急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死直接经皮穿刺冠状动脉成形术后早期ST段变化的意义

目的探讨急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)直接经皮穿刺冠状动脉成形术(PCI)术后梗死相关动脉(IRA)完全开通、前向血流恢复后,早期ST段变化的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2001-01~12北京朝阳医院心脏中心收治的216例直接PCI后、IRA完全开通、前向血流恢复正常病人的临床、冠脉造影和心电图资料。直接PCI术后,ST段抬高指数≥50%的病人41例,为病例组。从其余175例ST段抬高指数<50%的病人中随机抽取50例,为对照组。结果两组病人的ST段抬高指数、Q波计数、室壁运动积分和平均肌酸激酶值差异有显著性意义(P<0·05);术后2周,ST段早期恢复较ST段持续抬高病人的室壁运动改善,左室射血分数(LVEF)、心排指数(CI)、每搏指数(SVI)增加(P<0·05)。ST段早期恢复合并心功能不全的病人,术后2周室壁运动增强,LVEF、CI、SVI增加(P<0·05),左室舒张末容积、左室收缩末容积减少(P<0·01)。结论STEMI直接PCI后IRA完全开通、前向血流恢复正常而ST段持续抬高病人的梗死范围扩大,左室舒缩功能不全严重,可能与心肌组织没有有效地恢复血流灌注或无复流有关。     

Risk stratification for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Acute coronary syndromes presenting with ST elevation are usually treated with emergency reperfusion/revascularisation therapy. In contrast current evidence and national guidelines recommend risk stratification for non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) with the decision on revascularisation dependent on perceived clinical risk. Risk stratification for STEMI has no recommendation. Statistical risk scoring techniques in NSTEMI have been demonstrated to improve outcomes however their uptake has been poor perhaps due to questions over their discrimination and concern for application to individuals who may not have been adequately represented in clinical trials. STEMI is perceived to carry sufficient risk to warrant emergency coronary intervention [by primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI)] even if this results in a delay to reperfusion with immediate thrombolysis. Immediate thrombolysis may be as effective in patients presenting early, or at low risk, but physicians are poor at assessing clinical and procedural risks and currently are not required to consider this. Inadequate data on risk stratification in STEMI inhibits the option of immediate fibrinolysis, which may be cost-effective. Currently the mode of reperfusion for STEMI defaults to emergency angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention ignoring alternative strategies. This review article examines the current risk scores and evidence base for risk stratification for STEMI patients. The requirements for an ideal STEMI risk score are discussed.     

老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者介入联合替罗非班治疗临床疗效的观察

目的前瞻性研究老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(ASTEMI)患者急诊介入治疗早期联合应用替罗非班临床疗效的有效性及安全性。方法入选沈阳军区总医院2004年5月1日至2006年6月30日经冠状动脉造影证实为单支血管病变且行介入治疗的231例老年ASTEMI患者,年龄65～85岁,平均(72±9.3)岁,随机分为替罗非班治疗组(n=116)和对照组(n=115),对比观察两组术中靶血管开通情况、TIMI3级血流获得情况,术后90min内ST段回落情况,96h活化凝血时间(ACT)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)酶峰时间,术中及术后重要脏器出血情况,术后30d不良心血管事件、持续ST段抬高情况及左心室射血分数(EF)。结果两组靶血管经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)成功率无显著差异,术中及术后出血事件发生情况无显著差异;治疗组术中TIMI3级血流获得率、术后90min内ST段回落比例及30dEF值均优于对照组(94.0%vs83.5%,85.3%vs73.0%,65.3%±2.4%vs54.7%±7.0%,P<0.05),治疗组术后持续ST段抬高>0.2mV患者的比例明显低于对照组(1.7%vs12.2%,P<0.05),术后治疗组CK-MB酶峰时间较对照组提前(8.3h±0.6hvs12.1h±0.3h,P<0.05),30d治疗组不良心血管事件发生率明显少于对照组(心绞痛发生率2.6%vs13.9%,心肌梗死再发率0.9%vs8.7%,心源性死亡率0vs5.2%,P<0.05)。结论老年ASTEMI患者急诊介入治疗早期联合应用替罗非班安全有效。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死直接冠脉成形术ST段变化的临床价值

