股二头肌长头腱等长重建膝关节外侧副韧带

目的：通过研究膝关节外侧副韧带在股骨髁上的等长点,采用股二头肌长头腱等长重建膝关节外侧副韧带,并探讨其临床结果。方法：自2001年6月至2007年6月,采用股二头肌长头腱等长重建外侧副韧带16例,男10例,女6例;年龄20-58岁,平均38-4岁。急性损伤4例,陈旧性损伤12例,病程5d-11个月。3例合并后十字韧带损伤．2例合并前十字韧带损伤,整组病例不包含其他后外侧结构损伤的病例。切取股二头肌长头肌腱的中1／3,固定在其股骨外髁的等长点上,通过膝关节内翻应力试验,判断膝关节外侧结构的稳定性。结果：外侧副韧带腓骨附着点或股二头肌长头肌腱的中1／3腓骨附着点至外侧副韧带股骨附着点的前方或前下方8-10mm处具有较好的等长性。术后随访12—24个月,平均13．5个月。术前稳定性检查,完全伸膝内翻不稳Ⅲ度7例,Ⅱ度9例;屈膝30。位,内翻不稳Ⅲ度9例,Ⅱ度7例。术后16例完全伸膝位均无内翻不稳;屈膝30。位,I度内翻不稳2例,其内翻应力试验外侧关节间隙较健侧增大程度小于5mm。结论：应用股二头肌长头腱等长重建膝关节外侧副韧带能有效恢复膝关节外侧结构在屈伸过程中的稳定性,手术创伤相对较小,是一种理想的重建方法。     

半腱肌腱等长重建膝关节后外侧复合体

目的通过研究膝关节外侧副韧带在股骨髁上的等长点,采用半腱肌腱等长重建膝关节后外侧复合体,并探讨其临床结果。方法自2001年2月至2005年2月,对18例膝关节后外侧复合体陈旧性损伤患者采用自体同侧半腱肌腱等长重建。男12例,女6例;年龄19～52岁,平均39岁。术中将半腱肌腱双折后从腓骨头外侧副韧带止点的骨隧道穿入,从腘腓韧带止点的骨隧道穿出;然后分别固定在其股骨外侧髁的等长点上。通过观察膝关节内翻和外旋的稳定性,判断膝关节后外侧结构的稳定性。结果外侧副韧带腓骨附着点至股骨附着点的前方或前下方8￣10mm处具有较好的等长性;而腓骨后上方的腘腓韧带附着点与腘肌腱股骨附着点相对等长。重建术后随访12￣24个月,平均14个月。18例患者完全伸直位均无内翻不稳,屈膝30°位时膝关节Ⅰ度内翻不稳2例。3例屈膝30°和90°位小腿外旋增加5°￣8°,平均6°;14例外旋和健侧相同;1例外旋减小。结论应用半腱肌腱等长重建膝关节后外侧复合体能有效恢复膝关节后外侧结构的稳定性,手术创伤相对较小,是一种理想的重建方法。     

Larson术式重建膝关节后外侧结构的治疗体会

目的探讨采用Larson术式重建膝关节后外侧结构的临床疗效。方法 2014年4月至2018年8月,安徽医科大学附属六安医院骨科收治膝关节后外侧结构损伤患者18例,其中男11例,女7例;年龄29～49岁,平均(37.7±6.3)岁。膝关节Lysholm评分为(52.3±7.0)分。国际膝关节文献委员会(the international knee documentation committee knee evaluation form,IKDC)评分综合评分均为D级。Fanelli分型为C型损伤。切取自体半腱肌,关节镜辅助下,后外侧切口切开重建后外侧结构。结果 18例患者均获随访,随访时间12～14个月,平均13个月。膝关节稳定性,屈膝0°位无内翻不稳;屈膝30°位内翻不稳3例,均为Ⅱ度,伴有硬性终止点。屈膝30°、90°位外旋试验,与健侧比较,屈膝90°位无明显异常。胫骨外旋角度为(1.6±1.3)°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=7.472,P=0.000);屈膝30°位外旋不稳2例(均10°),胫骨外旋角度为(2.3±2.2)°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=8.008,P=0.000)。膝关节Lysholm评分为(88.4±4.8)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=11.469,P=0.000)。IKDC综合评分:A级10例,B级5例,C级3例;与术前比较差异有统计学意义(Z=4.285,P=0.000)。结论采用Larson术式重建膝关节后外侧复合体(posterolateral complex,PLC),患者膝关节稳定性大大提高,膝关节功能评分优良,获得了满意的临床疗效。     

