三维数字血管造影在颅内动脉瘤诊治中的应用

目的探讨三维数字血管造影(3D-RA)对颅内动脉瘤诊治的应用价值及其与常规DSA检查相比的优势。方法回顾资料完整的38例40枚颅内动脉瘤患者。分析全脑血管常规DSA造影及病变血管或病变疑似血管3D-RA检查和三维重建图像。分别观察记录常规DSA及3D-RA对颅内动脉瘤提供的诊断信息。24例采用手术开颅银夹夹闭动脉瘤治疗,14例采用血管内栓塞治疗。结果38例40枚颅内动脉瘤,其中前交通动脉瘤16枚,后交通动脉瘤13枚,大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤5枚,颈内动脉瘤3枚,椎基底动脉瘤2枚,小脑后下动脉瘤1枚;其中小型动脉瘤(动脉瘤体直径小于5mm)12枚,中型动脉瘤(动脉瘤体直径6~10mm)20枚,大型动脉瘤(动脉瘤体直径16~25mm)6枚,巨型动脉瘤(动脉瘤体直径大于25mm)2枚;动脉瘤呈囊袋状23枚,呈哑铃形12枚,不规则形4枚,梭形1枚;颅内动脉瘤单发36例,多发2例。常规DSA诊断动脉瘤37枚,占92.5%(37/40),3D-RA诊断动脉瘤40枚,占100%(40/40)。经与手术或血管内栓塞治疗结果比较,本组DSA诊断颅内动脉瘤敏感性92.5%,特异性100%,准确率96%。3D-RA诊断颅内动脉瘤敏感性及特异性均为100%,准确率100%。结论3D-RA能较常规DSA更好的显示颅内动脉瘤的形态、大小、瘤颈部及载瘤动脉与动脉瘤的关系、动脉瘤囊腔有无重要分支发出等等。     

Morphologic and functional magnetic resonance imaging of renal artery stenosis: a multireader tricenter study.

The effect of combined morphologic and functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on the interobserver and intermodality variability for the grading of renal artery stenosis is assessed. In a randomized, blinded tricenter analysis, seven readers evaluated 43 renal arteries on x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 3D-Gadolinium MR angiography (3D-Gd-MRA), cine phase-contrast flow measurement (PC-flow), and a combined analysis of the last two. Interobserver variability was assessed for the grading of renal artery stenosis as well as regional vessel visibility. Intermodality variability for stenosis grading was analyzed in cases in which the readers agreed on the degree of stenosis in DSA. DSA had a substantial interobserver variability for the grading of stenosis (mean kappa kappa 0.64). 3D-Gd-MRA revealed a slightly improved interobserver variability but incorrectly graded 6 of 34 stenoses on a two-point scale (<50%, > or =50%). The combined approach of 3D-Gd-MRA and PC-flow revealed the best (P = 0.0003) interobserver variability (median kappa = 0.75) and almost perfect intermodality agreement with DSA (97% of cases). These findings were confirmed in a prospective analysis of 97 renal arteries. The vessel visibility of the renal artery ostium was significantly better in 3D-Gd-MRA than in DSA, whereas the visibility of the hilar and intrarenal vessels was significantly worse (P = 0.0001). A combined morphologic and functional MR examination significantly reduces interobserver variability and offers reliable and reproducible grading of renal artery stenosis based on stenosis morphology and hemodynamic changes. It can be considered a safe and noninvasive alternative for diagnostic DSA in cases that do not require assessment of intrarenal vessels.     

