原发性肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞术后16层螺旋CT表现与血清AFP变化相关性分析

目的 探讨原发性肝细胞性肝癌(HCC)介入治疗后16层螺旋CT表现与血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)含量变化的关系.方法 对42例HCC患者,均行经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE),术后3～4周行上腹部平扫及双期增强扫描,观察碘油沉积范围和肿瘤强化范围,并同时测定患者血清AFP水平并计算治疗前后其下降百分率,使用统计软件分析两者的相关性.结果 42例HCC患者TACE术后,肿瘤强化范围0%～100%不等,其中＜25% 5例,25%～50% 15例,＞50% 22例,与患者血清AFP含量下降百分率呈负相关( r =-0.776,P＜0.05 ).碘油沉积范围0%～100%不等,其中无碘油沉积4例,＜25% 12例,25%～50% 16例,＞50% 10例,与血清AFP含量下降百分率呈正相关(r=0.907,P＜0.05 ).结论 HCC患者TACE后16层螺旋CT表现与血清AFP含量下降百分率具相关性,可以作为介入治疗效果的评价指标.     

原发性肝细胞癌经动脉导管栓塞化疗联合射频消融术后的CT及MRI表现

目的:回顾性评价原发性肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)经肝动脉导管化疗栓塞(transcatheter ar-terial chemoembolizstion,TACE)联合射频消融术(radiofrequencr ablation,RFA)后的CT及MR表现。方法:回顾性收集2004年6月～2009年6月的肝癌病例42例(共49个病灶)进行了TACE联合RFA治疗。术后随访为3～24个月。用CT及MR评价肝内病灶的密度(信号)、强化方式、边界和大小等变化。结果:TACE联合RFA完全的病灶CT表现为不规则致密碘油沉积(高密度)和消融区域(低密度无强化)混合存在。MRI表现为T1WI等、高信号,T2WI等、低信号,增强扫描无强化。TACE联合RFA1个月之内行CT扫描的患者中,7个病灶术后存在片状或环行强化,复查消失。随访中,5例CT及3例MR表现为病灶体积增大或出现不规则强化,提示复发。结论:用CT或MRI对TACE联合RFA术后患者进行评价可以了解栓塞和射频消融是否完全或是否存在残留或复发。     

三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的疗效分析

目的 观察三维适形放疗联合TACE对不能手术的原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的临床疗效.方法 33例原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者,TACE 1～2次后,行三维适形放射治疗,大体肿瘤靶区只包括癌栓,不包括肝内原发灶,采用4～6个共面或非共面照射野,使90%的等剂量曲线覆盖PTV.照射总量45～60Gy,单次照射剂量2～4 Gy/次.结果 有效率（CR＋PR）为54.6%（18/33）,1、2年的生存率分别为45.5%和21.2%.无严重并发症出现.结论 三维适形放射治疗联合TACE对肝癌合并门静脉癌栓有较好的疗效.     

原发性肝癌动脉期CT表现与经肝动脉化疗栓塞疗效相关性研究

 目的 分析肝癌动脉期螺旋CT表现,探讨原发性肝癌的血供特点与经肝动脉化疗栓塞疗效及预后的相关性.方法 对69例行至少3次肝动脉化疗栓塞技术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)治疗的原发性肝癌患者进行疗效及预后随访,并与术前螺旋CT动脉期血供分型对比分析.根据术前动脉期肿瘤CT强化程度,将其血供分为富血供型(均匀强化型+不均匀强化型)和乏血供型(强化不明显型+无明显强化型).根据随访CT肿瘤大小改变、碘油沉积情况及有无新发病变,将近期疗效分为有效和无效.结果 69例中,近期有效27例,近期无效42例.在富血供中有效26例,无效14例;而乏血供中有效仅1例,无效为28例,富血供患者近期疗效优于乏血供(χ2＝40.481,P＜0.001).同时近期有效者的生存状况亦优于无效者(χ2＝22.39,P＜0.001),其6、12、24个月的累积生存率分别为96.30%,89.89%,50.24%和80.95%,45.28%,10.65%.结论 原发性肝癌动脉期血供CT分型与TACE术后的疗效及预后相关,利用动脉期螺旋CT表现进行原发性肝癌血供评估,有助于临床预测原发性肝癌的疗效和预后.     

