乙状窦后手术入路的显微解剖和虚拟解剖

目的 探索运用显微解剖和虚拟解剖的方法 研究乙状窦后手术入路,为该入路提供多种方式的形态学基础. 方法 10具(20侧)头颅固定标本,在显微镜下模拟乙状窦后入路手术,观察桥脑小脑三角内结构,并以岩上窦乙状窦汇合处、内耳门为基点进行相关测量;磨除内听道后壁,暴露其内结构;5例患者薄层CT和MRI影像数据,利用Dextroscope系统进行计算机三维重建,虚拟解剖乙状窦后入路手术过程. 结果 岩上窦乙状窦汇合处距三叉神经、面听神经复合体、舌咽神经、舌下神经穿硬膜处的距离分别是(38.50±2.64)mm、(27.80±2.25)mm、(32.70±2.11)mm、(44.30±2.05)mm;内耳门距三叉神经、展神经、小脑幕、舌咽神经穿硬膜处的距离分别是(5.68±1.55)mm、(13.80±1.81)mm、(5.00±0.66)mm、(6.34±1.24)mm.以面听神经复合体和舌咽神经为标志将桥脑小脑三角分为前、中、后3个间隙;在内听道后壁磨除后,该区结构层次充分显示.Dextroscope系统成功模拟乙状窦后手术入路,可显示星点、横窦乙状窦膝、颈静脉孔、内耳门、岩尖、基底动脉系统等结构及其空间关系. 结论 将桥脑小脑三角分为前、中、后3个间隙,有助于了解其内神经血管等结构的层次特点;以岩上窦乙状窦汇合处、内耳门为基点进行测量,可量化结构间的关系,有助于判断各间隙深浅、空间大小;识别内听道内的解剖标志,有利于手术时保护其内结构;通过Dextroscope系统能个体化显示局部结构,方便术前方案的设计.两种方法 各有优缺点,两者互补能提高对乙状窦后入路手术时桥脑小脑三角内结构的认识.     

天幕裂孔区的应用解剖

目的:为天幕区手术入路提供可靠的解剖学数据和资料。方法:将成人尸头开颅去脑,分别测量天幕裂孔区相关的颅神经及血管等结构之间的距离。结果:天幕窦通常引流入直窦、窦汇、横窦和岩上窦;动眼神经在前床突的后方(7±4)mm;滑车神经进入小脑幕距小脑幕游离缘为(1.6±0.6)mm;三叉神经感觉根在颅后窝开口的前缘距后床突(15.92±0.62)mm;Labbe静脉从离开颞叶到进入横窦的距离:左侧(2.8±1.3)cm,右侧为(2.4±1.2)cm。结论:在天幕内侧区和中间区的前方很少有静脉窦的存在,此区可以作为天幕切开的部位。天幕区手术时宜注意保护动眼神经、滑车神经、三叉神经感觉根和Labbe静脉。     

迷路后径路内镜下行脑桥小脑三角区手术的解剖学研究

目的 :为临床上保留迷路在内镜下行桥脑小脑三角区病变手术提供解剖学资料。方法 :在 2 0例 40侧成人尸头上模拟颞骨径路保留迷路内镜手术 ,测量乙状窦内侧至总骨脚、岩上窦下缘至外半规管在岩部后骨板延长线之间距离 ,对可操作范围进行评估 ,对内镜的导入角度进行研究。并就如何避免损伤半规管、颈静脉球、面神经、乙状窦、岩上窦等结构提出看法。结果 :岩上窦下缘至内淋巴囊上缘距离为(9 .5 3± 2 .64 )mm ,乙状窦内侧至总骨脚距离为 (13 .89± 2 .3 4)mm ,至内淋巴管距离为 (10 .62± 2 .0 9)mm ;由该三条线构成的上底为 13 .89mm ,下底为 10 .62mm ,高为 9.5 3mm的梯形为内镜操作范围。乙状窦距颞骨表面距离 (以乙状窦上膝为标准 )为 (5 .2 7± 1.60 )mm ,乙状窦宽度为 (11.97± 2 .10 )mm ,上下膝长度为 (2 4.78± 4.2 1)mm ,乙状窦与外耳道后壁距离为 (13 .5 9± 3 .0 3 )mm ,岩骨后骨板至后半规管后缘、总骨脚后缘距离分别为 (4 .0 7± 1.2 6)mm和 (5 .5 8± 1.49)mm ,内镜的导入角度应力争与岩部上嵴平行 ,这样的角度最便于观察和操作 ,且不易损伤内部重要结构。我们测得的岩部上嵴与矢状线之间角度为 (63 .87± 9.3 1)°。结论 :保留迷路所得到的操作范围完全可以满足在内镜下行脑桥小脑三角区     

