医院感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因分析

目的探讨医院感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）耐药基因的存在情况。方法对2006年6至7月临床分离的20株医院感染MRSA进行mecA、tetM、aac（6′）/aph（2″）、aph（3′）Ⅲ、ant（4′4″）耐药基因检测。结果20株MRSA检出m ecA阳性率为100%,aac（6）′/aph（2″）阳性率75%,tetM阳性率70%,aph（3′）Ⅲ阳性率40%、ant（4′4″）阳性率为20%。结论多数MRSA菌株存在耐β-内酰胺类、四环素类、氨基糖苷类等多种抗生素耐药基因,与表型一致,表型与遗传学均支持MRSA具有耐多药特征。     

表皮葡萄球菌携带甲氧西林等五类抗生素耐药基因分析

本研究就53株MRSE菌进行了β内酰胺类耐药基因（TEM、OXA、SHV、mecA）、大环内酯类耐药基因（ermA／B／C、ermF、mefA）、四环素类耐药基因（tetM）、氨基糖苷类耐药基因（aac6′／aph2″）和糖肽类耐药基因（vanA、vanB、vanC1、vanC2／C3）检测，其目的是了解本院MRSE临床分离株耐药基因携带状况，以指导临床合理用药。     

一株沃氏葡萄球菌耐药基因的研究

目的：研究沃氏葡萄球菌多重耐药情况和相关机制。方法：采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法对一株多重耐药沃氏葡萄球菌进行β-内酰胺酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素B类（MLSB）基因、四环素类基因、糖肽类基因、消毒剂基因检测。结果：PCR结果显示该株的mecA,TEM,ermA,ermC,msrA,msrB,aac（6′）/aph（2″）,qacA基因均为阳性,ant（4′,4″）,aph（3′）-,TetM,vanA,vanB基因均为阴性。结论：该株沃氏葡萄球菌存在多重耐药基因,而且对胺类、胍类消毒剂耐受。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因及其相关因素分析

目的了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）耐药现状,加强临床MRSA的监控。方法回顾性分析临床46株MRSA耐药性,并用PCR法对MRSA进行β-内酰胺类耐药相关基因mecA、氨基糖甙类耐药相关基因aac（6′）／aph（2″）、红霉素类耐药基因emr和耐消毒剂基因qac（A／B）检测。结果46株MRSA表现多重耐药和高度耐药性,并检测出相关的耐药基因。结论在临床工作中加强MRSA的监测、合理使用抗生素、严格消毒隔离制度是控制MRSA医院感染的关键。     

医院感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因分析

目的探讨医院感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)耐药基因的存在情况。方法对2006年6至7月临床分离的20株医院感染MRSA进行m ecA、tetM、aac(6′)/aph(2″)、aph(3′)Ⅲ、ant(4′4″)耐药基因检测。结果20株MRSA检出m ecA阳性率为100%,aac(6)′/aph(2″)阳性率75%,tetM阳性率70%,aph(3′)Ⅲ阳性率40%、ant(4′4″)阳性率为20%。结论多数MRSA菌株存在耐β-内酰胺类、四环素类、氨基糖苷类等多种抗生素耐药基因,与表型一致,表型与遗传学均支持MRSA具有耐多药特征。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐消毒剂基因及5类抗生素耐药相关基因检测

目的了解本地区临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）的耐药特点,探讨SA中耐消毒剂基因（qacA）、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯-林可霉素-链阳菌素B类（MLSB）、四环素类、糖肽类药物耐药基因的存在情况。方法采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法对20株SA进行β-内酰胺酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、MLSB类基因、四环素类基因、糖肽类基因、耐消毒剂基因检测。结果 PCR结果显示20株SA中13种耐药相关基因检出率分别为mecA75%、TEM90%、aac（6＇）/aph（2″）70%、ant（4＇,4″）15%、ant（6）-Ⅰ25%、ermA100%、ermC55%、msrA20%、msrB55%、tetM65%、qacA60%,vanA、vanB基因均为阴性。结论多数SA菌株具有耐多药特征,存在耐β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、MLSB类、四环素类等多种抗生素耐药基因,且对胺类、胍类消毒剂耐受。     

屎肠球菌高水平庆大霉素耐药基因研究

目的研究我国临床分离高水平庆大霉素耐药屎肠球菌中庆大霉素耐药基因分类及其水平传递情况。方法采用PCR法检测庆大霉素耐药基因aac（6’）-Ie-aph（2″）-Ia、aph（2″）-Ib、aph（2″）-Ic、aph（2″）-Id和aph（3″）-Ⅲa，采用质粒酶切图谱分析耐药菌同源性，采用液体传递和固体传递法研究庆大霉素耐药基因水平传递情况。结果105株临床分离屎肠球菌中，76．2％（80／105）为高水平庆大霉素耐药，其中aac（6′）-Ie-aph（2″）-Ia基因阳性率为95．0％（76／80），aph（3″）-Ⅲa基因阳性率为78．8％（63／80），aph（2″）-Ib、aph（2″）-Ic、aph（2″）-Id基因皆阴性。这些高水平庆大霉素耐药屎肠球菌间大多无明显同源性。21．1％（16／76）菌株携带的aac（6’）-Ie-aph（2″）-Ia基因在屎肠球菌间固体传递，13．2％（10／76）菌株携带的aac（6’）-Ie-aph（2″）-Ia基因在屎肠球菌间液体环境中水平传递。结论本次研究中屎肠球菌中高水平庆大霉素耐药主要由aac（6’）-Ie—aph（2″）-Ia和aph（3″）-Ⅲa基因介导，这些菌株间没有明显同源性，且该基因可在屎肠球菌间水平传递。     