含脂肪原发性肝癌的影像学表现

目的:分析含脂肪肝癌的CT和MRI表现。方法:回顾性分析11例含脂肪肝癌的CT和MRI表现。结果:8例含少量脂肪成分,3例含大片脂肪成分,11例均见包膜样结构,7例实质部分呈"快进快出"样强化。结论:包膜样结构和实质部分的快进快出强化有利于含脂肪肝癌的诊断,慢性肝病史和AFP升高有利于与其它肝脏含脂肪病变相鉴别。     

原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉及右心房癌栓的动脉内化疗栓塞治疗

目的 评价肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉及右心房癌栓的可行性.方法 回顾性分析经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗16例原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉及右心房癌栓的患者.在行氟尿嘧啶、丝裂霉素、吡柔比星动脉灌注化疗后用与吡柔比星、碘油和PVA颗粒(直径300 μm)混合物进行肿瘤供血动脉栓塞治疗.结果 癌栓治疗有效患者11例(占68.7％,11/16),其中位生存期为13.5个月(7.5～26个月).整组的中位生存期为12个月(范围2.6 ～ 26个月).5例癌栓无反应组(癌栓对治疗无反应)的中生存期为3.3个月(2.6～ 12.5个月)(P＜0.01).所有患者无严重栓塞后并发症发生.结论 肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉及右心房癌栓是安全,有效的方法.     

螺旋CT对肝细胞肝癌化疗性栓塞的近期疗效观察的价值探讨

目的:探讨螺旋CT对肝细胞肝癌化疗性栓塞(TACE)近期疗效的评价作用。方法:回顾性分析30例,共36个病灶行TACE后近期(3~6个月)的CT变化,所有病例均经手术病理证实,着重观察病灶大小、坏死情况、碘化油沉积情况、有无复发。结果:栓塞化疗后3~6个月的CT变化:①病灶大小:变小30个病灶,占83.3%(30/36);②碘化油分布情况:高浓度均匀分布18个病灶,占50%(18/36);弥散分布16个病灶,占44.4%(16/36);③病灶坏死程度:如完全无强化,则为完全坏死,8个病灶(22.2%);坏死在50%~89%之间为不完全坏死,10个病灶(27.8%);<50%为部分坏死,12个病灶(33.3%);④TACE(3~6个月)后,原病灶增大或出现新病灶为复发,4个病灶(11.1%)。TACE疗效与TACE前CT表现之间有一定联系,其中单一瘤灶包膜完整者,病灶均完全坏死,此类疗效最好,8个病灶(占22.2%)。CT平扫或增强检查观察病灶大小、碘化油分布情况、肿瘤坏死情况、有无复发病灶可作为TACE近期疗效的评价标准。结论:螺旋CT能简单而直观地反映肝癌化疗性栓塞的近期疗效。     

肝癌合并门脉癌栓的化疗栓塞治疗

１２８例肝癌合并门脉癌栓病人经２次以上插管治疗，Ａ组肝动脉内灌注化疗药物，Ｂ组药物灌注加碘油栓塞，Ｃ组化疗加碘油及明胶海绵粒栓塞。三组１年生存率分别为２５．００％，２８．５２％，４１．７６％，平均生存７．２个月、８．４个月及１０．３个月。Ｃ组疗效最好，１例病人存活达７年，说明、门脉癌栓不应是肝动脉化疗栓塞的禁忌证，对没有严重肝硬化及肝功能损害的门脉癌栓病人均应进行化疗栓塞治疗。     

术前肝动脉化疗栓塞对减少原发性肝癌手术癌残存的意义

目的探讨减少原发性肝癌手术癌残存的方法。方法分组对照研究199例能一期手术切除的原发性肝癌。研究组68例术前、术后均予肝动脉化疗碘油栓塞(LP-TACE)治疗,对照组131例术后予LP-TACE治疗。分别统计2组常规CT、手术病理的子灶数,以及研究组手术切除前LP-TACE及碘油栓塞后CT扫描(LP-CT)的子灶数,统计2组术后癌残存率及残存癌灶数,予t及χ2检验,研究术前TACE与手术癌残存的关系。结果研究组术前LP-TACE并LP-CT使子灶的发现率较常规CT提高了21.50%,前后相比较,P<0.05,具显著性差异;研究组与对照组相比较常规CT子灶均数及子灶敏感率,t=0.075,χ2=2.545,P>0.05,无显著性差异;手术癌残存率研究组为27.94%,对照组为46.56%,2组相比较,P<0.05,具显著性差异。结论原发性肝癌术前LP-TACE治疗,对发现肝内微小病灶,降低手术癌残存具有重要意义。     