目的探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接冠脉成形术,术前和术后ST段变化对远期心血管事件的临床预测价值。方法对54例ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接冠脉成形术,观察术前和术后1h心电图ST段变化,计算ST段回落指数。对所有患者随访12个月,观察12个月内心血管事件（猝死、心肌梗死、再狭窄、再次血管重建、慢性心衰）发生情况。对ST段回落指数和随访心血管事件行ROC分析,并通过COX比例风险模型多因素回归分析ST段回落指数对12个月终点事件的独立预测价值。结果在12个月的随访中,发生心源性死亡2例,再发心绞痛4例,慢性心衰7例。ST段回落指数临界点取63％时,对目标心脏事件预测的ROC曲线下面积0．843,灵敏度76．9％,特异度78．0％。COX比例风险模型多因素回归分析显示ST段回落指数对目标终点事件具有独立预测价值。结论急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接PCI术,术前和术后ST段的变化即ST段回落指数对术后12个月预后具有独立预测价值。     

优化急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

对ST段抬高型心肌梗死实施直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗不应只是为获得TIMI 3级血流,而应是良好的心肌灌注。可通过上游使用血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂、他汀类调脂药,个体化正确使用血栓抽吸装置,必要时延迟支架植入等手段,优化直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的效果。     

A randomized study of prourokinase during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intracoronary administration of prourokinase via balloon catheter during primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients with acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods

Acute STEMI patients underwent primary PCI were randomly divided into two groups: intracoronary prourokinase (IP) group (n = 118) and control group (n = 112). During primary PCI, prourokinase or saline were injected to the distal end of the culprit lesion via balloon catheter after balloon catheter dilatation. Demographic and clinical characteristics, infarct size, myocardial reperfusion, and cardiac functions were evaluated and compared between two groups. Hemorrhagic complications and MACE occurred in the 6‐months follow up were recorded.

Results

No significant differences were observed between two groups with respect to baseline demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics (P > 0.05). In IP group, more patients had complete ST segment resolution (>70%) compared with control group (P < 0.05). Patients in IP group showed lower levels of serum CK, CK‐MB and TnI, and a much higher myocardial blood flow (MBF) than those in control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences of TIMI major or minor bleeding complications were observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). At 6‐months follow‐up, there was a trend that patients in the IP group had a less chance to have MACE, though it was not statistically different (8.5% vs 12.5%, P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Intracoronary administration of prourokinase via balloon catheter during primary PCI effectively improved myocardial perfusion in STEMI patients.     

The MI SYNTAX score for risk stratification in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for treatment of acute myocardial infarction: A substudy of the COMFORTABLE AMI trial

Background

To investigate the performance of the MI Sxscore in a multicentre randomised trial of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).

Methods and results

The MI Sxscore was prospectively determined among 1132 STEMI patients enrolled into the COMFORTABLE AMI trial, which randomised patients to treatment with bare-metal (BMS) or biolimus-eluting (BES) stents. Patient- (death, myocardial infarction, any revascularisation) and device-oriented (cardiac death, target-vessel MI, target lesion revascularisation) major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were compared across MI Sxscore tertiles and according to stent type.The median MI SXscore was 14 (IQR: 9–21). Patients were divided into tertiles of Sxscore_low (≤ 10), Sxscore_intermediate (11–18) and Sxscore_high (≥ 19). At 1 year, patient-oriented MACE occurred in 15% of the Sxscore_high, 9% of the Sxscore_intermediate and 5% of the Sxscore_low tertiles (p < 0.001), whereas device-oriented MACE occurred in 8% of the Sxscore_high, 6% of the Sxscore_intermediate and 4% of the Sxscore_low tertiles (p = 0.03). Addition of the MI Sxscore to the TIMI risk score improved prediction of patient- (c-statistic value increase from 0.63 to 0.69) and device-oriented MACEs (c-statistic value increase from 0.65 to 0.70). Differences in the risk for device-oriented MACE between BMS and BES were evident among Sxscore_high (13% vs. 4% HR 0.33 (0.15–0.74), p = 0.007 rather than those in Sxscore_low: 4% vs. 3% HR 0.68 (0.24–1.97), p = 0.48) tertiles.