关节镜辅助下应用自体半腱肌腱微创重建膝交叉韧带和加强重建后外侧角韧带

目的探讨膝交叉韧带和后外侧韧带结构损伤的治疗方法 ,评估临床治疗效果。方法 2004年5月～2009年2月,对32例膝交叉韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤的患者,在关节镜辅助下应用自体半腱肌腱一期重建交叉韧带和加强重建后外侧角韧带。结果 32例随访1～4年,平均2.3年。所有患者在站立、行走和下楼梯时没有与膝关节后外侧不稳相关的过伸位膝关节不稳感;未发现行走时膝关节内甩者。关节活动度,屈曲110°～130°,平均118°;伸0°～5°。按照IKDC膝关节评分标准,主观评价:正常10例(31%),近似正常16例(50%),不正常6例(19%),无严重异常;客观评价48～95分,平均83分。结论对膝交叉韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤,通过应用自体半腱肌腱微创手术重建能够满意恢复膝关节后外侧的稳定性和关节功能。     

股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧角韧带结构

目的采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧角韧带结构并探讨其近期临床效果。方法对23例膝关节后外侧角韧带结构陈旧性损伤患者,采用股二头肌长头腱进行解剖学重建。术中保留股二头肌长头在腓骨头的附着或者在远端的连接,分切出一个远端带蒂、宽8～10mm、长16～18cm的肌腱条,再将肌腱条纵行劈为前、后两半。将后侧半肌腱条反折重建腓韧带和肌腱,其股骨附着点位于肌腱的解剖学附着点,反折后的游离端固定在开口于胫骨平台后外侧角的骨隧道内。将前侧半肌腱条反折重建外侧副韧带,其股骨附着点位于外侧副韧带的解剖学附着点,反折后的游离端固定在开口于腓骨头前缘的骨隧道内,或者直接缝合在腓骨头上。通过对膝关节内翻稳定性和小腿外旋活动度的随访,了解膝关节后外侧角的稳定性。结果术后半年,完全伸膝位无膝内翻不稳;屈膝30°,Ⅰ度膝内翻不稳伴硬性终止点2例;屈膝30°,小腿外旋增加2例,相同16例,减小5例。术后1年,患膝后外侧角的稳定性无明显改变。结论采用股二头肌长头腱同时重建膝外侧副韧带、腓韧带和肌腱能够有效恢复膝关节后外侧角的稳定性。     

胫骨近端截骨联合膝关节后外侧重建治疗儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻

[目的]胫骨近端截骨术联合采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧结构并探讨其在儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形矫正中的临床效果。[方法]2011年8月~2015年8月对7例儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形患者,一期均行胫骨近端截骨术,二期取内固定时,同时采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧结构。[结果]一期胫骨近端截骨术后均随访20~48个月,平均25.40个月。在非负重状态下,所有胫骨内翻畸形均矫正;在负重状态下,术前膝内翻角度30°~45°,平均37.10°,术后膝内翻角度8°~14°,平均11.70°,矫正角度20°~31°,平均25.4°,所有膝内翻畸形较术前有改善。截骨端愈合时间3~5个月,平均3.50个月。二期膝关节后外侧重建术后随访12~24个月,术后12个月,完全伸膝位无内翻不稳;屈膝30°,Ⅰ度内翻不稳1例;屈膝30°,患侧小腿外旋较健侧增加1例。术后24个月,患膝后外侧结构的稳定性无明显改变,下肢力线恢复满意。[结论]胫骨近端截骨术可以纠正胫骨内翻畸形,改善膝内翻畸形;采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝外侧副韧带和腘肌腱,能够有效恢复膝关节后外侧结构的稳定性;两者联合应用在儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形矫正中可以取得较好疗效。     

膝关节内侧结构损伤研究新进展

膝关节内侧结构损伤大多可经保守治疗痊愈,伴发其他韧带损伤时易忽视,诊治不当将影响整体治疗效果,甚至导致膝关节慢性不稳.近期生物力学和临床研究证实膝关节内侧结构对膝关节的稳定起重要作用.膝关节屈膝30°存在外翻不稳时提示单纯内侧侧副韧带损伤,可采用非手术治疗;膝关节伸膝外翻不稳时提示存在膝关节后内侧角损伤,常为复合伤,伴随交叉韧带损伤的概率增大,不加重视可能导致手术效果欠佳,甚至失败.唯有重视膝关节各损伤结构的治疗,才有利于恢复膝关节韧带重建的整体平衡.     

