＳＰＣ少见，１９５...     

卵巢外腹膜乳头状浆液性癌

卵巢外腹膜浆液性头状癌是原发于腹膜表面、双侧卵巢正常或仅表面有微小浸润、组织学形态相似于卵巢乳头状浆液性腺癌的恶性肿瘤。其经病率约占卵巢浆液性癌的７％－１５％，但迄今文献报道不足３００例，本文综述了ＥＰＳＰＣ的命名，组织来源，临床表现，病理特征及组织学诊断标准，免疫组化，治疗和预后。     

化疗对晚期卵巢、输卵管及腹膜浆液性癌淋巴结转移的临床疗效(附70例临床分析)

目的:探讨化疗对晚期卵巢、输卵管及腹膜浆液性癌腹膜后淋巴结转移的临床疗效。方法:将晚期卵巢、输卵管及腹膜浆液性癌70例患者,根据淋巴结切除术与化疗的先后顺序分为2组:A组21例,化疗后行淋巴结切除术。B组49例,淋巴结切除术后化疗。比较2组患者的一般情况、治疗方案及淋巴结转移情况。结果:2组患者的年龄,肿瘤分期分级,治疗前的肿瘤标记物,切除淋巴结的数量等均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。初治时A组患者盆腹腔黏连及转移重于B组;初次手术A组进行满意的肿瘤细胞减灭术的几率明显低于B组(0%vs73.47%,P<0.05)。化疗后A组患者淋巴结转移率低于B组(38.10%vs49.00%,P>0.05),腹主动脉旁淋巴结为肿瘤最常侵犯的淋巴结。A组行TC(泰素/紫杉醇+伯尔定/卡铂)或TP(泰素/紫杉醇+顺铂)方案化疗的患者淋巴转移率低于行CAP(顺铂+阿霉素+环磷酰胺)方案的患者(33.33%vs50%,P=0.045)。结论:化疗对卵巢、输卵管及腹膜浆液性癌淋巴结转移有一定的疗效。初治时不能进行淋巴结切除的患者可考虑先行化疗后再次手术切除淋巴结。     

输卵管感染与癌变及预防性输卵管切除术的价值

临床病理资料提示,输卵管感染可能与输卵管癌、卵巢癌的发生有一定关系,但目前尚无定论。近年来“卵巢癌的输卵管起源学说”使人们日益关注输卵管预防性切除术的价值。目前研究显示,预防性附件切除能有效降低遗传性卵巢癌,尤其是BRCA1/2基因突变携带者的卵巢癌的发病风险,能否降低散发性卵巢癌的发生需进一步探讨。单纯预防性输卵管切除能否降低遗传性及散发性卵巢癌以及其他盆腹腔浆液性腺癌的发病风险也需进一步研究。临床应用预防性附件或输卵管切除时,应慎重评估患者综合情况,权衡手术获益和风险,为患者争取最大手术获益。     

卵巢上皮性癌的腹膜后淋巴结切除对预后的影响

目的　探讨卵巢上皮性癌患者腹膜后淋巴结切除对预后的影响。方法　回顾性分析13 1例卵巢上皮性癌患者的临床资料 ,应用COX风险比例回归模型判断影响预后的因素。结果　多因素分析显示 ,年龄、临床分期、残留灶、腹膜后淋巴结切除术及术后化学药物治疗 (化疗 ) ,是影响预后的重要因素。行和未行腹膜后淋巴结切除术患者的 5年生存率分别为 66%和 41% (P <0 0 1)。对于早期和Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肿瘤残留灶直径 >2cm或黏液性癌患者 ,腹膜后淋巴结切除术并不能提高生存率。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肿瘤残留灶直径≤ 2cm ,行与未行腹膜后淋巴结切除术患者的 5年生存率分别为 65 %、3 0 %(P <0 0 1)。卵巢浆液性癌 ,行与未行腹膜后淋巴结切除术患者的 5年生存率分别为 61%、3 1% (P<0 0 1)。结论　年龄、临床分期、残留灶大小、腹膜后淋巴结切除与否及术后化疗的疗程数 ,与卵巢上皮性癌患者的预后有关。腹膜后淋巴结切除术虽能提高患者生存率 ,但对肿瘤残留灶直径 >2cm的Ⅲ、Ⅳ期卵巢上皮性癌患者 ,可不必行腹膜后淋巴结切除术     

Cervicovaginal cytology and diagnosis of ovarian or peritoneal cancer: case report and literature review