Simultaneous revascularization of the renal arteries in conjunction with reconstruction of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta

Simultaneous revascularization of stenosed renal arteries during resection of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta was performed in a consecutive series of 30 patients (mean age: 65 +/- 7 years; men 27 [90%]; women 3 [10%]). Right renal artery was operated upon in 20/30 cases (66%) and left renal artery in 15/30 cases (50%) for a mean degree of stenosis of 79 +/- 19%. Suprarenal extension of the aneurysm of the abdominal aorta was observed in 7/30 cases (23%). Emergency operation because of rupture of the aneurysm was necessary in 7/30 cases (23%). The following procedures were performed upon the renal arteries, either isolated or combined, in addition to resection of the aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: reimplantation of the renal artery in 15 cases, thrombendarteriectomy of the renal artery in 11 cases, patchangioplasty in 8 cases, bypass in 4 cases, dilatation in 1 case, autotransplantation in 1 case. The 30-day mortality was 1/23 (4%) for elective procedures versus 3/7 (43%) for emergency procedures (ruptures). Systolic (diastolic) blood pressure dropped from a preoperative mean value of 181 +/- 139 (104 +/- 18) mm Hg to a postoperative mean value of 147 +/- 18 (80 +/- 18) mm Hg: p less than 0.05 (p less than 0.05). Hence, simultaneous revascularization of stenosed renal arteries during resection of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta helps not only to salvage renal parenchyma but also to control the risk factor hypertonia in a significant number of patients.     

Glomerulitis during acute cellular rejection may be a surrogate marker of vasculitis in renal allografts--better index for diagnosis of vasculitis

Background

The Banff criteria (from 2005 to 2009) use “T cell-mediated rejection” to indicate acute cellular rejection. Vasculitis in smaller arteries is an important diagnostic criterion for moderate and severe T cell-mediated rejection. The renal allograft endothelium is a significant target of inflammatory response-mediated tissue damage. Medium-size arteries (arcuate arteries) are mostly absent in routine allograft biopsies, so identification of vasculitis relies on its identification in small arteries (arterioles to interlobar arteries). Although inflammation in terminal vessels such as the glomerular capillaries has been previously recognized, their role in grading the rejection process is not well characterized. We therefore evaluated the expression of CD3-positive T lymphocytes and CD68-positive macrophages in glomeruli, small arteries, and arcuate arteries of nephrectomy specimens obtained from transplant and renal tumor patients.

Methods

The study group included 21 renal explant subjects with nonreversible moderate to severe T cell-mediated rejection (IIa to III) and/or severe chronic changes. The control group comprised 17 individuals with nephrectomy for renal tumors. In each case, a large renal section from cortex to medulla was stained for CD3 and CD68 by immunohistochemical method. CD3-positive T lymphocytes and CD68-positive macrophages per balanced high-power field were counted in glomeruli, interlobar arteries, and arcuate arteries.

Results

In control kidney sections, neither CD3-positive T lymphocytes nor CD68-positive macrophages were noted in glomeruli, interlobar arteries, or arcuate arteries. In the study group, 15/21 showed diffuse C4d positivity. Also in the study group, positive CD3 and CD68 counts in glomeruli were significantly correlated to both interlobar and arcuate artery counts by linear regression analysis.

Conclusion

We conclude that in renal allograft biopsies, T lymphocytes and macrophages in the glomeruli not only represent a separate entity, “transplant glomerulitis,” but also may be a surrogate marker of vasculitis present in larger vascular beds. Comparable amounts of T cells and macrophages imply that “acute cellular rejection” may be a better terminology to reflect the true inflammatory status.     

在肝癌介入治疗中联合应用Syngo Dyna CT、Inspace 3D重建技术与DSA的价值

目的探讨在肝癌TACE治疗中联合应用SyngoDynaCT及Inspace3D图像重建技术与DSA的价值。方法收集380例肝癌患者,其中原发性肝癌295例,转移性肝癌85例,均接受常规及旋转DSA,其中35例常规DSA示肿瘤血管重叠者接受DynaCT断层成像。结果295例原发性肝癌造影均显示为动脉供血,其中270例仅见肝固有动脉供血,25例可见其他变异动脉参与供血。35例接受DynaCT断层扫描,Inspace3D图像均可清晰显示肿瘤供血血管分支及走行。结论联合应用DynaCT断层成像及Inspace3D重建技术与DSA能够提高对肝癌小病灶及边缘性病灶的检出率,清晰显示纡曲血管与肿瘤的关系,在肝癌介入治疗中具有重要应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声评价经皮肾镜技术围手术期肾脏血流动力学