后十字韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤的关节镜下重建

目的 介绍后十字韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤的关节镜下重建及加强方式,总结其初期临床结果.方法 2006年11月至2007年10月,20例陈旧性后十字韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤患者采用八股自体胭绳肌肌腱双束重建后十字韧带、自体半腱肌肌腱加强后外侧韧带结构的手术方法.移植物采用微型钢板纽扣进行悬吊式固定.根据IKDC、Lyshohn和Tegner评分标准进行膝关节功能评估.结果 术后随访1～2年,平均(15.5±3.3)个月.末次随访时,患者伸膝活动均正常,1例屈膝受限15°,5例屈膝受限5°.后抽屉试验阴性17例,Ⅰ度阳性2例,Ⅱ度阳性1例.KT-1000检查(屈膝90°,30 kg)双侧松弛度差异平均为(2.35±1.35)mm.18例(90%)屈膝30°位外侧膝关节间隙增宽小于5 mm,2例(10%)分别为5 mm和6 nun.屈膝30°位小腿外旋角度较健侧增加均小于5°,平均为2.10°±2.67°.IKDC、Lysholm和Tegner评分分别为(90.00±3.49)分、(91.90±2.57)分和(6.50±0.69)分,与术前差异均有统计学意义.IKDC膝关节韧带评级15例(75%)正常,4例(20%)接近正常,1例(5%)异常.结论 采用八股自体胴绳肌肌腱双束重建后十字韧带,同时用自体半腱肌肌腱加强后外侧韧带结构能够恢复后十字韧带和后外侧韧带结构损伤后的膝关节稳定性.     

Müller法重建膝关节后外侧结构

目的：探讨Muller法重建膝关节后外侧结构的临床疗效。方法：2005年6月至2007年6月治疗13例膝关节后外侧损伤,7例伴有后交叉韧带损伤,4例伴有前后交叉韧带损伤,1例伴前交叉韧带损伤,1例伴前交叉韧带止点骨折,其中5例为陈旧损伤。先关节镜下重建交叉韧带,采用髂胫束前侧约10mm宽腱束经胫骨骨隧道至后侧胭肌腱通道,与胭肌腱平行返回胭肌腱上止点,挤压螺钉固定重建胭肌腱。采用股二头肌腱前1／3腱束及挤压螺钉固定重建外侧副韧带,术后早期进行CPM锻炼及股四头肌锻炼,6-8周扶拐下地。结果：术后随访6-27个月,平均13个月,无屈伸活动障碍,外旋稳定性和对侧相比无明显差别。术后1年,有2例在屈膝30。位存在内翻I度松弛。术后膝关节功能评分（Lysholm）77～94分,平均86分。结论：Miiller法重建治疗膝关节后外侧结构损伤临床操作简便,不受重建材料限制,重建效果满意。     

解剖重建治疗膝关节后外侧角损伤

目的探讨膝关节后外侧角损伤的诊断、治疗，以及解剖重建后的临床疗效评价。方法2003年3月～2005年12月，对16例膝关节后外侧角损伤达Ⅲ级以上、存在内翻、外旋严重不稳的患者，予以解剖重建，采用Lysholm、IKIX：（international knee documentation committee）等膝关节评分标准评价术后疗效。其中男14例，女2例；年龄19～46岁，平均38岁。损伤至手术时间4～12d，平均8d。术前麻醉状态下行内翻应力试验（varus stress test，VST），在屈膝0°及30°位与健侧相比，内翻不稳均在10°以上；外旋试验显示，在屈膝30°及90 位与健侧相比，外旋不稳则在10°以上。合并前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）断裂5例，后交叉韧带（posterior crueiate ligament，PCL）断裂8例，ACL和PCL均断裂3例；伴腓总神经麻痹4例。结果患者均获随访7～18个月，平均13个月。术后无膝关节不稳。VST0°位与健侧相比未见异常，30°位3例患者出现外侧不稳，但均在5°以下．外旋试验显示，30°位外旋不稳1例，在5°以下，90°位与健侧相比无异常。关节活动度，屈曲75～130°，平均118°；伸0～5°，平均1°。膝关节Lysholm评分54～96分，平均82．8分；IKDC评分，主观评价：正常5例（31％），近似正常8例（50％），不正常3例（19％），无严重异常；客观评价46～94分，平均82分。结论后外侧角损伤在膝关节韧带损伤中所占比例较少，但后外侧角在防止膝内翻、胫骨外旋及胫骨后坠具有极其重要的作用，如疏于治疗，极易导致膝关节严重不稳甚至退变，必须引起足够重视。     

Treatment of acute and chronic injuries to the posterolateral and lateral knee

Posterolateral instability of the knee is a complex problem in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Isolated injury to the posterolateral corner is uncommon and is usually associated with an injury to the anterior or posterior cruciate ligaments. It is difficult to isolate the effect of a posterolateral injury on instability of the knee when these combined instability patterns are present. Accurate diagnosis of posterolateral instability depends on the clinical history, a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the posterolateral corner, and a complete knee examination. Because the instability is easily missed in the acute stage of the injury, chronic posterolateral instability develops. In the setting of combined ligamentous injury, all components of instability should be surgically addressed to achieve the best opportunity for success. In our experience, early diagnosis and reconstruction of posterolateral knee injuries are more successful than late reconstruction.     

