鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性及对亚胺培南耐药机制的研究

目的 了解多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌耐药谱,研究鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性及耐药机制.方法 用VITEK60型全自动药敏分析系统鉴定药敏系统及纸片扩散法进行药敏试验;酶三维试验检测ESBLs和AmpC酶;PCR扩增和测序分析检测碳青酶烯酶VIM、IMP、OXA-23和OXA-24;SDS-PAGE方法研究外膜蛋白表达情况;利血平协同抑制试验检测膜外排机制.结果 156株多药耐药菌中有120株来自痰液(76.9%),其次是各种创面分泌物16株;病区分布则以ICU为主51株;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率最低,其次是亚胺培南,20株亚胺培南耐药菌中,ESBLs和AmpC酶阳性株分别为10株(50.0%)和20株(100.0%),PCR扩增VIM、IMP和OXA-24均阴性;OXA-23基因扩增显示19株(95%)阳性,PCR产物并经序列分析证实为OXA-23;与敏感株相比.部分菌株存在22×106、29×103、33×103的外膜蛋白缺失;利血平不能降低亚胺培南对鲍氏不动杆菌的MIC值.结论 ICU是多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌最主要的感染科室,碳青酶烯类抗菌药物的长期广泛应用使鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药率不断升高;产OXA-23型β-内酰胺酶是鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药的重要原因,产AmpC酶合并外膜蛋白缺失与鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药有密切关系.     

老年患者耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌研究

目的 明确医院临床分离老年患者耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药件、同源性、碳青酶烯酶基因型及其基因周围环境.方法 收集医院2005年1月-2007年1月临床分离的142株鲍氏不动杆菌,纸片扩散法筛选耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌;琼脂稀释法测定亚胺培南耐药菌株对14种抗菌药物的MIC值;脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析亚胺培南耐药菌株同源性;PCR扩增及克隆测序分析碳青酶烯酶基因及其周围基因环境.结果 142株鲍氏不动杆菌中筛选到97株耐亚胺堵南鲍氏不动杆菌;PFGE分型中全部菌株属于4个流行的克隆株;97株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌中90株携带OXA-23-like基因,97株携带OXA-51-like基因,86株菌株OXA-23-like基因上游检测到插入序列ISAbal,6株OXA-51基因上游检测到ISAbal.结论 所有耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌均为泛耐药菌,克隆播散足最主要的传播方式,OXA-23组和OXA-51组D类β-内酰胺酶基因足最主要的碳青酶烯酶基因型,未检测到OXA-24组、OXA-58组、IMP型和VIM型碳青酶烯酶基因,OXA类碳青酶烯酶基因与插入序列ISAbal关系密切.     

南昌地区耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性及碳青霉烯酶基因分析

目的调查和分析南昌地区46株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性及其产碳青霉烯酶的基因型,探讨其耐药机制。方法用K-B法测定南昌地区临床分离的46株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌对10种抗菌药物的耐药性,2-巯基丙酸抑制试验检测金属酶,采用PCR法检测碳青霉烯酶耐药基因型,对扩增的碳青霉烯酶基因进行核苷酸序列测定,通过网上相似性检索确定其编码酶基因的类型。结果 46株鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为45.7%、52.2%、74.0%及76.1%,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>90.0%;有8株菌对10种抗菌药物全部耐药;46株鲍氏不动杆菌金属酶表型筛选试验均为阴性,PCR扩增后有32株产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因,未检出IMP、VIM、OXA-24基因;产OXA-23型鲍氏不动杆菌株对阿米卡星高度耐药。结论 OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因是南昌地区鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药的主要因素;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦可作为这部分菌株感染的治疗选择。     

鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性分析及β-内酰胺类耐药基因的初步研究

目的分析临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性,研究耐亚胺培南菌株的碳青霉烯酶基因型。方法利用VITEK-2系统检测85株鲍氏不动杆菌的药物敏感性,聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测耐亚胺培南菌株的碳青霉烯酶基因型。结果 85株鲍氏不动杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,为94.1%,对亚胺培南的耐药率为64.7%;亚胺培南的耐药的菌株中携带OXA-23基因有46株,占83.6%,携带OXA-64-like基因有32株,占58.2%,携带OXA-58基因有13株,占23.6%,以上阳性产物经测序比对与GenBank提供的标准序列99.0%同源;其余OXA-20、OXA-24、OXA-48基因型检测结果均为阴性。结论医院检测的鲍氏不动杆菌对β-内酰胺类耐药严重,并以携带OXA-23基因型碳青霉烯酶为主。     

杭州市区4所医院鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性及耐药基因研究

目的研究杭州市区4所医院鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性及主要β-内酰胺酶分布,为临床治疗鲍氏不动杆菌感染提供依据。方法采用全自动微生物分析系统VITEK-AMS 60对36株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌进行鉴定;用琼脂稀释法和E-test法测定14种抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度(MIC),脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析亚胺培南耐药株的同源性;采用PCR对36株耐亚胺培南β-内酰胺酶基因进行扩增,并通过序列分析明确基因型。结果36株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌均产OXA-23型碳青酶烯酶;其中5株同时产PER-1型酶,2株同时产TEM-1型酶;2-巯基丙酸抑制试验未检测到金属酶;多次质粒提取均未成功;脉冲场凝胶电泳发现4所医院均存在耐药株的克隆传播,大多感染者为重症监护病房(ICU)患者。结论杭州市区4所医院均有耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌克隆传播,36株耐亚胺培南均产OXA-23型碳青酶烯酶,5株菌株同时产PER-1型超广谱β-内酰胺酶,2株同时产TEM-1型酶。     

耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶表型与基因型研究

目的研究某综合医院临床分离耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶基因型携带状况,为临床合理用药及医院感染控制提供依据。方法对2008年1月-2009年10月临床分离的100株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌,应用聚合酶链反应检测其金属β-内酰胺酶的耐药基因:blaIMP、blaVIM、blaSIM-1和OXA型碳青霉烯酶的耐药基因:blaOXA-23、blaOXA-24。结果所有受试验菌株均未检测到金属β-内酰胺酶耐药基因blaIMP、blaVIM、blaSIM-1和OXA-24型碳青霉烯酶的耐药基因,PCR检测到79株菌携带blaOXA-23,在阳性菌株中随机选取2株测序,在网上与NCBI在线数据库的已知产OXA-23碳青霉烯酶鲍氏不动杆菌进行比对,与登录号EF534259.1的同源性为100.0%。结论某综合医院临床分离耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌未产金属β-内酰胺酶,主要耐药机制是产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶。     

耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌耐药分析及部分基因型检测

目的调查住院患者分离的耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌(IRAb)的耐药性及其耐药基因,为临床治疗及预防提供依据。方法77株IRAb均用VITEK-2 compact全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定及药∞敏,阿米卡星、米诺环素等部分纸片同时运用K-B法,PCR检测部分耐药基因。结果77株IRAb均为多药耐药株(MDRAb);仪器微量稀释法77株IRAb阿米卡星耐药率为7.79%,随机挑选39株K-B法却提示阿米卡星耐药率为67.56%;米诺环素100.00%敏感;OXA-23于39株IRAb中检出率为100.00%,5株亚胺培南敏感鲍氏不动杆菌未检出,OXA-51检出率为100.00%;全部菌株中均未检出OXA-24、VIM以及IMP基因。结论鲍氏不动杆菌一旦对亚胺培南耐药即可表现对其他多药耐药;仪器法阿米卡星药敏结果存在偏差,应参考K-B法;鲍氏不动杆菌亚胺培南耐药机制与OXA-23密切相关,OXA-51可能为鲍氏不动杆菌天然携带;米诺环素可考虑应用于临床。     

耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌的碳青霉烯酶研究

目的了解医院耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶携带情况,对临床预防其感染及抗菌药物应用提供参考依据。方法收集2008年9月-2010年12月耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌65株,K-B纸片法测定其对抗菌药物的敏感性,琼脂稀释法测定其对多黏菌素B的MIC;改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶,EDTA纸片协同试验检测金属酶表型;PCR检测OXA-23、OXA-24、OXA-51、OXA-58、IMP、VIM编码基因。结果 65株鲍氏不动杆菌对米诺环素敏感率为19.0%,对其他11种抗菌药物敏感率均10.0%;对多黏菌素B的MIC均≤2μg/ml;改良Hodge阳性率为52.3%,所有菌株OXA-51均阳性,OXA-23阳性率为93.85%,OXA-24、OXA-58均阴性,未检测到金属酶基因。结论耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌主要携带OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶。     

耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌carO基因表达的研究

目的 调查鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药情况,研究鲍氏不动杆菌中carO基因表达与亚胺培南耐药性之间的关系,探索鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药的机制.方法 收集西安市6所三级综合医院临床分离的非重复性鲍氏不动杆菌362株,采用K-B法和微量肉汤稀释法分别进行体外亚胺培南药敏试验;PCR法扩增外膜蛋白基因carO;选取carO基因扩增阳性的鲍氏不动杆菌菌株,应用RT-PCR法比较亚胺培南敏感组与耐药组之间carO基因mRNA水平的表达差异.结果 362株鲍氏不动杆菌中共有271株对亚胺培南敏感,敏感率为74.86％;73株耐药,耐药率为20.17％;PCR法检测到鲍氏不动杆菌carO基因的检出率为81.11％;RT-PCR法检测11株亚胺培南敏感菌株和4株耐药菌株中carO基因在mRNA水平的表达,统计结果显示,carO基因在耐药组的表达显著低于敏感组(P＜0.05).结论 鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性与外膜蛋白基因carO的低表达有关.     

鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药机制研究

目的探讨临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药机制,为医院感染控制、临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集山西医学科学院(山西大医院)临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌株共84株,其中亚胺培南耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(IRAB)63株,亚胺培南敏感鲍氏不动杆菌(ISAB)21株。用K-B纸片法检测以上细菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。PCR法分析10种β-内酰胺酶基因和carO、oprD膜孔道蛋白基因,adeB外排泵基因,并对扩增阳性的基因进行测序,同时应用DNASTAR软件对耐药和敏感菌株的carO、oprD序列进行对比分析。结果 63株亚胺培南耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对替加环素较敏感,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(28.6%)和米诺环素(30.2%)耐药率较低外,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均较高,而21株亚胺培南敏感鲍氏不动杆菌对多数抗菌药物较敏感;IRAB与ISAB检出TEM、OXA-23、adeB基因阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而ADC阳性率差异无统计学意义;84株细菌中carO、oprD和OXA-51均为阳性。亚胺培南耐药株carO编码基因序列与亚胺培南敏感株相比存在有意义突变。结论本研究中耐碳青霉烯类鲍氏不动杆菌耐药机制主要与β-内酰胺酶、adeB外排泵、carO孔道蛋白突变有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.