目的探讨经皮肾镜技术（PCNL）对围手术期肾脏血流动力学的影响。方法应用CDFI观察30例接受单侧、单通道PCNL患者术前1天及术后5-7天患侧各级肾动脉血流参数,并进行统计学分析。结果术后各级肾动脉阻力指数（RI）均低于术前,肾门处主肾动脉、叶间动脉、小叶间动脉舒张末期血流速度（Vmin）升高（P〈0.05）。重度积水患者术后段动脉、叶间动脉RI降低（P〈0.05）,叶间动脉Vmin增加（P〈0.05）;中度积水患者术后各级肾动脉RI降低（P〈0.05）,主肾动脉、小叶间动脉Vmin增加（P〈0.05）;轻度积水患者术后主肾动脉、段动脉RI降低（P〈0.05）,段动脉Vmin增加（P〈0.05）;无积水患者术后段动脉、叶间动脉RI降低（P〈0.05）。结论 PCNL术后短期内患侧肾脏肾动脉舒张期灌注改善,RI降低。CDFI可观察肾内血流灌注,并量化肾内血流动力学信息。     

三维增强核磁共振血管造影在内脏动脉瘤诊治中的应用

目的 探讨三维增强核磁共振血管造影在内脏动脉瘤诊治中的临床价值.方法 对43例内脏动脉瘤患者行三维增强MR血管造影检查,19例同期行数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA).三维增强MR血管造影用屏气超快速三维梯度回波序列,图像减影后进行三维重建.结果 43例共50个内脏动脉瘤,涉及脾动脉32个(其中5例脾动脉异位起源于肠系膜上动脉),占64%;肠系膜上动脉7个(14%),腹腔动脉干5个(1例为腹腔系膜干),肾动脉4个,肝动脉2个.三维增强MR血管造影能清楚显示动脉瘤部位、大小、形态,并在立体直观显示动脉瘤及其与周围血管脏器关系方面优于DSA.43例中,行栓塞治疗15例,手术9例,保守观察19例.结论 三维增强MR血管造影能尤创、准确诊断内脏动脉瘤,所提供的三维解剖细节有助于临床治疗方案的制定,可作为内脏动脉瘤的首选检查方法.     

一体式开窗型腔内移植物腔内隔绝治疗肾周腹主动脉瘤

目的探讨一体式开窗型腔内移植物腔内隔绝治疗肾周腹主动脉瘤的可行性。方法1例64岁男性并存严重冠状动脉狭窄的肾周腹主动脉瘤患者,根据术前薄层CT精确测量数据,设计相应的一体式开窗型腔内移植物。在全身麻醉及数字减影血管造影（DSA）监视下应用此一体式开窗型腔内移植物隔绝腹主动脉瘤,且双侧肾动脉内各置人了一覆膜球囊扩张支架。结果术后即时DSA造影肠系膜上动脉、双肾动脉及左髂内动脉通畅,瘤腔无内漏,术后肌酐较术前略有下降。术后10d复查三维螺旋CT血管造影显示一体式开窗型腔内移植物形态良好,无扭曲、移位、脱节,无内漏,肠系膜上动脉、双肾动脉及左侧髂内动脉通畅、显影良好。结论应用个体化的一体式开窗型腔内隔绝术治疗肾周腹主动脉瘤是可行的。     

