多聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶在TNF-α致内皮细胞凋亡中的作用

目的 探讨在体外TNF-α引起血管内皮细胞凋亡过程中PARP的变化情况。方法10ng／ml的TNF-α处理原代培养人脐静脉内皮细胞6、12、24和48h后，用Tunel法和DNA Ladder来检测内皮细胞的凋亡，Western-blot来观察PARP的片段化情况，并用^3H掺人法来检测PARP的活性。结果 10ng／ml的TNF-α以时间依赖性引起内皮细胞的凋亡，在干预后12h可以检测出PARP的片段化。PARP的活性也在12h开始降低（P〈0．05）。结论 TNF-α能引起内皮细胞的凋亡。PARP活性的下降在这一过程中起着主要作用，对PARP片段化的检测可以提示内皮细胞的凋亡的发生。     

AngⅡ致内皮细胞凋亡中多聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶活性变化的研究

目的： 探讨体外AngⅡ在引起血管内皮细胞凋亡过程中细胞内多聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶的活性变化情况。方法: 1 μmol/L的AngⅡ处理原代培养人脐静脉内皮细胞6、12、24和48 h后，用TUNEL法来检测内皮细胞的凋亡，用［³H］掺入法来检测PARP的活性，硝酸还原法检测NO含量。结果: 1 μmol/L的血管紧张素Ⅱ以时间依赖性引起内皮细胞的凋亡，6 h后细胞内的NO含量开始增加(P<0.05)，24 h达到高峰，48 h后下降到对照组水平；6 h后PARP的活性上升(P<0.05)，12 h到达高峰，24 h接近正常，48 h后PARP的活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论: NO含量增加导致的细胞毒性在血管紧张素Ⅱ引起内皮细胞的凋亡中有着重要的作用，在这一过程中PARP活性的变化是先上升后下降。     

聚ADP-核糖聚合酶-1在喉鳞状细胞癌细胞DNA氧化损伤及凋亡中的作用

目的 探究聚ADP-核糖聚合酶-1(PARP1)在喉鳞状细胞癌（LSCC）中的表达及其对LSCC细胞DNA氧化损伤与凋亡的影响。方法 收集40例患者的LSCC组织及癌旁组织样本,采用免疫组化染色和qRT-PCR检测LSCC组织与癌旁组织中PARP1的表达。采用不同浓度Menadione诱导LSCC细胞系Hep-2,MTT法检测不同浓度诱导下细胞增殖抑制率。将Hep-2细胞随机分为对照组（正常培养）、Men组（20μmol/L Menadione处理）、Men+PARP1抑制剂组（20μmol/L Menadione+10μmol/L PARP1抑制剂Olaparib共处理）。MTT法计算各组细胞增殖抑制率;流式细胞术检测各组细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平;细胞免疫荧光染色观察各组细胞DNA损伤标记分子γ-H2AX焦点生成情况;Western blot测定各组细胞γ-H2AX、DNA-PKcs、BRCA1、LIG4、Caspase-3及Caspase-9蛋白表达;Hoechst33258染色观察各组细胞凋亡情况。结果 LSCC组织中PARP1阳性表达率及PARP1 mRNA表达均明显高于癌旁...     

多聚ADP-核糖聚合酶抑制剂对帕金森病小鼠相关脑区病理变化的影响

目的研究帕金森病(Park inson’s d isease,PD)小鼠黑质和纹状体多巴胺(dopam inergic,DA)能神经元数量和超微结构的变化及多聚ADP-核糖聚合酶(poly(ADP-ribose)polym erase,PARP)抑制剂PJ34的干预作用。方法采用1-甲基-4-苯-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-m ethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrid ine,MPTP)制备PD小鼠模型,并用PJ34进行干预,2h、24h、72h进行酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)免疫组化染色观察DA能神经元数量,透射电镜观察超微结构改变。结果与正常对照小鼠比较,PD小鼠黑质TH阳性神经元进行性减少,核膜皱缩,染色质凝聚成块并有边聚现象;纹状体TH阳性神经纤维稀疏,突触数量减少。与PD小鼠比较,PJ34干预组黑质TH阳性神经元明显增多,纹状体TH阳性神经纤维密度增加(P<0.01),细胞形态比模型组明显改善。结论PARP的活性改变在PD的发病过程中发挥重要作用,PARP抑制剂对DA能神经元有保护作用。     

多聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶和半胱天冬蛋白酶-3在过氧亚硝基阴离子致气道上皮细胞损伤中的作用

目的:探讨过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO^-)介导气道上皮细胞损伤的作用机制。方法: 在培养的大鼠气道上皮细胞(RTE), 观察应用多聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PARP)抑制剂3-氨基苯甲酰胺(3-AB)和半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)抑制剂Ac-DEVD-CHO后, 外源性给予ONOO^-对RTE细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放、凋亡百分率的影响, 用Westernblot分析PARP裂解片段。结果:3-AB不能完全抑制ONOO^-引起的RTE细胞LDH释放率的增高。3-AB对ONOO^-引起的RTE细胞凋亡无明显影响。Ac-DEVD-CHO呈剂量依赖性抑制ONOO^-诱导的RTE细胞凋亡。ONOO^-致RTE细胞凋亡过程中有PARP的裂解。结论:PARP活化是ONOO^-介导RTE细胞损伤的途径之一, 过度的PARP活化参与了ONOO^-所致的RTE细胞坏死;caspase-3活化裂解PARP在ONOO^-致RTE细胞凋亡过程中起重要作用。     

多聚（二磷酸腺苷-核糖）聚合酶介导过氧亚硝基阴离子致豚鼠气道反应性增高的研究

目的:探讨多聚(二磷酸腺苷-核糖)聚合酶(PARP)在ONOO^-致豚鼠气管高反应性中的作用。方法:建立离体豚鼠气管条对组胺反应的浓度反应曲线,观察PARP抑制剂3-氨基苯甲酰胺(3-AB)对过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO^-)诱导豚鼠气管反应性变化的影响。结果:ONOO^-(0.5 mmol/L)引起豚鼠气管上皮细胞明显受损,气管条对组胺的反应性及敏感性明显增高,3-AB(1 mmol/L或5 mmol/L)逆转了ONOO^-的上述作用;3-AB(5 mmol/L)本身对正常气管条收缩反应无明显影响。结论:PARP介导了ONOO^-所引起的气道上皮细胞的损伤和气道高反应性的形成,提示通过抑制PARP的过度活化可为防治哮喘气道高反应性提供新策略。     

聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶在休克和缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶在失血性休克、内毒素性休克和感染性休克,以及机体主要脏器缺血再灌注后激活,参与休克和缺血再灌注损伤的病理过程。抑制聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶对休克和缺血再灌注损伤有良好的防治作用。     

染锰大鼠生精细胞凋亡中caspase-3 mRNA、凋亡蛋白酶活化因子-1及多聚ADP核糖聚合酶的表达变化

目的:研究染锰诱导的大鼠生精细胞凋亡过程中,天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸酶-3(caspase-3)mRNA和凋亡蛋白酶活化因子-1(Apaf-1)、多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)的表达及其关系,探讨它们在生精细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠,设立空白对照组、低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg MnCl_2)组。实验组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,TUNEL法检测生精细胞凋亡,原位杂交法和免疫组织化学法检测生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA、Apaf-1和PARP的表达。结果:与空白对照组比较,各染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)和caspase-3mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率均显著降低。染锰剂量相同,6周与4周组比较,以及染锰时间相同,高剂量组与低剂量组比较,生精细胞AI和caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率均显著降低。各组大鼠生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率呈正相关,与Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率呈负相关。结论:锰可影响大鼠生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA表达,促进Apaf-1和PARP分解,导致生精细胞凋亡,产生生殖毒性效应。     