Anatomic Posterolateral Corner Knee Reconstruction

Injuries to the lateral collateral ligament and posterolateral corner of the knee, particularly when combined with anterior cruciate or posterior cruciate ligament injuries, can result in profound symptomatic knee instability. Although many surgical improvements have been made in reconstruction of anterior and posterior cruciate ligament injuries, reconstruction of the posterolateral corner has had less predictable results, with residual pathologic laxity especially in the chronic situation. This has stimulated many surgeons to recommend acute repair of posterolateral knee injuries. This article describes a more anatomic reconstruction of the posterolateral corner for chronic instability, recreating the lateral collateral ligament and popliteofibular ligament using either autogenous or allograft soft tissue and an interference screw technique. In a small clinical series, this has proven to restore varus rotation and external rotation patholaxities with a high degree of predictability.     

Biomechanical evaluation of two reconstruction techniques for posterolateral instability of the knee

We evaluated two reconstruction techniques for a simulated posterolateral corner injury on ten pairs of cadaver knees. Specimens were mounted at 30° and 90° of knee flexion to record external rotation and varus movement. Instability was created by transversely sectioning the lateral collateral ligament at its midpoint and the popliteus tendon was released at the lateral femoral condyle. The left knee was randomly assigned for reconstruction using either a combined or fibula-based treatment with the right knee receiving the other. After sectioning, laxity increased in all the specimens. Each technique restored external rotatory and varus stability at both flexion angles to levels similar to the intact condition. For the fibula-based reconstruction method, varus laxity at 30° of knee flexion did not differ from the intact state, but was significantly less than after the combined method. Both the fibula-based and combined posterolateral reconstruction techniques are equally effective in restoring stability following the simulated injury.     

Posterolateral reconstruction using split achilles tendon allograft

Injury to the cruciate ligaments of the knee commonly occurs in association with posterolateral instability, which can cause severe functional disability including varus, posterior translation, and external rotational instability. Failure to diagnose and treat an injury of the posterolateral corner in a patient who has a tear of the cruciate ligament can also result in the failure of the reconstructed cruciate ligament. Unlike isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury, there seems to be a consensus of opinion that injury to the posterolateral corner, whether isolated or combined, is best treated by reconstructing the posterolateral corner along with the coexisting cruciate ligament injury, if combined. Commonly proposed methods of reconstructing the posterolateral corner have focused on the reconstruction of the popliteus, the popliteofibular ligament, and the lateral collateral ligament. We introduce a new technique for reconstructing the posterolateral corner using a split Achilles tendon allograft. Our method reasonably addresses the several pitfalls in the reconstruction of the posterolateral corner, including (1) concurrent reconstruction of important posterolateral structures, (2) regaining the isometry of the lateral collateral ligament, (3) repositioning the reconstructed popliteus into its original position, and (4) providing a secure fixation method.     

Examination of posterolateral corner injuries

Physical examination of patients with a suspected posterolateral corner injury must be comprehensive. Mechanical alignment, gait, and any hyperextension or varus thrust should all be evaluated. The status of all ligaments of the knee also must be thoroughly assessed. Detecting the presence or absence of a PCL can be difficult but is essential (Table). The dial test is easy to perform and is the most standard and accepted test to assess and follow posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee.     

Posterolateral corner injuries of the knee: a serious injury commonly missed

We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of 68 patients who had been referred with an injury to the posterolateral corner of the knee to a specialist knee surgeon between 2005 and 2009. These injuries were diagnosed based on a combination of clinical testing and imaging and arthroscopy when available. In all, 51 patients (75%) presented within 24 hours of their injury with a mean presentation at eight days (0 to 20) after the injury. A total of 63 patients (93%) had instability of the knee at presentation. There was a mean delay to the diagnosis of injury to the posterolateral corner of 30 months (0 to 420) from the time of injury. In all, the injuries in 49 patients (72%) were not identified at the time of the initial presentation, with the injury to the posterolateral corner only recognised in those patients who had severe multiple ligamentous injuries. The correct diagnosis, including injury to the posterolateral corner, had only been made in 34 patients (50%) at time of referral to a specialist knee clinic. MRI correctly identified 14 of 15 injuries when performed acutely (within 12 weeks of injury), but this was the case in only four of 15 patients in whom it was performed more than 12 weeks after the injury. Our study highlights a need for greater diligence in the examination and investigation of acute ligamentous injuries at the knee with symptoms of instability, in order to avoid failure to identify the true extent of the injury at the time when anatomical repair is most straightforward.     