Background The characteristics of women presenting with asymptomatic ovarian or peritoneal cancer diagnosed following evaluation for abnormal cervicovaginal cytology are currently undefined. Case We present a case of a 51-year-old woman with asymptomatic stage IIIC ovarian cancer whose diagnosis was triggered by evaluation for adenocarcinoma and atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) on cervical cytology. We also present a case of a 53-year-old woman with AGUS cervical cytology on two occasions, found to have stage III peritoneal cancer at exploratory laparotomy. Conclusion We conducted a systematic search for articles to enable a review of asymptomatic cases of ovarian and peritoneal cancer, which presented via abnormal cervicovaginal cytology. The mean age at presentation with peritoneal cancer was 47.8 years old, which is similar to that of ovarian cancer of 50.5 years. Staging was provided in 13 cases, 11 of which (85%) were at least stage IIIA or greater. In terms of age greater than 50 years old, cervicovaginal cytology interpreted as AGUS, having a negative initial work-up, and advanced disease stage at presentation, the two cases presented are consistent with the literature. Abnormal cervicovaginal cytology as a presenting diagnostic criterion of cancer of the ovary or peritoneum is often representative of advanced disease.     

The surgical staging of ovarian cancer–current practice in 15 European countries

Abstract. Fifteen leading oncology centers from 15 European countries were polled about the necessity of 16 different surgical procedures for staging ovarian cancer. A considerable lack of agreement was found. Blind peritoneal biopsies are considered mandatory by only half of the participating institutes. Para-iliac lymph node sampling was regarded as an even less necessary step. General agreement was reported on the necessity to include peritoneal washing, infracolic omentectomy, inspection and palpation of all peritoneal surfaces, biopsies of suspect lesions, resection of adhesions adjacent to the primary tumor and para-aortic lymph node sampling. The rationale of the various staging steps is discussed. It is emphasized that attention should be devoted to achieve a consensus of surgical staging before multicenter trials in early ovarian cancer can be successfully undertaken.     

Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in ovarian cancer patients: a long-term follow-up

Abstract.   Rudlowski C, Pickart A-K, Fuhljahn C, Friepoertner T, Schlehe B, Biesterfeld S, Schroeder W. Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF expression in ovarian cancer patients: a long-term follow-up. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16(Suppl. 1): 183–189.
The purpose of the study was to determine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in ascites from ovarian cancer and to correlate these data with VEGF expression in ovarian tumors, serum VEGF concentrations, and clinicopathologic characteristics. Ascites, serum, and tumor tissue from 65 ovarian carcinomas and eight borderline tumors were collected. VEGF concentration in peritoneal fluids and sera was determined using enzyme immunoassay. VEGF tumor expression was evaluated immunohistochemically. Significantly higher VEGF concentrations were found in ascites from malignant tumors (median, 2575 pg mL⁻¹) compared with borderline tumors (median 181.9 pg mL⁻¹) and benign peritoneal fluid (184.5 pg mL⁻¹). Both VEGF ascites concentration and tumor expression correlated with advanced tumor stages and ascites volume. Elevated VEGF ascites levels were negatively correlated to patient survival. No differences between VEGF serum levels could be observed between ovarian cancer patients and patients with benign cysts. This study showed for the first time the clinical significance of elevated VEGF ascites level in ovarian carcinomas. VEGF is expressed by ovarian tumor cells and locally released in the malignant peritoneal fluid but is not increased in the serum of preoperative ovarian cancer patients. The enhanced VEGF level support novel therapeutic perspectives by VEGF inhibition.     

Luteinizing hormone in peritoneal and ovarian cyst fluids: a predictor of ovarian carcinoma

Objective: The aim of this study was to define the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) as a tumor marker, specific for ovarian cancer. Methods: The study included 34 women with functional and benign ovarian cysts, 11 women with borderline ovarian tumors, 22 patients with advanced ovarian cancer and 15 patients with non-ovarian intraperitoneal malignancies. Serum, peritoneal fluid and ovarian cyst aspirates were obtained intraoperatively (laparoscopy or laparotomy) and were subjected to the LH analysis. Results: Peritoneal fluid LH levels were significantly increased in patients with ovarian cancer and those with borderline ovarian tumors as compared to patients with functional and benign ovarian cysts (P=0.005 and P=0.007, respectively). The patients with non-ovarian malignancies demonstrated the same peritoneal fluid LH levels as patients with benign ovarian tumors. There was no significant difference in the level of peritoneal fluid LH between ovarian cancer patients with and without ascites. The patients with functional and benign ovarian cysts demonstrated also significantly lower cyst fluid LH levels as compared to patients with malignant and borderline ovarian cysts (P=0.01 and P=0.03, respectively). Peritoneal and ovarian cyst fluid levels of LH were significantly increased in patients with fibrothecomas as compared to patients with other benign ovarian cysts. There were no significant differences in the serum LH levels comparing patients from all study groups. Conclusion: LH, detectable in peritoneal and ovarian cyst fluids, can be used as a tumor marker for identification of patients with borderline and malignant ovarian tumors.     