上颌神经阻滞麻醉的应用解剖学基础

目的　为临床口腔颌面外科提供解剖学依据。方法　观察 3 0例干性颅骨标本的翼腭窝及其通道的形态、大小 ,并进行相关数据的测量。结果　 (1)上颌神经阻滞点至颧弓下缘中点的距离 ,左侧为41 0 4± 2 43mm ,右侧为 41 63± 2 19mm ;(2 )圆孔至腭大孔的距离 ,左侧为 3 1 98± 2 2 4mm ,右侧为 3 1 73± 4 2 9mm ;(3 )硬腭至腭大孔的距离 ,左侧为 3 46± 1 12mm ,右侧为 3 54± 1 12mm ;(4)硬腭后缘可作为进针的解剖学标志。结论　本研究可为经颧弓下缘中点和经翼腭管上颌神经阻滞入路提供重要的解剖学参数。     

肱二头肌短头腱喙肱肌腱喙肩韧带重建喙锁韧带的应用解剖

目的为肱二头肌短头腱、喙肱肌腱和喙肩韧带复合转位修复肩锁关节脱位提供解剖学基础.方法用50侧成人尸体标本,对喙锁韧带(锥状韧带和斜方韧带),肱二头肌短头腱、喙肱肌腱、喙肩韧带的形态结构进行解剖学观察.结果锥状韧带基底宽(1.3±0.3)cm,高(1.5±0.4)mm,斜方韧带长、宽、厚分别为(1.1±0.2)、(1.3±0.2)、(2.4±0.8)mm;肱二头肌短头和喙肱肌联合腱的长、宽、厚分别为(7.1±0.7)、(1.7±0.4)、(1.1±0.3)mm;喙肩韧带前、后缘长为(3.1±0.5)、(2.5±0.2)cm,喙锁间隙为(0.5±0.1)cm.结论以肱二头肌短头腱、喙肱肌腱和喙肩韧带复合转位重建喙锁韧带可有效地治疗肩锁关节脱位.     

经第1肋间隙胸腔穿刺引流的解剖学基础及应用

目的 总结经第1肋间隙胸腔穿刺引流的解剖学基础及临床应用。方法 26具成年人尸体标本,测量锁骨中线与第1肋上缘交点(引流点)至胸顶诸条血管的最近距离,对10例经第1肋间隙胸腔穿刺引流的患者进行临床观察。结果 引流点至锁骨下静脉的距离左侧为(29.6±1.9)mm,右侧(28.0±1.5)mm;至锁骨下动脉左侧(32.2±1.6)mm,右侧(31.6±1.8)mm;至无名静脉左侧(34.0±1.6)mm,右侧(33.8±1.5)mm;至胸廓内动脉左侧(30.0±2.1)mm,右侧(29.8±2.0)mm。临床观察表明,此引流点对胸膜腔顶部的包裹性残腔疗效满意。结论 临床上采用第1肋间隙胸腔穿刺引流是可行的,当病变高于第2肋间时,可采用经第1肋间隙穿刺引流胸腔。     