Conclusions

The MI Sxscore allows risk stratification of patient- and device-oriented MACEs among patients undergoing PPCI. The addition of the MI Sxscore to the TIMI risk score is of incremental prognostic value among patients undergoing PPCI for treatment of STEMI.     

替格瑞洛用于老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死急诊PCI治疗患者的临床研究

目的评估替格瑞洛用于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年11月至2014年12月北京潞河医院心血管内科急性STEMI接受急诊PCI手术患者240例,分成替格瑞洛(n=94)和氯吡格雷(n=146)两组,比较两组患者急诊PCI术后心肌梗死溶栓治疗(TIMI)3级血流、术后心电图ST段回落(STR)情况、出血学术研究联合会(BARC)定义的出血发生率、呼吸困难发生率、服药情况及停换药原因、院内和术后12个月主要心脏不良事件(MACE)发生率等指标。结果与氯吡格雷组相比,替格瑞洛能提高PCI术后TIMI 3级血流的患者比例(90.5%vs80.8%,P=0.024.)。12个月内两组BARC出血分级、呼吸困难发生率差异无统计学意义(28.7%vs24.0%,P=0.412;12.8%vs6.8%,P=0.121)。替格瑞洛组和氯吡格雷组12个月内停药或更改抗栓方案差异有统计学意义(P0.001),主要原因是医师更改抗栓方案、经济原因和呼吸困难(50.0%傩1.4%,P0.001;12.8%vs 1.4%,P0.001;5.3%vs 0.7%,P=0.025)。两组院内、12个月MACE差异无统计学意义(5.3%vs 5.5%,P=0.957;8.5%vs 8.9%,P=0.916)。结论替格瑞洛用于老年STEMI患者急诊PCI可改善术后血流,且不增加出血发生率,停换药的原因是医师更改抗栓方案、经济原因和呼吸困难。     

急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗再灌注时间对ST段回落的影响

目的探讨直接经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗中症状发作-球囊扩张时间(symptom-onset-to-balloon,SOTB)对再灌注后心电图ST段的回落、住院期间左心室射血分数、6个月内总的主要心血管事件(包括心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、因心血管事件再入院、心力衰竭和死亡等)发生率的影响。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2006年7月于北京大学深圳医院行直接PCI治疗的ST段抬高性心肌梗死(ST-elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者225例的基线资料、心电图资料以及随访资料,比较不同时间SOTB(>3 h及≤3 h)术前、术后1 h ST段抬高总和恢复百分比(sumSTR)%、住院期间超声心动图所测的左心室射血分数、随访6个月的主要心血管事件发生率。结果SOTB≤3 h组PCI治疗后1 h ST段完全回落≥70%的患者比例明显高于SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(57.4%vs.43.2%,P=0.005);住院期间左心室射血分数高于SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(57.69%±7.64%vs.53.80%±9.03%,P=0.014);6个月主要心血管事件发生率低与SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(14.9%vs.35.4%,P=0.001)。结论 STEMI患者PCI治疗中SOTB短,ST段回落就迅速而完全,住院期间的左心室射血分数高,6个月主要心血管事件发生率低。     

不同临床途径直接冠状动脉介入治疗对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死预后的影响

目的:比较急诊室-导管室与急诊室-CCU(病房)-导管室这2种临床途径直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者住院期和远期预后的影响。方法:分析12 h内接受直接PCI治疗的连续228例STEMI患者冠状动脉病变及干预情况,记录手术成功率、平均住院日、院内死亡率及随访期间终点事件发生率,并多因素回归分析心血管事件相关危险因素。结果:急诊室-导管室组(甲组)与急诊室-CCU-导管室组(乙组)临床特征、冠状动脉病变、PCI成功率及平均住院日相似。与乙组相比,甲组的就诊-球囊时间延迟缩短(P<0.01),住院期和随访期(32.3个月)死亡率及复合终点事件发生率显著减低(均P<0.05)。多因素回归分析表明,就诊-球囊时间(OR=1.01,P<0.05)和年龄(OR=1.06,P<0.05)与心血管事件发生率显著相关。结论:STEMI患者到达急诊室后,直接送导管室行PCI治疗可显著缩短就诊-球囊时间延迟,改善近期和远期临床预后。     