旋转DSA三维重建成像对观察血管空间解剖关系的价值

目的探讨旋转DSA三维重建数字减影血管成像（3DDSA）对观察血管空间解剖关系的价值。方法69例患者同时进行了常规DSA和3DDSA检查。常规DSA后进行旋转DSA检查,对旋转DSA采集的数据进行容积三维重建。由2位工作经验丰富的阅片者采用双盲法对2DDSA和3DDSA的图像进行分析。结果69例患者中,常规DSA诊断阳性病例65例（阳性率94．20％）,3DDSA诊断阳性病例62例（阳性率为89．86％）。在常规DSA和3DDSA中,分别有44例（67．69％）阳性病例和62例（100％）阳性病例病变周围血管关系显示清晰满意。结论3DDSA能更清晰地显示病变血管及其与相邻血管间的关系,尤其对血管性病变具有重要价值,是对常规血管造影的重要补充。     

Juxtarenal abdominal aneurysmectomy.

The term juxtarenal abdominal aneurysm is used to describe an aneurysm whose neck is level or adjacent to the origin of one or both renal arteries. Misinterpretation of these appearances could result in the operation being abandoned with the erroneous diagnosis of suprarenal aneurysm. We report 38 patients with a median age of 66 who underwent juxtarenal aneurysm repair, 18 of whom had been diagnosed as having an abdominal aneurysm extending above the renal arteries. Computed tomography, duplex scanning and selective aortography in 7 cases, failed to reveal the true nature of the aneurysm owing to the upper part of the sac lying over the origin of the renal arteries, resulting in aortic tortuosity at this point. The true extent of the aneurysm was best demonstrated by aortography performed in the lateral position. The operations were undertaken through a long midline incision. The aorta is cross-clamped at the supra-renal level and the proximal anastomosis is performed from inside the aneurysm at the level of the renal arteries. The occluding clamp is subsequently re-positioned over the graft ensuring restoration of renal flow and the distal anastomosis is completed in a routine manner. Associated renal artery disease in three hypertensive patients was simultaneously reconstructed. Unfavourable anatomical conditions led to re-implantation of the renal artery in one case and transection with interposition of a vein graft in another. 95% of the patients survived to leave hospital.     

活体肾移植供肾动脉解剖学特点及其处理的临床体会

目的 总结活体肾移植供者肾动脉解剖学特点及多支动脉供肾的手术处理方式.方法 分析我中心142例活体肾移植供者术前数字减影血管造影和CT血管成像的供肾动脉解剖结果.用6种不同方式对多支动脉供肾进行显微技术处理,比较供肾多支动脉受者(n=31)与供肾单支动脉受者(n=111)术后早期的临床疗效.结果 30.99%的供者存在肾脏多支动脉,两侧肾脏相似(左肾22.54%,右肾22.13%),在一侧存在时,对侧也存在的概率分别为56.25%和60.00%.左肾动脉主干稍粗(P=0.001)且主干上第1个分支距腹主动脉距离稍近(P=0.004).多支动脉组受者手术时间和供肾冷、热缺血时间延长,但在术中出血量、移植肾功能延迟恢复、急性排斥反应及移植肾彩超弓形动脉流速等方面与单支动脉组差异并无统计学意义.在术后7 d、1个月、3个月3个观察点2组受者血清肌酐和肌酐清除率相似,重复测量的方差分析还表明供肾是否为多支动脉对术后早期肾功能的变化趋势并无影响.结论 充分了解活体供肾的动脉解剖并采用正确的处理方式是保证移植效果的重要因素.     