肿瘤坏死因子与细胞凋亡

肿瘤坏死因子具有多种生物学活性，其与细胞膜上特异性受体结合后，能诱导某些非肿瘤细胞和大多数肿瘤细胞凋亡，对清除病理状态下机体受损的细胞及杀灭肿瘤细胞，起着重要的作用。ＤＮＡ? 转录和蛋白合成抑制剂可增强其诱导的凋亡效应，其他协同因素也得到进一步的研究     

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase at active centromeres and neocentromeres at metaphase

A double-stranded 9 bp GTGAAAAAG pJ alpha sequence found in human centromeric alpha-satellite DNA and a 28 bp ATGTATATATGTGTATATAGACATAAAT tandemly repeated AT28 sequence found within a cloned neo- centromere DNA have each allowed the affinity purification of a nuclear protein that we have identified as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Use of other related or unrelated oligonucleotide sequences as affinity substrates has indicated either significantly reduced or no detectable PARP purification, suggesting preferential but not absolute sequence-specific binding. Immunofluorescence analysis of human and sheep metaphase cells using a polyclonal anti-PARP antibody revealed centromeric localization of PARP, with diffuse signals also seen on the chromosome arms. Similar results were observed for mouse chromosomes except for a significantly enlarged PARP-binding region around the core centromere-active domain, suggesting possible 'spreading' of PARP into surrounding non-core centromeric domains. Enhanced PARP signals were also observed on alpha-satellite-negative human neo- centromeres and on the active but not the inactive alpha-satellite-containing centromere of a human dicentric chromosome. PARP signals were absent from the q12 heterochromatin of the Y chromosome, suggesting a correlation of PARP binding with centromere function that is independent of heterochromatic properties. Preliminary cell cycle analysis indicates detectable centromeric association of PARP during S/G(2)phase and that the total proportion of PARP that is centromeric is relatively low. Strong binding of PARP to different centromere sequence motifs may offer a versatile mechanism of mammalian centromere recognition that is independent of primary DNA sequences.     

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase activation mediates lung epithelial cell death in vitro but is not essential in hyperoxia-induced lung injury

Hyperoxia induces extensive DNA damage and lung cell death by apoptotic and nonapoptotic pathways. We analyzed the regulation of Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a nuclear enzyme activated by DNA damage, and its relation to cell death during hyperoxia in vitro and in vivo. In lung epithelial-derived A549 cells, which are known to die by necrosis when exposed to oxygen, a minimal amount of PARP-1 was cleaved, correlating with the absence of active caspase-3. Conversely, in primary lung fibroblasts, which die mainly by apoptosis, the complete cleavage of PARP-1 was concomitant to the induction of active caspase-3, as assessed by Western blot and caspase activity. Blockade of caspase activity by Z-VAD reduced the amount of cleaved PARP-1 in fibroblasts. Hyperoxia induced PARP activity in both cell types, as revealed by poly-ADP-ribose accumulation. In A549 cells, the final outcome of necrosis was dependent on PARP activity because it was prevented by the PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide. In contrast, apoptosis of lung fibroblasts was not sensitive to 3-aminobenzamide and was not affected by PARP-1 deletion. In vivo, despite evidence of PARP activation in hyperoxia-exposed mouse lungs, absence of PARP-1 did not change the extent of lung damage, arguing for redundant oxidative stress-induced cell death pathways.     