原发性输卵管癌影像学表现

目的：探讨原发性输卵管癌（PFTC）的影像学表现,提高对该病的诊断准确性。方法：回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实的PFTC病例,其中9例行CT检查,3例行MRI检查。结果：10例为单侧病灶,2例为双侧病灶。CT表现：输卵管区分叶状或不规则状实性肿块1例;不规则囊实性肿块5例;腊肠形、“C”形实性肿块3例;管状囊性肿块伴管壁软组织结节3例。增强后实性部分轻到中度强化,呈延时强化,囊性部分不强化。MRI表现：实性部分呈稍长T1稍长T2信号,囊性部分呈长T1长T2信号,增强后肿块不均匀强化,实性部分DWI呈高信号。5例伴有输卵管积水。8例患侧子宫圆韧带均匀增粗,走形自然,增强后均匀强化。结论：PFTC典型表现为附件区腊肠样实性肿块,管形囊性肿块伴乳头状突起,伴输卵管积水。患侧子宫圆韧带增粗是PFTC重要的间接征象。     

Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Inferior Vena Cava and Right Atrial Tumors

Advanced hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) with invasion of venous systems usually indicates not only a poor prognosis but also a contraindication for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). This study evaluated the feasibility of TACE for advanced HCC with inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium (RA) tumors and, also, to search for the ideal embolization particle size. Twenty-six patients who had HCC invasion into the IVC included five patients with coexistent RA tumors that were treated with TACE. The chemoembolization method was cisplatin, doxorubicin, and mitomycin C mixed with Lipiodol and Ivalon. The selection of Ivalon particles was divided into two groups based on their size: (A) >180 μm, N = 9; and (B) 47–180 μm, N = 17. The overall response rate was 53.8% (14/26). Based on the response to TACE, the median survival period of the entire group was 4.2 months (range, 1.5 to 76.7 months). The median survival period of the 14 responders was 13.5 months (1.5–76.7 months), and that of the 12 nonresponders, 3.3 months (2.1 to 24.3 months) (p < 0.002). Comparing the two Ivalon particle sizes, the response rate was 12.5% (1/9 patients) for group A and 76.5% for group B (13/17 patients) (p < 0.02). No serious complication was observed post-chemoembolization. In conclusion, TACE is a safe and effective treatment for advanced HCC with IVC and RA tumors, and small Ivalon particles (47–180 μm) are superior to large ones (>180 μm). An erratum to this article can be found at     

Tumor Response to Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization in Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Objective

To evaluate the tumor response and patient survival rate following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (r-HCC) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).

Materials and Methods

Twenty-eight patients with r-HCC underwent one or more cycles of TACE after LDLT (mean, 2.5 cycles). After a mixture of iodized oil and anti-cancer drugs was injected via the arteries feeding the tumors, these vessels were embolized with a gelatin sponge. Tumor response was determined by follow-up CT imaging on all patients four weeks after each TACE procedure. Patient survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve.

Results

After TACE, targeted tumor reduced in size by 25% or more in 19 of the 28 study patients (67.9%). However, intrahepatic recurrence or extrahepatic metastasis occurred in 21 of the 28 patients (75.0%) during the 3-month follow-up period and in 26 of the 28 patients (92.9%) during the 6-month period following TACE. Extrahepatic metastasis was noted in 18 of the 28 patients (64.3%). The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates following TACE were 47.9, 6.0 and 0%, respectively, with a mean survival of nine months in all patients. There were no significant complications related to TACE.

Conclusion

TACE produces an effective tumor response for targeted r-HCC after LDLT. However, the survival rate of patients with r-HCC after LDLT is poor due to extrahepatic metastasis and intrahepatic recurrence.     

