老年人颈动脉壁内膜和中膜厚度与高胆固醇血症和其它危险因素的关系

采用高分辨率B型超声显象法检测94例不同血清胆固醇水平的老年人的颈动脉内膜和中膜厚度，旨在探讨老年人的颈动脉内膜和中膜厚度与冠心病及高胆固醇血症等心血管病危险因素的关系。结果发现，不同胆因醇水平的三组间内膜和中膜厚度差异无显著性，但颈动脉内膜和中膜厚度与年龄、收缩压、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平有显著的正相关性。内膜和中膜厚度增加者（≥1．0mm）吸烟、高血压病、冠心病及脑梗塞的发生率明显高于内股和中膜厚度正常者（＜1．0mm）。Logistic多因素回归分析发现年龄是内膜和中膜厚度增加的独立影响因素。因此，多种因素不同程度地影响老年人的颈动脉内膜和中膜厚度．颈动脉内膜和中膜厚度作为一种无创性检查指标可用于观察老年人动脉粥样硬化的变化情况。     

辛伐他汀降脂治疗对老年人血管内皮功能及颈动脉内膜—中膜厚度的影响

了解辛伐他汀降脂治疗对老年人血管内皮依赖性舒张功能,颈动脉内膜－内膜厚度的影响,采用高分辨率超声技术检测20例对照者,20例原发性高胆固醇血症及20例冠心病伴高胆固醇血症患者降脂治疗前后血管内皮依赖性舒张功能及颈动脉内膜－中膜厚度的变化。结果发现,与对照组比较,原发性高胆固醇血症患者及冠心病伴高胆固醇血症患者肱动脉血流介导性舒张明显减弱,颈动脉内膜－中膜厚度明显增加,服用辛伐他汀20mg/d,治疗3－4月后,原发性高胆固醇血症患者及冠心病伴高胆固醇血症患者血浆总胆固醇明显下降,肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张较治疗前明显改善,但仍低于对照组,治疗前后颈动脉内膜－中膜厚度无显著性改变,提示老年单纯高胆固醇血症及合并冠心病患者存在内皮功能障碍,经辛伐他汀降脂治疗后,血管内皮依赖性舒张功能明显改善,但颈动脉内膜一中膜厚度无明显改善。     

血浆小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平与颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度的相关性

目的　评估测定颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度增厚患者小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量的价值。方法　吴江区第一人民医院2012年6月～2013年6月期间在体检中心行颈动脉超声的体检者130例，经颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查，以颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度≥0.9　mm作为异常标准，分为正常组62例和增厚组68例；检测这些体检者的血浆小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平，并与颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度进行相关性分析。结果　颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度增厚组小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著高于正常组（43.97±11.35　mg/dL比26.01±7.62　mg/dL,P＜0.001），且增厚组小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度厚度显著正相关　（r0.857,P＜0.001）。结论　小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平对颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度的评价具有价值。     

血清雄激素水平与男性动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的研究男性冠心病患者血清雄激素水平及颈动脉内膜—中膜厚度的变化,以及血清雄激素对血清脂蛋白、血糖、胰岛素抵抗的影响,探讨血清雄激素水平与男性动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法选择经冠状动脉造影证实的男性冠心病病人91例(冠心病组),根据血管病变情况分为单支病变组(n=30)、两支病变组(n=33)和三支病变组(n=28),同时选择冠状动脉造影正常男性43例作为对照组。入选病例均测定血清总睾酮、游离睾酮、去氢表雄酮,血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂蛋白a和空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素,以稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数,超声测量颈动脉内膜—中膜厚度。结果冠心病组与对照组比较,血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、脂蛋白a、空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖、稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数及颈动脉内膜—中膜厚度显著增高(P<0.05),血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离睾酮显著降低(P<0.001);游离睾酮冠心病各亚组与对照组比差异有显著性(P<0.001);颈动脉内膜—中膜厚度冠心病各亚组均高于对照组(P<0.001),单支病变组低于两支及三支病变组(P<0.01);空腹胰岛素及稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数:冠心病各亚组均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),且三支病变组显著高于单支病变组。Pearson相关分析表明,内膜—中膜厚度与游离睾酮、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈显著负相关(r值均小于-0.5,P<0.001),与空腹胰岛素、稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂蛋白a呈显著正相关(r值均大于0.5,P<0.001)。结论男性冠心病患者血清游离睾酮水平下降,游离睾酮通过影响血脂、血糖、胰岛素抵抗等因素参与男性动脉粥样硬化的形成。     

可溶性OX40配体与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的关系

目的 观察冠心病稳定型心绞痛患者及高危因素患者血浆中可溶性OX40配体水平,同时测定颈动脉内膜中膜厚度,分析两者的相关性,进一步探讨可溶性OX40配体与冠心病的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法测定35例稳定型心绞痛患者、30例高危因素者及20例正常对照者血浆中可溶性OX40配体浓度,同时利用彩色超声仪测量颈动脉内膜中膜厚度.结果 稳定型心绞痛患者血浆可溶性OX40配体水平(24.95±15.60 ng/L)高于正常对照者(16.44±11.31 ng/L;P<0.05);稳定型心绞痛患者和高危因素者的颈动脉内膜中膜厚度高于正常对照者(P<0.05),且与血浆可溶性OX40配体显著正相关(r=0.376,P=0.001).多因素回归分析显示,在控制年龄、血脂及血压影响后,可溶性OX40配体水平对内膜中膜厚度有独立的贡献(P=0.019).结论 冠心病患者可溶性OX40配体水平显著增高,且与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度独立相关,提示可溶性OX40配体可作为判断冠心痛及动脉粥样硬化新的炎症指标.     

