异位骨化发病机制的研究进展

异位骨化是一种病理性的骨形成，会造成受累关节的失功能，其形成受外因和内因的共同影响，有研究发现与手术及创伤、细胞因子、遗传因素以及围手术期的用药有关，但具体的发病机制目前尚不明了。成熟的异位骨化骨在组织学及影像学上表现与正常骨极其相似，动态的组织形态测定提示相对于正常骨，异位骨化骨代谢活性更高。形成异位骨化的危险因素很多，目前被广泛接受的有：严重的中枢神经损伤、长时间的昏迷、患肢的痉挛状态、患肢制动以及血清碱性磷酸酶升高。今后应加强在分子水平探讨与异位骨化形成的相关因素，为更好地预防创伤、手术后异位骨化的形成以及治疗提供支持。     

帕金森病相关蛋白的蛋白质组学研究进展

随着蛋白质组学概念的提出以及研究方法的不断进步,蛋白质的研究得以迅猛发展。本文就与帕金森病(PD)相关的蛋白质组学研究现状作一介绍。     

全髋关节置换术后异位骨化与吲哚美辛的预防效应：同期非随机随访对照★

目的：通过服用吲哚美辛预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化的发生以了解非甾体抗炎药抑制异位骨化形成的疗效。 方法：对2003-02/2005-02在郑州大学第一附属医院采用后外侧入路行人工全髋关节置换术后服用吲哚美辛的40例患者进行随访（用药组），对照组为1996-02/1999-02采用相同入路手术而在术后未服用吲哚美辛的40例患者。用药组术后第1天开始服用吲哚美辛，50 mg/次，2次/d，应用3周。术后3周、12周、3个月、6个月、12个月及实验结束前对患者进行随访，随访内容：摄X射线片（包括双髋正位、闭孔斜位、髂骨斜位片）观察有无异位骨化形成；同时根据改良的d’Aubigne和Postel评分标准对髋关节功能进行评估。 结果：用药组40例患者获完整随访资料，平均随访时间为21.2个月（6~37个月）。6例患者发生异位骨化，据Brooker分型：Ⅰ度4例，Ⅱ度2例，无严重异位骨化（Ⅲ、Ⅳ度）发生；异位骨化发生率为15%。对照组40例患者获完整随访资料，平均随访时间为27.1个月（5~60个月）随访。16例患者发生异位骨化，异位骨化发生率为40%，其中5例为严重异位骨化。两组患者异位骨化和严重异位骨化的发生率差异均有显著性意义（P < 0.05）。 结论：吲哚美辛对全髋关节置换术后异位骨化形成有一定的预防作用。     

MAPK信号转导的现况及在脑创伤中的应用

1 MAPK的概念 信号转导(signal transduction)指细胞外因子与膜或核受体结合,引发细胞内的一系列生物化学反应,蛋白与蛋白相互作用,直至细胞生理反应所需基因表达开始的过程。蛋白的磷酸化是传递外界各种信息的重要转导机制,在细胞的生物学活动中起重要作用。蛋白激酶催化磷酸基团与蛋白的特异氨基     

蛋白质组学及其在中枢神经系统疾病研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代中枢神经系统疾病研究的重要手段。本文介绍了蛋白质组学在中枢神经退行性疾病、中枢神经系统肿瘤、创伤、药物成瘾性疾病等方面的研究进展,重点阐述其在探索发病机理、寻找诊断预后指标和药物作用靶点等方面的应用。     

蛋白质组学技术鉴定的PC12细胞的细胞骨架蛋白

目的:使用蛋白质组学的技术手段,鉴定大鼠肾上腺皮质细胞瘤细胞系PC12细胞内的细胞骨架蛋白。方法:提取PC12细胞的蛋白质,建立固相pH梯度双向电泳图谱,应用图像扫描仪及ImageMaster 2D Elite分析软件获得蛋白质点的数字化和匹配性信息,挑选匹配良好的高峰度蛋白点,进行基质辅助激光解吸／电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI- TOF-MS)分析,鉴定。结果:用二维电泳技术分离,并用MALDI-TOF-MS成功鉴定出5个PC12细胞的细胞骨架蛋白。结论:PC12细胞蛋白质组中部分细胞骨架蛋白胶图位点的建立,为今后探讨这一类蛋白在神经系统疾病中的作用奠定了基础,并提供了新的侯选治疗靶点。     

蛋白质组学及其在胶质细胞瘤研究中的进展

胶质细胞瘤（glioma）是颅内最常见的恶性肿瘤，占颅内肿瘤的40％～50％。胶质细胞瘤从发病机制、诊断到治疗尚有诸多未阐明处。蛋白质组学（proteomics）。作为新近出现的一种崭新的研究手段，为此提供了新的契机。本文拟就蛋白质组学技术及其在胶质细胞瘤研究中的应用作一综述。     

神经调节蛋白1 在髓鞘生成中的相关调控因子研究 进展

髓鞘是包裹在神经轴突外面的一层髓磷脂膜，对于神经电信号的快速传导有着重要作用。 自轴突和细胞外基质的信号参与髓鞘的生成并发挥关键性作用。研究表明，神经轴突及施万细胞可分 泌神经调节蛋白1（ NRG1），且NRG1对于施万细胞的分化、增殖、迁移及髓鞘形成、修复存在重要作用。 但NRG1 与其他参与髓鞘形成的信号蛋白（层黏连蛋白-211、Maf、Gab1、E-钙黏蛋白）的相互调控尚不 完全清楚。现主要对此作一综述，以进一步诠释髓鞘生成中的分子机制。     