Peritoneal tuberculosis with pelvic abdominal mass, ascites and elevated CA 125 mimicking advanced ovarian carcinoma: A series of 10 cases

Abstract. Bilgin T, Karabay A, Dolar E, Develioğlu OH. Peritoneal tuberculosis with pelvic abdominal mass, ascites, and elevated CA 125 mimicking advanced ovarian carcinoma.
Ten patients with peritoneal tuberculosis who were operated on for suspected advanced ovarian cancer during a 5-year period were analyzed. These 10 cases constituted 1.4% of the 728 new gynecologic cancer cases diagnosed and treated at our department during the same time period. Data were obtained from patients' files and pathology reports. The mean age of cases was 40.6 ± 6.1 (median 37; range 18–72). Ascites was present together with ill-defined nodularities or thickening in the Douglas pouch and/or in the adnexal areas on pelvic examination in all patients but three, who presented with well-demarcated adnexal masses of about 5 cm in diameter. All patients had elevated serum CA 125 levels with a median of 331 U/ml, (40–560 U/ml). Ultrasound and abdominopelvic CT examinations revealed omental and mesenteric thickening in addition to ascites in all patients, cystic ovarian masses or ovarian enlargement in five, and peritoneal implants in two. Abdominal paracentesis performed in the six cases in whom the findings were felt to be most inconclusive for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer revealed clear exudative fluid with benign cells. Mycobacteria could not be demonstrated on direct preparations. Tuberculosis was diagnosed at laparotomy in all. Patients received antituberculous therapy and serum CA 125 levels returned to normal within 2 months after the beginning of treatment. This case series demonstrates a high rate of misdiagnosis between advanced ovarian cancer and peritoneal tuberculosis. Whereas abdominal paracentesis is useless in ruling out peritoneal tuberculosis, and serum CA 125 levels are not helpful in the differential diagnosis, the latter marker may be useful in the follow-up of patients.     

Natural history of epithelial ovarian cancer and its relation to surgical and medical treatment

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) represents approximately 90% of primary malignant ovarian tumors, the sixth most common cancer in women and the second most common gynecologic cancer. Approximately 80%-85% of all ovarian carcinomas in Western society are serous and up to 95% of patients are in advanced stages (FIGO stage III-IV) at diagnosis. Treatment of ovarian cancer is mainly based on three key approaches: surgical removal of neoplasia; chemotherapy to kill cancer cells; direct chemotherapy on peritoneal surfaces. The application of hyperthermic chemotherapy to the peritoneal cavity (HIPEC) after radical surgery may also be an attractive option. We analyzed the natural history of EOC in the literature and identified various time-points where sensitivity to chemotherapy, freedom from disease and overall survival are different. We propose eight time-points in EOC history with homogeneous oncological findings. The effectiveness of HIPEC in EOC treatment should be evaluated based on these eight time-points and we believe that retrospective and prospective studies of HIPEC should be evaluated according to these time-points.     

Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in Ovarian Cancer

The standard treatment of ovarian cancer includes upfront surgery with intent to accurately diagnose and stage the disease and to perform maximal cytoreduction, followed by chemotherapy in most cases. Surgical staging of ovarian cancer traditionally has included exploratory laparotomy with peritoneal washings, hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, multiple peritoneal biopsies, and possible pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. In the early 1990s, pioneers in laparoscopic surgery used minimally invasive techniques to treat gynecologic cancers, including laparoscopic staging of early ovarian cancer and primary and secondary cytoreduction in advanced and recurrent disease in selected cases. Since then, the role of minimally invasive surgery in gynecologic oncology has been continually expanding, and today advanced laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic techniques are used to evaluate and treat cervical and endometrial cancer. However, the important question about the place of the minimally invasive approach in surgical treatment of ovarian cancer remains to be evaluated and answered. Overall, the potential role of minimally invasive surgery in treatment of ovarian cancer is as follows: i) laparoscopic evaluation, diagnosis, and staging of apparent early ovarian cancer; ii) laparoscopic assessment of feasibility of upfront surgical cytoreduction to no visible disease; iii) laparoscopic debulking of advanced ovarian cancer; iv) laparoscopic reassessment in patients with complete remission after primary treatment; and v) laparoscopic assessment and cytoreduction of recurrent disease. The accurate diagnosis of suspect adnexal masses, the safety and feasibility of this surgical approach in early ovarian cancer, the promise of laparoscopy as the most accurate tool for triaging patients with advanced disease for surgery vs upfront chemotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and its potential in treatment of advanced cancer have been documented and therefore should be incorporated in the surgical methods of every gynecologic oncology unit and in the training programs in gynecologic oncology.     