2型糖尿病合并肾动脉狭窄相关危险因素临床分析

目的：探讨糖尿病合并肾动脉狭窄相关危险因素与高效临床检测方法,以期能及时发现糖尿病合并肾动脉狭窄患者,极早治疗,避免肾功能恶化。方法对120例糖尿病合并肾功能不全,或者难治性高血压的患者,应用肾动脉 CTA检查,根据有无肾动脉狭窄分为2组,收集各组患者年龄、血压、糖尿病病程、吸烟及冠心病病史等情况,彩超检查两肾长径差值、叶间动脉 RI 、肾动脉血流流速及颈动脉内膜厚度,实验室检查血肌酐、尿蛋白、血脂、胱抑素 C、糖化血红蛋白及同型半胱氨酸等指标。结果 DSA证实肾动脉CTA阳性患者均有不同程度肾动脉狭窄,肾动脉狭窄患者的年龄、血压、叶间动脉 RI 、肾动脉血流流速及颈动脉内膜厚度、血脂、胱抑素 C、糖化血红蛋白及同型半胱氨酸等指标均与非狭窄组有明显统计学差异,其中胱抑素C、糖化血红蛋白及同型半胱氨酸呈正相关。而2组患者两肾长径差值、血肌酐、尿蛋白无统计学差异。结论肾动脉 CTA检查发现肾动脉狭窄的准确率高达100%。糖尿病患者的年龄、高血压水平,糖尿病病程、高血脂、肾动脉血流流速、叶间动脉 RI 、颈动脉内膜厚度联合血清胱抑素C、糖化血红蛋白及同型半胱氨酸等指标可以及早发现肾动脉狭窄,可作为预测糖尿病动脉狭窄的指标应用于临床。     

离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤一例并文献复习

目的探讨离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植技术治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤的安全性和可行性。方法CT血管造影（CTA）确诊复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤1例,病变位于肾动脉主干分叉部,累及节段分支动脉,深入肾门内。肾脏暂时性离体后,在低温和肾脏灌注液灌注保护肾脏的前提下,体外进行肾动脉瘤修补和自体大隐静脉肾动脉重建,然后将肾脏异位移植到右侧髂窝。结果手术成功,围手术期无严重并发症发生。术后血肌酐暂时性升高至约200μmol／L,半个月后逐渐恢复正常;术后2周复查CTA示右髂窝移植肾动脉及其分支血流通畅无狭窄,肾静脉回流通畅,输尿管无狭窄。结论该方法治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤安全可行,并为以后类似的复杂性肾脏疾病的处理提供了可行方法。     

脾动脉瘤7例诊治分析

目的：探讨脾动脉瘤的诊断和手术治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析7 例脾动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果：6例经彩色多普勒超声（B超）初步诊断;4例经CT动脉造影（CTA）,2例经数字减影血管造影术（DSA）,1例经磁共振造影（MRA）确诊;无1例依靠临床症状而确诊。单纯脾动脉瘤切除术1例,脾动脉瘤加脾脏切除术1例,脾动脉瘤切除加动脉重建术1例,动脉瘤近远端脾动脉结扎术1例,脾动脉瘤栓塞术2例,脾动脉瘤栓塞术加脾切除术1例。随访2个月至3年。无死亡及严重并发症病例。结论：脾动脉瘤依赖临床表现难以诊断,B超有筛选价值,CTA,MRA,DSA均有诊断价值。一旦确诊应尽早选择腔内介入栓塞治疗或手术方法。     

Clinical usefulness of multi-planar reconstruction images of three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography for internal carotid artery aneurysms

The usefulness of multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) images of three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (3D-CTA) for the diagnosis of internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms is described. Eleven unruptured ICA aneurysms including six cases of IC-cavernous aneurysm, two cases of IC-ophthalmic artery aneurysm, two cases of IC-posterior communicating artery aneurysm and one cases of IC-anterior choroidal artery aneurysm, were examined by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 3D-CTA and its MPR images. 3D-CTA and DSA were useful to identify the aneurysmal neck in small aneurysms, but it was difficult to identify the aneurysmal neck in small aneurysms by 3D-CTA-MPR images. DSA and MRA were not useful for identifying the aneurysmal neck in aneurysms more than 10 mm in diameter, as a precise viewing of the neck could not be found due to their large size. For large aneurysms, neither was 3D-CTA useful for identifying the aneurysmal neck when their large size and surrounding bony structures overlapped the aneurysmal neck. On the other hand, 3D-CTA-MPR was very useful for identifying the aneurysmal neck without overlapping by surrounding bony structures. 3D-CTA-MPR images clearly visualized the calcification of the wall. 3D-CTA-MPR images are obtained from 3D-CTA source images without any additional stress to the patients, and they are more useful for the diagnosis as well as demonstration of the aneurysmal neck particularly in more than large aneurysms.     