CT引导下射频消融术在肝脏恶性肿瘤治疗中的临床应用

目的评价肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合全麻下CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融(RFA)治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的疗效。资料与方法原发性肝癌患者20例,肿瘤切除术后复发6例,肝转移瘤5例,男23例,女8例,年龄40～74岁。所有患者均先行TACE术(1～2次),然后在全麻CT引导下经皮穿刺行RFA治疗,其中2例联合手术行RFA治疗,2例做了2次RFA治疗。随诊2～36个月,观察并发症和疗效。结果 31例患者共进行43次RFA治疗,未出现任何严重并发症。23个肿瘤完全坏死,11个部分坏死。结论 TACE联合全麻下CT引导下RFA治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤是一种有效的微创治疗方法。     

肝细胞癌扩散至右肾上腺的CT表现及其解剖学基础

目的分析肝细胞癌(HCC)扩散至右肾上腺的CT增强表现特征，探讨扩散的途径和解剖学基础，为临床提供全面的影像学信息，帮助选择治疗方案。资料与方法经临床、病理证实的HCC连续性病例中，回顾性分析肿瘤扩散至右肾上腺患者39例，另选择临床确诊为HCC，但右肾上腺形态、密度无异常者5例作为对照组。全部病例均采用螺旋CT动、门脉双期增强扫描。重点观察病灶部位、大小、密度，肝裸区是否受侵犯，肝内病灶与右肾上腺之间的毗邻关系，右肾上腺形态、轮廓、密度，右肾上腺区域有无软组织密度肿块及其强化特征。结果39例肝内病灶经裸区侵犯右肾上腺，其中10例右肾上腺区未形成软组织肿块，但右肾上腺与肝内肿块分界不清、正常轮廓消失，动脉期其密度低于左肾上腺，门静脉期密度不均匀；29例右肾上腺区见软组织肿块或结节且与肝内肿块分界不清，右肾上腺正常轮廓消失或完全被肿块包埋。右肾上腺区肿块，CT增强扫描动脉期呈不均匀明显强化或轻度强化，门脉期密度降低，其强化时相及特征与肝内原发病灶一致。结论HCC可通过肝裸区直接侵犯右肾上腺。根据CT增强动、门脉双期扫描右肾上腺形态、密度有无异常及右肾上腺区软组织肿块密度、强化时相和特征，可判断HCC是否扩散至右肾上腺。     

PET-CT同机融合显像在肝癌TACE治疗后的应用价值

目的探讨18F脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET-CT同机融合显像在肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌后的应用价值。方法15例原发性肝癌患者,肿瘤直径4~10cm,经TACE后3个月内完成18F-FDGPET-CT检查,与DSA和临床随访结果对照。结果15例患者TACE后PET显像均可见放射性缺损区,有11例肝内可见18F-FDG放射性增高灶,4例患者PET显像肝内未见明显18F-FDG放射性增高灶。18F-FDG放射性增高灶主要位于放射性缺损区周边,融合显像显示18F-FDG摄取增高灶与碘油沉积无对应关系。临床随访证实,11例18F-FDG摄取增高灶为残存肿瘤灶;经过再次TACE治疗或利用融合显像结果制定计划进行三维适形放疗后,18F-FDGPET-CT显像显示原18F-FDG浓聚灶范围缩小或消失。4例肝内未见明显18F-FDG放射性增高患者DSA显示肿瘤边缘仍有肿瘤染色。结论中晚期肝癌栓塞化疗后病灶边缘部分仍有肿瘤存活或残留,18F-FDGPET-CT显像可对大部分残存肿瘤定性定位,指导进一步治疗并监测疗效,但部分患者残存病灶18F-FDGPET-CT显像不能检出。     

CT Findings of Completely Regressed Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Main Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis after Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the sequential CT findings of controlled hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with main portal vein (MPV) thrombosis with the use of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and additional intra-arterial cisplatin infusion.

Materials and Methods

From January 2004 to September 2006, 138 patients with HCC invading MPV were referred to the angiography unit of our institution for chemoembolization and additional intra-arterial cisplatin infusion. Until August 2008, seven (5%) of 138 patients were followed-up and found not to have tumor recurrence. CT scans were retrospectively reviewed by two radiologists, focusing on the following parameters: the extent of portal vein thrombosis, the diameter of the affected portal vein, and enhancement of portal vein thrombosis.

Results

The extent of portal vein thrombosis at the initial presentation was variable: left portal vein (LPV) and MPV (n = 1), right portal vein (RPV) and MPV (n = 3), as well as RPV, LPV and MPV (n = 3). The extent and diameter of the affected portal vein decreased during follow-up examinations. In addition, the degree of enhancement for tumor thrombi and serum alpha-feto-protein levels decreased after the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Portal vein thrombosis was found to be completely resolved in one patient, whereas residual thrombus without viability was persistent in six patients.