Increased expression of heat shock protein 27 correlates with peritoneal metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is the third most common gynecologic malignancy and the leading cause of death in gynecological cancer. Although the 5-year survival rate is increasing, peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer is still a problem because of no potential predictor. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a class of functionally related proteins that are highly expressed in many malignant cancers. Previous studies suggest high levels of HSP27 present in the serum of patients with ovarian cancer. In this study, we investigated whether the expression of HSP27 in epithelial ovarian cancer tissue was associated with peritoneal metastasis and whether HSP27 could be used as a potential predictor of peritoneal metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Tissues from epithelial ovarian cancer with or without peritoneal metastasis were collected and the levels of HSP27 messenger RNA and protein determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the subcellular localization of HSP27. Immunohistochemistry images showed that HSP27 was highly expressed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cancer cells with peritoneal metastasis. Messenger RNA and protein levels of HSP27 were significantly increased in epithelial ovarian cancer with peritoneal metastasis compared with epithelial ovarian cancer without peritoneal metastasis. Higher expression of HSP27 correlated with poor clinical outcome. These data suggest that higher level of HSP27 was associated with peritoneal metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Heat shock protein 27 may be a useful prognostic marker of poor survival and may provide a basis for the development of molecular therapeutics modulating this survival pathway.     

The Significance of Peritoneal Cytology in Uterine Cervix and Endometrial Cancer

Objective.The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of positive peritoneal cytology and to elucidate the prognostic value of peritoneal cytology in patients with uterine cervix and endometrial cancer.Materials and methods.The incidence of positive peritoneal cytology was investigated in 642 patients including 339 uterine cervix and 303 endometrial cancers. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method in a subgroup of 116 stage II cervix and 199 stage I endometrial cancers, and multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazards model was used to identify an independent prognostic factor.Results.The incidence of positive peritoneal cytology was found to be 9% in uterine cervix cancer and 15% in endometrial cancer. The incidence was higher in patients with some clinicopathologic status such as advanced stage, lymph node metastasis, ovarian metastasis, and deeper myometrial invasion. The 5-year survival rate for patients with positive or negative peritoneal cytology was 44 or 80% in stage II cervix cancers and 80 or 92% in clinical stage I endometrial cancers, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that independent prognostic determinants were pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis and peritoneal cytology in stage II cervix cancer and peritoneal cytology in stage I endometrial cancer. Proper treatment protocol should be scheduled for patients with positive peritoneal cytology.     

Long-term survival in advanced ovarian carcinoma following cytoreductive surgery with standard peritonectomy procedures

The impact of cytoreductive surgery with standard peritonectomy procedures has not been extensively assessed in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. The aims of the study are to report the long-term results of patients with advanced ovarian cancer undergoing cytoreductive surgery with standard peritonectomy procedures and to identify the prognostic indicators that may affect outcome. The records of 74 women with advanced ovarian cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical indicators were correlated to survival. The hospital mortality and morbidity rates were 13.5% and 28.4%, respectively. Complete or near-complete cytoreduction was possible in 78.4% of the patients. Overall 10-year survival rate was 52.5%. Complete cytoreductive surgery, small-volume tumor, low-grade tumor, the absence of distant metastases, the use of systemic adjuvant chemotherapy, performance status >70%, and limited extent of peritoneal carcinomatosis were favorable indicators of survival. Complete cytoreduction (P= 0.000) and treatment with systemic chemotherapy (P= 0.001) independently influenced survival. Recurrence was recorded in 37.8% of the patients and was independently influenced by the tumor grade (P= 0.037). Cytoreductive surgery with standard peritonectomy procedures followed by adjuvant chemotherapy offers long-term survival in women with advanced ovarian cancer who have limited peritoneal carcinomatosis and no distant and irresectable metastases.