Can magnetic resonance angiogram be a reliable alternative for donor evaluation for laparoscopic nephrectomy?

BACKGROUND: While hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (HLDN) is less invasive, which can encourage kidney donation, it requires more exact information about the renal vascular anatomy because of its limited visual field during nephrectomy. MRA is also an attractive choice because of its minimal invasiveness; further, it is an outpatient-based procedure, it uses non-nephrotoxic contrast material and it has no radiation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gadolinium enhanced three-dimensional MRA (GdE-3D MRA) in a group of potential live donors who were candidates for HLDN. METHODS: From September 2002 to December 2004, 40 potential live renal donors were evaluated prospectively with GdE-3D MRA, and this imaging modality was performed before the gold standard, the intra-arterial digital subtraction angiogram (IA-DSA), was carried out. All the images were reviewed in a blinded manner by the attending vascular radiologist. The MRA findings were compared with the DSA findings and the surgical findings as the reference methods. We evaluated the accuracy of MRA for imaging the renal architectures, and especially for imaging the renal accessory arteries and the early branching arteries that are important determinants for selection of the donor kidney. RESULTS: Both the MRA and DSA images showed consistent findings with the surgical findings in 92.5% of the 40 donors. There were no discrepant cases in depicting the main renal artery. MRA showed 100% specificity for imaging both the renal accessory arteries and the early branching arteries, when compared with the surgical findings. The kappa values for the MRA and DSA for the accessory arteries were all 0.66 compared with the intraoperative findings. MRA also depicted one huge renal cyst in one donor and many small renal cysts in the other donors that could not be imaged by DSA. There were no adverse events during the MRA procedure. None of the findings missed by MRA resulted in deleterious consequences at laparoscopic nephrectomy for the donor and graft. CONCLUSIONS: Our limited experience with GdE-3D MRA for imaging the renal structures in kidney donor evaluation for HLDN has been quite satisfactory.     

A rare anomaly of the anterior communicating artery complex hidden by a large broad-neck aneurysm and disclosed by three-dimensional rotational angiography

Double fenestration of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) complex associated with an aneurysm is a very rare finding and is usually caused by ACoA duplication and the presence of a median artery of the corpus callosum (MACC). We present a patient in whom double fenestration was not associated with ACoA duplication or even with MACC, representing therefore, a previously unreported anatomic variation. A 43 year old woman experienced sudden headache and the CT scans showed subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). On admission, her clinical condition was consistent with Hunt and Hess grade II. Conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed and revealed multiple intracranial aneurysms arising from both middle cerebral arteries (MCA) and from the ACoA. Three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) disclosed a double fenestration of the ACoA complex which was missed by DSA. The patient underwent a classic pterional approach in order to achieve occlusion of both left MCA and ACoA aneurysms by surgical clipping. The post-operative period was uneventful. A rare anatomical variation characterised by a double fenestration not associated with ACoA duplication or MACC is described. The DSA images missed the double fenestration which was disclosed by 3D-RA, indicating the importance of 3D-RA in the diagnosis and surgical planning of intracranial aneurysms.     