The posterior cruciate ligament and rotatory knee instability. An experimental study

The importance of the posterior cruciate ligament in relation to valgus-varus and axial rotatory stability in the knee joint was investigated. Mobility patterns were drawn from 20 osteoligamentous preparations after successive transection of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the posterior joint capsule. The knee joint remained grossly stable after isolated transection of the PCL, and further cutting of either one of the collateral ligaments or of the posterior capsule yielded no greater instability than one should expect from isolated cutting of each of these structures. The posterior cruciate ligament was the stabilizing factor in flexion and external rotation after injury to the lateral collateral ligament and the posterolateral capsule, and it restricted internal rotation after cutting of the medial cruciate ligament and the posteromedial capsule. Valgus instability was markedly increased during the whole range of movement when PCL was included in injury to the medial compartment ligaments, and when included in a lateral compartment injury a further varus instability was found, though only in the flexed or semiflexed knee. No hyperextension could be demonstrated after these injuries.     

Posterior cruciate ligament and coupled posterolateral instability of the knee

We wanted to investigate the role of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee's posterolateral stability and the magnitude of the coupled posterolateral instability with the knee examined at 90 degrees of flexion. The coupled posterolateral instability of the knee was studied by selective ligament cutting in cadaver knees set at 90 degrees. The coupled posterolateral displacement after cutting the PCL was 173% of the intact knee. With an intact PCL, the coupled posterolateral displacement after cutting the popliteus tendon and lateral collateral ligament with the knee at 90 degrees of flexion was 299% of the intact knee. When the PCL was cut together with the popliteus tendon and lateral collateral ligament, the coupled posterolateral displacement was 367%. The PCL plays an important role in the posterolateral stability of the knee, and its injury may cause mild (< 5 mm) to moderate (5-10 mm) posterolateral instability. Thus, in a knee with posterolateral instability, injury of the PCL must be considered. With an intact PCL, the posterolateral instability was very recognizable with the knee at 90 degrees of flexion, and injury to the PCL further increased the posterolateral instability and caused posterior translation of the knee. Therefore, examination for posterolateral instability of the knee should also be performed with the knee at 90 degrees of flexion, which is much easier to perform in a clinical setting. A positive posterior translation rather than posterolateral instability at different knee positions differentiates knees with combined PCL and posterolateral instability from knees with isolated posterolateral instability.     

Osteotomy about the knee: applications, techniques, and results

Varus or valgus malalignment of the knee may be either a cause or a consequence of unicompartmental knee arthritis in young, active adults. Proximal tibial osteotomy for the varus knee and distal femoral osteotomy for the valgus knee have been used for decades to manage this condition; however, their use has decreased significantly in recent years as the popularity of unicompartmental and total knee arthroplasty has grown. With the advent of biologic resurfacing techniques for focal full-thickness articular cartilage injury, combined or staged high tibial osteotomy is becoming increasingly popular. In addition, in the face of cruciate ligamentous instability with or without posterolateral corner instability coupled with varus malalignment, high tibial osteotomy with and without ligament reconstruction provides a solution to complex orthopedic problems. Recent long-term follow-up studies have concluded osteotomy allows for improved function and pain relief in properly selected young patients.     

The posterolateral corner of the knee. Anatomy, biomechanics and management of injuries

The structures within the posterolateral corner of the knee have recently been "re-discovered" providing a very important role in maintaining the stability of the knee. Injury to the posterolateral corner is not common but neither is it rare; it is usually damaged in combination with rupture of one of the cruciate ligaments in direct and indirect trauma to the knee. When reconstructing a knee to restore stability following such injuries, it is important to recognise damage to the posterolateral corner so that this can be corrected. Ignored damage to this region may result in continuing knee instability and resultant failure of cruciate ligament reconstruction. We present a review of the anatomy and biomechanics of the structures in the posterolateral corner. This is then related to the diagnosis of injuries to the region via history, examination and imaging. We then discuss the management of injuries to the posterolateral corner describing our preferred method of repair.