Poly(ADP-ribose) and carcinogenesis

Poly(ADP-ribose) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were discovered about 40 years ago, but their significance was not well elucidated until recently. In the early stage of the history of PARP, the presence of antibodies in the sera of human patients with lupus erythematosus indicated its natural occurrence. PARP, as well as the degrading enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), are present in most eukaryotes except for yeasts. Studies that used inhibitors of PARP indicated the involvement of PARP and poly(ADP-ribose) in DNA damage repair, and eventually PARP was purified and the gene was cloned. Molecular analysis then revealed various functional domains, such as the one for binding to strand breaks of DNA. Parp-1-deficient and Parg-deficient cells showed, in general, enhanced sensitivity to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. Parp-1 knockout mouse embryonic stem cells developed into teratocarcinoma-like tumors when injected subcutaneously into nude mice, these tumors featuring giant cells similar to syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells with hyperploidy. Parp-1 was also found in centrosomes, suggesting that poly(ADP-ribose) and PARP-1 are functionally involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure and the equal distribution of chromosomes into daughter cells. Intriguing findings on the real biological significance continue to be generated, with new light shed on mechanisms of carcinogenesis and pointing to novel cancer treatments. Highlights during the last four decades of studies by laboratories focusing on poly(ADP-ribose)/PARP, including our own, are condensed and summarized in this review.     

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA-fragmentation factor (DFF45): expression and correlation in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrial tissues

This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA fragmentation factor 45 (DFF45) in normal endometria (NE, n=13), non-atypical (NAH, n=22) and atypical hyperplasia (AH, n=14), endometrioid carcinoma (EC, n=34), serous carcinoma (SC, n=10), and clear cell carcinoma (CCC, n=2). With regard to quantity and intensity of positively stained cells, immunostaining was scored as negative, low, and strong. Nuclear PARP immunoreactivity was found in all cases. If present, DFF45 immunoreactivity was detected predominantly in the nucleus and to some extent in the cytoplasm. PARP immunoreactivity increased significantly from NE via NAH to AH (P=0.0004), and decreased from AH to endometrial carcinomas (P=0.0054). DFF45 immunoreactivity increased significantly from NE to NAH and to AH (P=0.0009). No significant differences were calculated between AH and endometrial carcinomas (P=0.7495). FIGO stages and tumor grades could not be characterized by PARP and DFF45 immunoexpression (P=1.000 and 0.7383, as well as P=0.3034 and 0.7533, respectively). Pearson correlation revealed significant associations of PARP and DFF45 immunoscores for all diagnostic categories of NE, NAH, AH, EC, and SC/CCC. Immunoexpression of PARP and DFF45 is apparently altered in endometrial carcinomas as compared with non-neoplastic endometrial tissues, indicating impaired mechanisms of apoptosis in the former.     

Effect of thyroid hormone responsive protein (THRP) expression on PC12 cell survival

The thyroid hormone responsive protein (THRP) is a novel gene product that remains responsive to thyroid hormone in the cerebral cortex of adult rats. The biological effects of THRP are currently unknown. Since thyroid hormones (TH) are known to cause cell death in primary neuronal cultures, the effect of exogenous THRP expression on PC12 cell viability was investigated. Co-transfection of the THRP expression plasmid with the selectable marker pSV2neo resulted in a lower number of surviving PC12 cells compared to transfection with pSV2neo and the empty vector, pSVL. Similar results were observed when PC12 cells were transfected with the plasmid pCMV.SPORT.β-gal with and without pSVL-THRP. However, expression of exogenous THRP in the colonic epithelial cell line Caco-2 and the glial cell line U251 had no effect on cell viability. Coexpression of THRP with either the wild-type (WT)-c-Abl or a kinase-defective mutant c-Abl (K290R) did not alter the cell viability changes induced by THRP alone. Under these experimental conditions the predominant form of cell death was necrosis as evidenced by in situ analyses, such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and staining with membrane permeating and non-permeating nuclear dyes, Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide respectively. In addition cell cycle arrest induced by THRP was demonstrated by reduced ³H-thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA. The number of PC12 cells treated with 10⁻⁷ M of l-3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T₃) was significantly reduced after the fourth day of culture. Treatment of the cells with T₃ resulted in a dose dependent induction of THRP mRNA. It is concluded that: (1) THRP expression induces PC12 cell death; (2) under these experimental conditions the form of cell death is predominantly necrosis although cell cycle arrest may also occur; (3) the effect of THRP on cell viability is not modulated by c-Abl tyrosine kinase; and (4) the effect of T₃ treatment on PC12 cell survival may be mediated by THRP. Electronic Publication     