不同冠状动脉重建术治疗非ST段抬高急性心肌梗死的效果

目的比较经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗非ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(NSTEAMI)的临床效果。方法98例NSTEAMI患者入院后行PCI和CABG治疗,进行12个月的随访,比较两组患者的一般临床资料、冠状动脉造影血管病变情况及心源性病死率、再发心绞痛以及再入院率和再次血运重建术率。结果CABG组三支和完全闭塞冠状动脉病变例数明显高于PCI组(87.23%vs.47.06%,87.23%vs.23.53%,P<0.05),随访12个月两组患者在心源性病死率、合并心律失常和再次血管重建术发生率(P>0.05)差异无统计学意义。而在心绞痛复发和再次住院率经皮冠状动脉成形术组高于CABG组(21.57%vs.6.38%,23.52%vs.6.38%,P<0.05)。结论对NSTEAMI患者入院后行PCI与CABG治疗是安全的血运重建的重要手段,应根据患者的具体情况采用合理的血运重建方式,以达到最佳重建冠状动脉血流的结果,改善患者的预后。     

Role of deferred stenting in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Objectives

We conducted a meta‐analysis of studies comparing deferred stenting strategy versus the conventional approach with immediate stenting in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction.

Background

Deferring stent after mechanical flow restoration has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the risk of “no reflow” in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Conflicting evidence is available currently, especially after the recent publication of three randomized clinical trials.

Methods

Searches in electronic databases were performed. Comparisons between the two strategies were performed for both hard clinical endpoints (all cause‐mortality, cardiovascular mortality, unplanned revascularization, myocardial infarction and readmission for heart failure) and surrogate angiographic endpoints (TIMI flow < 3 and myocardial blush grade (MBG) < 2).

Results

Eight studies (three randomized and five non‐randomized) were deemed eligible, accounting for a total of 2101 patients. No difference in terms of hard clinical endpoints was observed between deferred and immediate stenting (OR [95% CI]: 0.79 [0.54‐1.15], for all‐cause mortality; odds ratio (OR) [95% CI]: 0.79 [0.47‐1.31] for cardiovascular mortality; OR [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.64‐1.41] for myocardial infarction; OR [95% CI]: 1.37 [0.87‐2.16], for unplanned revascularization and OR [95% CI]: 0.50 [0.21‐1.17] for readmission for heart failure). Notably, the deferred stenting approach was associated with improved outcome of the surrogate angiographic endpoints (OR [95% CI]: 0.43 [0.18‐0.99] of TIMI flow < 3 and OR [95% CI]: 0.25 [0.11‐0.57] for MBG < 2.

Conclusions

A deferred stenting strategy could be a feasible alternative to the conventional approach with immediate stenting in “selected” STEMI patients undergoing pPCI.

     

Clinical impact of complete atrioventricular block in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction

Complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) is a common complication of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Although STEMI patients complicated with CAVB had a higher mortality in the thrombolytic era, little is known about the impact of CAVB on STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The study aimed at evaluating the clinical impact of CAVB on STEMI patients in the primary PCI era. We consecutively enrolled 1295 STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI within 24 hours from onset. Patients were divided into two groups according to the infarct location: anterior STEMI (n = 640) and nonanterior STEMI (n = 655). The outcomes were all‐cause death and major adverse cardiocerebrovascular events (MACCE) with a median follow‐up period of 3.8 (1.7–6.6) years. Eighty‐one patients (6.3%) developed CAVB. The incidence of CAVB was lower in anterior STEMI patients than in nonanterior STEMI (1.7% vs 10.7%, p < .05). Anterior STEMI patients with CAVB had a higher incidence of all‐cause deaths (82% vs 20%, p < .05) and MACCE (82% vs 25%, p < .05) than those without CAVB. Although higher incidence of all‐cause deaths was found more in nonanterior STEMI patients with CAVB compared with those without CAVB (30% vs 18%, p < .05), there was no significant difference in the incidence of MACCE (24% vs 19%). Multivariate analysis showed that CAVB was an independent predictor for all‐cause mortality and MACCE in anterior STEMI patients, but not in nonanterior STEMI. CAVB is rare in anterior STEMI patients, but remains a poor prognostic complication even in the primary PCI era.     