内脏动脉重建联合主动脉腔内修复杂交手术经验总结

目的总结内脏动脉重建联合主动脉腔内修复杂交手术经验。方法12例杂交手术一期或二期完成。内脏动脉重建术中制作多分支人工血管。人工血管主体与腹主动脉或髂动脉吻合,远端各分支与双侧肾动脉、肠系膜上动脉、腹腔干及其分支分别吻合。前期部分肾动脉的处理采用自体肾移植,后期完全采取人工血管旁路方案。出院后CT血管造影（CTA）随访各内脏动脉吻合口是否通畅。结果12例内脏动脉重建术,重建腹腔干及其分支共11支,肠系膜上动脉12支,肾动脉共18支（包括自体肾移植5支）。内脏动脉人工血管吻合方式,前期采用端侧吻合,后期优先采用端端吻合。3例发生腹膜后出血。2例自体肾移植发生肾积水、尿漏。1例内脏动脉重建术后因胸腹主动脉瘤破裂死亡。1例发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）后继发心功能衰竭死亡。内脏动脉重建术相关围手术期死亡率为9．1％（1／11）。无一例发生截瘫。术后CTA随访7例,重建内脏动脉共23支全部通畅。结论杂交手术治疗累及内脏动脉的主动脉扩张性病变有效可行。手术方案的演变表明合理的内脏动脉解剖入路、人工血管旁路设计和吻合方式是手术成功的关键因素。     

胸主动脉瘤及夹层腔内修复术中左锁骨下动脉的处理

目的探讨胸主动脉瘤及夹层腔内修复术中左锁骨下动脉的处理方法。方法2000年6月至2005年12月,54例胸主动脉瘤及夹层患者的近端锚定区小于15mm,需处理左锁骨下动脉。腔内修复术在X线透视下进行,支架型血管通过输送系统携带到病变部位,根据病变特点对左锁骨下动脉采取一期完全覆盖（40例）、部分覆盖（3例）、完全覆盖后腔内重建（1例）、完全覆盖前外科重建（10例）等方法处理,观察治疗后效果。结果所有患者术中均应用数字减影血管造影进行脑循环评估。40例一期完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉;10例腔内覆盖前行右锁骨下动脉．左锁骨下动脉或左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉旁路术;3例覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口1／2～4／5后再通过球囊扩张、支架植入重建左锁骨下动脉;1例完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉后应用腔内人造血管开窗技术重建左锁骨下动脉。所有辅助技术均取得成功,未出现严重脑及上肢并发症。腔内修复术后近端Ⅰ型内漏发生率17％（9／54）。一期完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉患者术后早期窃血综合征发生率20％（8／40）,左肱动脉平均收缩压（63±24）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）。结论通过辅助腔内或腔外技术,可对短颈胸主动脉瘤及夹层病变进行有效的腔内修复术;对左锁骨下动脉的处理方式根据椎基底动脉、Willis环及双侧颈动脉状况来确定。     

Complementary use of computed tomographic angiography in treatment planning for posterior fossa subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether the complementary use of computed tomographic angiographic (CTA) assessments would provide additional benefits in the evaluation and treatment of ruptured vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms. METHODS: In the past 4.5 years, 35 patients with an infratentorial dominant pattern of subarachnoid hemorrhage were complementarily examined with CTA scanning, after undergoing one or more three-dimensional rotational projection digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) studies. The results of these studies were interpreted by the treating neurosurgeon and an interventional radiologist, to examine the usefulness of the findings for the detection of aneurysms and to determine the grade of parent artery vascular filling and the optical definition of the aneurysm. This information provided additional benefits for case management. RESULTS: Thirty-three aneurysms were detected. For 10 patients, no aneurysm was identified in repeated examinations with the two methods. We detected only 16 of the 25 ruptured aneurysms (64%) on the first DSA scans and, even with repeated examinations, 6 aneurysms were not clearly identified with this technique. CTA scanning revealed the ruptured aneurysms in 25 cases and demonstrated increased vascular filling and improved optical definition of the aneurysms, compared with DSA scanning, in 12 cases (48%). The information obtained from the CTA scans allowed the selection of five patients for endovascular treatment and facilitated the surgical procedures in five cases. CONCLUSION: Complementary CTA examination of the vertebrobasilar complex provides a higher rate of aneurysm detection and improves the optical definition and anatomic projection of these aneurysms, compared with DSA scanning alone. This facilitates therapeutic decision-making (surgical versus endovascular procedures) and allows neurosurgeons to use more restricted surgical exposures.