Both mild hypothermia and dopamine D(2) agonist are neuroprotective against hyperthermia-induced injury in PC12 cells

We exposed rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells to hyperthermia or high dosage of dopamine and examined the direct effects of mild hypothermia or dopamine D(2) receptor agonist. At a hyperthermia of 42-43 degrees C for 120min there was approximately 50% loss of cell viability accompanied by dopamine overproduction. The model of cell death due to hyperthermia in PC12 cells belonged to the necrotic and late apoptotic population. At each temperature examined below 37 degrees C, significant decrease in cytotoxicity, the percentage of necrotic and late apoptotic cells, and dopamine overproduction were observed. Cytotoxicity could also be induced by high dosages of dopamine. Both hyperthermia and dopamine induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells could also be reduced by dopamine D(2) agonists. These results indicate the dopamine is important in hyperthermic situations. The results also indicate that mild hypothermia and dopamine D(2) receptor agonists are neuroprotective against hyperthermia-induced brain injury.     

Increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in lymphoblastoid cell lines from centenarians

 Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins which is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and represents an immediate response of eukaryotic cells to oxidative and other types of DNA damage. Previously a strong correlation had been detected between maximal poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in permeabilized mononuclear leukocytes of various mammalian species and species-specific life span. To study a possible relation between longevity and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in humans we measured maximal oligonucleotide-stimulated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in permeabilized, Epstein-Barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines from a French population of 49 centenarians and 51 controls aged 20–70 years. Maximal enzyme activity was significantly higher in centenarians than in controls [median of controls: 9035 cpm/10⁶ cells (lower quartile: 6156; upper quartile: 11,410); median of centenarians: 10,380 cpm/10⁶ cells (lower quartile: 7994; upper quartile: 12,991); P=0.031 by Mann-Whitney U test]. In a subset of 16 controls and 24 centenarians, cellular poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase content was determined by quantitative western blotting, thus allowing the calculation of specific enzyme activity. The latter was significantly higher in centenarians (P=0.006), the median value for centenarians being about 1.6-fold that of controls. Specific poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity was a more powerful parameter for differentiating between centenarians and controls than enzyme activity relative to cell number. In addition, in a genetic association study we analyzed 437 DNA samples (239 centenarians and 198 controls) by PCR amplification of a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat located in the promoter region of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene in an attempt to detect an association between this polymorphic marker and variability of enzyme activity or human longevity. However, this genetic analysis revealed no significant enrichment of any of the alleles or genotypes identified among centenarians or controls, but its power was limited by the relatively weak hetero-zygosity of this polymorphic marker in our population (51%). Viewed together with previous results on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in various mammalian species, the present data provide further evidence for the notion that longevity is associated with a high poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capacity. Received: 5 September 1997 / Accepted: 10 November 1997     

Poly(ADP-ribose) signal in seizures-induced neuron death

Poly(ADP-ribose) is found to be involved in many physiological or pathological processes. It is mainly modulated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Either PARP or PARG is associated with the neuronal death in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Cumulative data have suggested that poly(ADP-ribose) regulation might have a therapeutic value in neurotoxicity-induced neuron damage, probably due to the inhibition of apoptosis, suppressing of inflammation and activation of cell survival signaling. We hypothesize poly(ADP-ribose) play an important role in seizures-induced neuron death. Seizures can lead to neuron degeneration as for the exitotoxity of glutamate. Recently, it is indicated seizures also can trigger PARP activation. Further investigation is needed to determine whether poly(ADP-ribose) signal is a therapeutic target for seizures-induced injury.