南京某医院成人耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出情况及耐药基因分析

目的了解江苏省中西医结合医院2011—2017年成人耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)临床分离株的检出情况及其耐药基因,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法采用美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)推荐方法鉴定MRSA。采用纸片扩散法对MRSA菌株进行药物敏感性试验。采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测β-内酰胺类耐药基因mecA,氨基糖苷修饰酶基因aac(6′)/aph(2″)、aph(3)-Ⅲ,大环内酯类23s rRNA甲基化酶基因ermA/C,四环素类核糖体保护蛋白基因tetM/K,喹诺酮类耐药基因qnrA/B和耐消毒剂基因qacA/B。结果 MRSA的总检出率为31.95%,主要分离自痰液和创口分泌物样本;检出率居前3位的科室依次为呼吸科、外科和重症监护病房。未检出对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素耐药的MRSA菌株;仅有0.49%的MRSA对奎奴普汀耐药,对复方磺胺甲噁唑、利福平、环丙沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、克林霉素、红霉素的耐药率分别为11.18%、11.57%、21.47%、63.63%、44.31%、59.41%、62.35%。多重耐药基因mecA阳性率为100%,aac(6′)/aph(2″)、aph(3)-Ⅲ、ermA/C、tetM/K、qnrA/B、qacA/B基因检出率分别为36.67%、27.94%、68.43%、57.35%、23.63%和52.45%。结论 2011—2017年江苏省中西医结合医院成人MRSA多重耐药基因检出率高。MRSA对多种抗菌药物都不同程度耐药,临床应以药物敏感性试验结果为合理用药的最主要依据。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因分析及多位点序列分子分型

目的对临床来源金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)进行分子分型及溯源,研究耐药基因与克隆复合体(CC)关系。方法检测94株金葡菌中的耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)并分型,测定氨基糖苷类耐药基因[aac(6')/aph(2')、aph(3')-Ⅲ、ant(4',4')]、大环内酯类耐药基因(ermA、ermC、msrA)、四环素类耐药基因(tetM、tetk)共8个耐药基因;用多位点序列分子分型(MLST)进行克隆分析。结果 94株菌株中共检出MRSA菌株36株,其中,医源MRSA(HA-MRSA)29株,包括Ⅲ型28株,Ⅰ型1株;社区源MRSA(CA-MRSA)7株,包括V型6株,Ⅳd型1株。94株菌株中,耐药基因aac(6')/aph(2')、aph(3')-Ⅲ、ant(4',4')、ermA、ermC、msrA、tetM、tetk的携带率分别为55.3%、58.5%、26.6%、37.2%、34.0%、19.1%、37.2%、25.5%;共84株菌株耐药基因阳性,共形成35种耐药基因谱;含3种以上耐药基因的菌株占48.9%(46/94)。MLST分型共得到27个ST型,6个同源复合体;有3个重要同源复合体CC239、CC630、CC5及1个重要ST398型。HA-MRSA均属于CC239,而多数CAMRSA属于CC630;HA-MRSA耐药基因携带率与CA-MRSA及所有甲氧西林敏感金葡菌(MSSA)携带率差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。CC239克隆与所有其他克隆菌株耐药基因的携带率差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论引起感染的MRSA主要是HA-MRSA-Ⅲ,其次为CA-MRSA-Ⅴ。CC630是国际上新出现的克隆;ST398主要是起源于人而非动物。MRSA主要存在于几类特定克隆中,主要来源于相同克隆的MSSA;金葡菌获得及携带耐药基因主要与CC克隆有关,推测此类复合体中含有相关分子构型,有利于耐药基因如SCCmec插入。     

金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株spa分型和耐药特征研究

目的研究临床分离金葡菌的耐药性和分子特征。方法对2011年511月在成都某医院分离的56株金葡菌进行抗菌药物敏感性检测,检测菌株携带mecA基因和pvl基因情况,并进行spa基因分型分析。结果56株金葡菌中,共检出耐甲氧两林金葡菌（MRSA）21株（37．5％）,其中mecA基因阳性20株（95．2％）;甲氧西林敏感金葡菌（MSSA）35株（62．5％）。与MSSA相比,MRSA对利福平、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、环丙沙星、庆大霉素和四环素的敏感率显著降低（P〈0．05）,MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素、喹奴普丁达福普汀和呋喃妥因全部敏感。MRSA分为6个spa型别,以t030（66．7％）为主,MRSA～t030、MRSA—t002具有突出的多药耐药特征。MSSA共分为18个spa型别,以t189、t377和t034列前3位,分别占14．3％、／4．3％和1I．4％,并在脓液标本榆出I株新spa基因型new1。检出5株杀白细胞毒素（PVL）阳性菌株,其中3株为MSSA—t189。结论t030是医院MRSA临床分离株中的spa优势型别,具有突出的多药耐药特征,在医院内广泛传播。MSSA遗传多样性高,以t189、t377和t034列前3位。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.