2型糖尿病内脂素和脂联素水平与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的相关性

目的研究2型糖尿病患者血浆内脂素和脂联素水平的变化,并探讨其与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的关系。方法73例2型糖尿病患者根据颈动脉超声结果分为颈动脉内膜中膜厚度增厚组37例,颈动脉内膜中膜厚度正常组36例;分别测定其血浆内脂素和脂联素,分析两者与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度变化的关系。结果2型糖尿病患者内脂素水平高于对照组,且颈动脉内膜中膜厚度增厚组高于颈动脉内膜中膜厚度正常组(P<0.01)。2型糖尿病组的脂联素水平低于对照组,且颈动脉内膜中膜厚度增厚组低于颈动脉内膜中膜厚度正常组(P<0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,内脂素与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度、内脏脂肪厚度、空腹胰岛素呈正相关;脂联素与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度、胰岛素抵抗指数呈负相关,与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈正相关。颈动脉内膜中膜厚度与内脂素、年龄、糖化血红蛋白呈正相关,与脂联素呈负相关。结论血浆内脂素增高及脂联素水平的降低可能是2型糖尿病患者合并早期动脉粥样硬化的危险因素之一。     

吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的影响

目的 探讨吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的影响。方法 68名2型糖尿病患者，随机双盲分为吡格列酮组（n=34）和安慰荆组（n=34），治疗3个月后，应用B超技术检测患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度，并检测两组患者服药前后餐后2h血糖、糖基化血红蛋白、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。结果 与安慰剂组比较，吡格列酮治疗后颈动脉内膜中膜厚度变小（P〈0．01），餐后2h血糖、糖基化血红蛋白和甘油三酯水平明显下降（P〈0．01），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显增加（P〈0.01），两组血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇在治疗后无显著性差异。吡格列酮治疗后颈动脉内膜中膜厚度变化值与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的变化值密切相关（P〈0.01）。结论 吡格列酮能够显著降低2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度，有益于改善2型糖尿病患者大血管并发症。     

颈动脉超声技术与儿童临床前动脉粥样硬化危险因素

目的应用双功能彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测儿童颈动脉内膜中膜厚度,找寻与临床前动脉粥样硬化发病相关的危险因素。方法选择5~17岁儿童79例,利用超声技术定量评价其颈动脉内膜中膜厚度及心脏结构和功能,应用日立7060型全自动生物化学分析仪检测其空腹血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白及低密度脂蛋白含量,计算动脉粥样硬化指数。对其进行体格检查并测量身高、体重及血压,计算体质指数以反映身体肥胖程度;详细询问高血压、冠心病、肥胖及血脂紊乱家族史。通过Logistic回归分析进一步分析这些指标与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的相关性。结果具有高血压、肥胖及血脂紊乱阳性家族史的儿童颈动脉内膜中膜厚度较阴性家族史儿童明显增厚(χ2=4.364,P<0.05);多元Logistic回归方程表明,颈动脉内膜中膜厚度与舒张压及动脉粥样硬化指数存在一定的定量关系。结论对于动脉粥样硬化高危儿童应定期B超监测颈动脉内膜中膜厚度,并针对相对危险因素予以预防。     

早发冠心病患者颈总动脉内膜—中层厚度与载脂蛋白E基因型的关系

探讨早发冠心病患者颈总动脉内膜-中层厚度与载脂蛋白E基因型关系.用超声检测85例早发冠心病患者颈总动脉内膜-中层厚度,同时运用聚合酶链反应及限制性片段长度多肽性方法分析其载脂蛋白 E基因型及等位基因频率分布.结果发现,病例组载脂蛋白 E基因型共有5种,主要基因型按频率高低为载脂蛋白E3/3>E3/4>E2/3,载脂蛋白E2/4和E4/4为少见基因型;载脂蛋白 E等位基因频率为ε3>ε4>ε2.载脂蛋白E3/4基因型组总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇高于载脂蛋白E2/3组, 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于载脂蛋白E2/3组(P均<0.05);载脂蛋白E3/4基因型组内膜-中层厚度高于载脂蛋白E2/3组(P<0.05).内膜-中层厚度与总胆固醇(r=0.401,P<0.01)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(r=0.376,P<0.01)呈正相关.以上提示,早发冠心病患者颈总动脉内膜-中层厚度与载脂蛋白E基因型密切相关,载脂蛋白E基因型通过调节脂质代谢影响内膜-中层厚度.     

早发冠心病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度特点及其预测价值

探讨早发冠心病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度和斑块特征及其对早发冠心病的预测价值。应用B型超声检测早发冠心病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度和斑块情况 ,结合冠状动脉造影结果进行对比研究。结果发现 ,早发冠心病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度≥ 0 .8mm及斑块检出率明显高于对照组 (5 6 %比 11% ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;颈动脉超声阳性对预测早发冠心病的敏感性为 5 5 .7% ,特异性为 88.9% ,准确性为 87.2 % ;3支冠状动脉病变组平均内膜中膜厚度高于 1支冠状动脉病变组。多因素分析发现 ,颈动脉超声阳性是早发冠心病的独立危险因素 (OR =7.19,95 %CI:1.92～ 2 1.37,P =0 .0 0 7)。结果提示 ,早发冠心病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度增厚及斑块检出率升高 ,颈动脉超声阳性对诊断早发冠心病有着较高的特异性和准确性。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.