The impact of introduction of Code-STEMI program on the reduction of door-to-balloon time in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A single-center study in Saudi Arabia

Objectives

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of direct emergency department activation of the catheterization lab on door-to-balloon time (D2BT) and outcomes of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients at a major tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

急诊经桡动脉与股动脉入路介入治疗ST段抬高急性心肌梗死对比研究

目的观察经桡动脉入路行急诊ST段抬高急性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的有效性和安全性。方法选择沈阳军区总医院2005年1月至2006年10月连续607例ST段抬高性急性心肌梗死(STEMI)住院患者,分别接受经桡动脉入路(273例)或经股动脉入路(334例)途径行PCI治疗,观察两组手术成功率和并发症发生率。结果两组患者PCI成功率差异无统计学意义(97.07%对95.81%,P>0.05)。经桡动脉入路组局部血肿、假性动脉瘤、迷走反射发生率显著低于经股动脉入路组。结论行PCI治疗的STEMI患者经桡动脉入路途径是安全、有效和可行的方法,与经股动脉比较,经桡动脉途径可减少并发症的发生。     

早期应用替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死急诊介入治疗的有效性及安全性分析

目的评价在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中早期应用血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb／Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班的有效性和安全性。方法将80例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为替罗非班组（替罗非班＋直接PCI,40例）和对照组（直接PCI,40例）。比较两组患者梗死相关动脉PCI后即刻TIMI血流、术后90min心电图ST段回落百分比、术后7d左室射血分数、术后30d内主要不良心脏事件（心绞痛、心肌梗死、死亡）、出血和血小板减少的发生率。结果替罗非班组PCI后慢复流发生率及主要不良心脏事件的发生率均低于对照组（P〈0．05）,出血并发症的发生与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论早期应用替罗非班能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI后梗死相关血管的TIMI血流,减少PCI后主要不良心脏事件的发生率,临床应用安全有效。     

Clinical and angiographic profiles and six months outcomes of smokers with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty

BackgroundOutcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) in smokers are expected to be better than non-smokers as for patients of acute STEMI with or without fibrinolytic therapy.ObjectivesThis comparative study was designed to evaluate the outcomes of primary PCI in patients with acute STEMI in smokers and non-smokers. Clinical and angiographic profile of the two groups was also compared.MethodsOver duration of two year, a total of 150 consecutive patients of acute STEMI eligible for primary PCI were enrolled and constituted the two groups [Smokers (n = 90), Non-smokers (n = 60)] of the study population. There was no difference in procedure in two groups.ResultsIn the present study of acute STEMI, current smokers were about a decade younger than non-smokers (p value = 0.0002), majority were male (98.9% vs 56.6%) were male with a higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (61.67% vs 32.28% and 46.67% vs 14.44%, p = 0.001) respectively. Smokers tended to have higher thrombus burden (p = 0.06) but less multi vessel disease (p = 0.028). Thirty day and six month mortality was non-significantly higher in smokers 4.66% vs 1.33% (p = 0.261) and 5.33% vs 2.66% (p = NS) respectively. Rate of quitting smoking among smokers was 80.90% at 6 months.ConclusionThe study documents that smokers with acute STEMI have similar outcomes as compared to non smokers with higher thrombus burden and lesser non culprit artery involvement. Smokers present at much younger age emphasizing the role of smoking cessation for prevention of myocardial infarction.