胎儿腰椎间孔韧带的观测及意义

目的:观察腰椎间孔韧带的形态,探讨其生理意义。方法:选用足月胎儿尸体标本11具,解剖观察腰椎间孔韧带,用游标卡尺进行相关测量。结果:在22侧腰椎标本中未发现横孔上韧带,L1、L2和L3横孔下韧带的宽度、厚度和长度分别为:L1:(1.4±0.4)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(2.8±0.5)mm,L2:(1.3±0.4)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(2.8±0.5)mm,L3:(1.6±0.1)mm、(0.4±0.1)mm、(2.8±0.9)mm,L4和L5椎间孔内未发现横孔下韧带;标本中未发现体横上韧带,体横下韧带分布于L3～L5椎间孔的外侧,其宽度、厚度和长度分别为:L3:(2.1±0.4)mm、(0.6±0.1)mm、(4.5±1.2)mm、L4:(2.0±1.2)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(5.7±0.8)mm,L5:(2.4±0.8)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(5.0±1.0)mm。结论:胎儿腰椎间孔韧带普遍存在,其为腰椎的正常组织结构。     

枕颈融合内固定术有关的应用解剖

<正> 为枕颈融合器械内固定术提供解剖学基础.我们在50块干燥完整的成人枕骨上测量了枕鳞后下部10cm×5cm区域各间距1cm的骨质厚度,并在30具头颈标本上测量横窦和窦汇的体表投影,10具标本分别做水平切面和矢状切面观察枕骨骨质构造.结果显示:①枕鳞后下部形态是不规则的,枕外隆凸处最厚,平均14.6±2.6(11～17)mm,外侧小脑窝处最薄,平均2.5±0.7(12～7.6)mm,骨质厚度大于8mm的区域为经过枕外隆凸下2.6cm处的近似三角形区域;②窦汇和枕外隆凸一致,右侧横窦主要位于上项线水平,而左侧横窦则低于上项线,横窦和窦汇大致位于上述三角形区域的深面;③枕外隆凸和上项线以上的枕     

膝横韧带和板股后韧带的解剖观察

目的 :观测膝横韧带和板股后韧带的起止和大小 ,为临床膝关节疾病的诊治提供解剖学资料。方法 :对 5 6例经福尔马林固定的膝关节进行大体解剖和测量 ,统计学处理数据。结果 :膝横韧带呈圆索状 ,横行连结两侧半月板的前端 ,其出现率为 (64.3± 6.4) %长 (3 8.4± 4.2 )mm ,宽 (4 .2± 0 .3 )mm厚 (3 .2± 0 .2 )mm。板股后韧带起自外侧半月板的后缘 ,沿后交叉韧带的后方 ,斜向内上方 ,止于股骨内侧髁内侧面 ,其出现率为 (85 .7± 4.7) % ,长(2 4.2± 4.4)mm ,宽 (5 .2± 0 .3 )mm ,厚 (4 .2± 0 .2 )mm。结论 :膝横韧带和板股后韧带较为恒定 ,对膝关节的稳定起一定作用 ,临床上应予注意     

胫骨后肌腱部分转位修复下胫腓联合分离的解剖学基础

目的:为胫骨后肌腱部分转位修复下胫腓联合分离提供解剖学基础。方法:30侧成人下肢标本,对胫骨后肌腱形态及解剖学数据进行观测。结果:胫骨后肌腱长20.4±2.0cm,在踝关节平面上1cm,上长13.9±1.9cm,胫骨前后径为3.4±0.4cm,腓骨前后径为2.1±0.5cm,胫腓骨前缘间距为2.8±0.4cm,后缘间距为2.8±0.4cm,胫腓骨左右径5.3±0.4cm,胫骨内缘与腓骨外缘在胫腓骨前面距离8.5±0.7cm,胫骨后肌腱距胫骨内缘1.8±0.24cm,距胫骨后缘1.2±0.2cm,舟骨粗隆距胫骨前缘5.7±0.5cm。结论:胫骨后肌腱部分转位修复下胫腓联合分离具有可行性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.