Conclusion

If chemoembolization is effective in patients with HCC that invades the portal vein, the extent and enhancement of portal vein thrombosis is reduced, but residual thrombosis frequently persists for months or years, without evidence of a viable tumor.     

结节型肝细胞癌的螺旋CT多期扫描

目的：描述结节型肝细胞癌的螺旋ＣＴ动脉期、门脉期和延迟期增强特点,比较各期的病灶检出率,重点评价动脉期、延迟期的价值。方法：２６例结节型肝细胞癌病人行螺旋ＣＴ双期、三期动态扫描后,观察病灶的强化方式,统计各期病灶检出数。结果：２６例基于手术病理和影像方法共发现４５ 个病灶,螺旋ＣＴ多期扫描共发现４２个,平扫、肝动脉期、门脉期、延迟期及三期合计的检出率分别为６６．７％ 、８６．７％ 、７１．１％ 、６５．２％ 、９３．３％ 。动脉期检出敏感性明显高于其他各期,三期结合可明显提高对结节型肝癌的检出率。结论：螺旋ＣＴ多期动态扫描能显示肝细胞癌的增强特点,明显提高结节型肝细胞癌的检出敏感性。     

Supplemental Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization Through a Collateral Omental Artery: Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of supplemental transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) through the extrahepatic collateral omental artery (OA) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: We studied 21 patients with extrahepatic collaterals of the OA, among 1,512 patients with HCC who had undergone angiography. HCCs supplied by collateral OAs were located at: segment IV in seven, segment V in five, segment III in three, segment VI in three and segment VIII in three patients (Couinaud classification of segments). On preoperative CT scans, every HCC was abutting the liver surface. Adjacent omental infiltration or engorgement was noted in 11 patients. Celiac and hepatic arteriograms showed hypertrophy of the feeding OA in all patients. TACE of the OA was performed in 19 patients with an emulsion of iodized oil and doxorubicin hydrochloride. Embolization with gelatin sponge particles was added in five patients. Results: Collaterals of the OA to the HCC were found on the first to seventeenth sessions of TACE. On follow-up CT scans, five patients showed complete uptake of iodized oil in the tumor. Partial uptake of iodized oil was noted in 13 patients and no uptake in one patient. There was no serious complication that related to the omental embolization, such as omental or bowel ischemia. The cumulative survival rates from the time of the TACE of the OA were 81% at 6 months and 68% at 12 months. Conclusion: TACE of the OA is safe and has a potential therapeutic effect in the treatment of HCC.     

肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞后肿瘤发展的CT研究

目的：评价肝癌肝动脉碘油抗癌药化疗栓塞后肿瘤发展的ＣＴ表现并探讨其有关因素。方法：搜集４５例栓后ＣＴ复查发现肿瘤发展的病例进行分析。结果：４５例栓后肿瘤发展的ＣＴ表现如下：（１）原瘤灶边缘局部发展１５例（３３．３％ ）;（２）肿瘤整个增大发展９例（２０％ ）;（３）肝内其它部分出现１例（２．２％ ）;（４）原瘤灶边缘部及肝内他处出现１６例（３５．６％ ）;（５）肿瘤整个增大发展伴肝内他处出现４ 例（９％ ）。结论：可通过观察栓后肿瘤边缘部碘油潴留形态判断疗效及栓后肿瘤生长情况。     

ADC值在肝癌经导管动脉化疗栓塞术后疗效评价中的价值初探

目的:探讨ADC值在肝癌经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)后疗效评价中的应用价值。方法:15例经导管动脉化疗栓塞后行Ⅱ期切除的肝细胞癌患者,术前进行磁共振扩散成像,对其ADC值与肿瘤病理特征进行相关对照分析。结果:肿瘤成活区与坏死区ADC值分别为(1.42±0.16)×10-3mm2/s、(1.58±0.18)×10-3mm2/s,两者之间差异有统计学意义(t=2.618,P<0.05)。不同病理分化程度的肿瘤成活区ADC值差异有统计学意义(t=-2.646,P<0.05),肿瘤的ADC值与其病理分化程度存在负相关(r=-0.607,P<0.05)。不同坏死程度的整个肿瘤ADC值差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.236,P<0.05),整个肿瘤的ADC值与其坏死程度存在显著正相关(r=0.689,P<0.01)。结论:ADC值能较好地鉴别肝癌成活、坏死组织,并在一定程度上反映肿瘤分化及坏死情况,在肝癌TACE术后疗效评价中具有一定的应用价值。