蛋白质组学技术在脑缺血研究中的应用进展

通过应用双向凝胶电泳、荧光双向差异凝胶电泳、高效液相色谱分离、联合质谱及蛋白芯片等蛋白质组学技术,对缺血性脑卒中进行基因后产物一蛋白质组学研究,阐述了蛋白改变在脑缺血的发病机制、病理发展及神经修复等方面的发现,以及蛋白质组学技术在脑缺血研究中的作用。     

蛋白质组学技术在颅脑损伤研究中的应用

蛋白质组学(proteomics)是从整体水平对蛋白质进行研究的一门重要学科,颅脑损伤的蛋白质组学研究目前尚处于起步阶段,它揭示了颅脑损伤后脑组织多种蛋白质的改变及翻译后修饰的变化。采用高通量蛋白质组技术,研究颅脑损伤后的整体蛋白表达变化,有可能为颅脑损伤的监测和治疗提供新的靶标,对于判断颅脑损伤程度、评估预后、调整治疗方案等却有着重要意义。本文就蛋白质组学技术的发展及其在颅脑损伤研究中的应用进展进行综述。     

Neurogenic heterotopic ossification : a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in neurorehabilitation

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is an important cause of restriction in range of movements and secondary motor disability following neurotrauma, orthopaedic interventions and burns. It has not received focussed attention in non-traumatic neurological disorders. In a prospective study of 377 patients, on medical problems in neurological rehabilitation setting, 15 subjects (3.97%) had neurogenic heterotopic ossification. Their clinical diagnosis was: transverse myelitis (7), neurotuberculosis (4), traumatic myelopathy (2) and stroke (2). Hip (10), knee (4) and elbow joints (1) were involved. The risk factors included urinary tract infection (15), spasticity (6), pressure sores (13) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (6). The initial diagnosis was often other than HO and included DVT (3), haematoma (2) and arthritis (2). ESR and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in all but one subject. The diagnosis of HO was established using X-rays, CT Scan and three-phase bone scan. Following treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the range of motion improved in only four patients. HO resulted in significant loss of therapy time during rehabilitation. High index of suspicion about this complication is necessary for early diagnosis and prompt intervention.     

Computerized quantitative radionuclide assessment of heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injury patients.

We evaluated the progression of heterotopic ossification (HO) in 17 spinal cord injury patients by comparing radiographs, quantitative radionuclide bone scans, and serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Evidence of maturation of HO appeared earlier (3 months to 6 years post injury) in radiographs, whereas, during the same time frame, radioactive nuclide assessment showed continued progression of HO in 10 out of the 17 patients. The evolution of HO appeared to take place over a period ranging between 3 and 80 months. We believe that stabilization of HO may be reasonably defined in terms of uptake ratios of 2.0 or less in patients with initial uptake ratios over 3.0 but below 5.0, and of ratios of 3.0 or less when the initial values are over 5.0.     

Bedside ultrasound in early diagnosis of neurogenic heterotopic ossification in patients with acquired brain injury

Objective

To illustrate ultrasound (US) and power Doppler US (PDUS) aspects of neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) in consecutive patients with severe acquired brain injury, to evaluate the role of bedside US and PDUS in early diagnosis of NHO, to study incidence and outcome of NHO in this neurorehabilitative setting.

Methods

Ninety-two consecutive patients with severe acquired brain injury underwent clinical and laboratory screening to pose suspect of NHO. In 6/92 patients bedside US examination confirmed the clinical suspect of NHO. US diagnosis of NHO was then confirmed by other imaging methods. All affected patients started therapy with indometacin, disodium etidronate, 6-methylprednisolone and they were followed-up for 1 year to evaluate the outcome.

Results

The incidence of NHO in this setting was 6.5% (only one patient with multifocal involvement). In hip NHO US demonstrated the classical pattern of zone phenomenon, and PDUS demonstrated vascular signals within mineralized NHO and in the outer hypoechoic area. No vascular signal was observed in the central hypoechoic core. In knee and elbow NHO only a heterogeneously hypoechoic mass or hyperechoic mineralized mass were respectively evident, with vascular signals within the lesions at PDUS. Spectral wave analysis (SWA) demonstrated low resistance vessels in NHO. After 1 year of therapy only one patient showed a severe ankylosis of the hips.

Conclusions

Bedside US is a safe, cheap and useful tool in diagnosis of NHO and it allows to start therapy in early stages of NHO formation. PDUS adds data about neoangiogenetic activity of early NHO.     

Serum alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphorus values in spinal cord injury patients with heterotopic ossification

The blood chemistry was studied in 140 spinal cord injury (SCI) patients (acute injury ward), including 18 patients who developed heterotopic ossification (HO). Comparisons between the HO and non-HO groups were made to determine if the alkaline phosphatase (AP), inorganic phosphorus (P), or calcium (Ca) levels were of diagnostic value. The results showed that AP, P, and Ca by themselves were of little help in the diagnosis of HO. However, the combination of elevated AP and P was significant, especially if both were consistently elevated. There were no significant differences between the HO and non-HO groups concerning completeness or level of spinal injury.     

Zebrafish brain proteomics reveals central proteins involved in neurodegeneration

Understanding the complex biology of the brain requires analyzing its structural and functional complexity at the protein level. The large‐scale analysis of the brain proteome, coupled with characterization of central brain proteins, provides insight into fundamental brain processes and processes linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Here we provide a map of the zebrafish brain proteome by using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), followed by the identification of 95 brain proteins using mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI MS/MS). Our data show extensive phosphorylation of brain proteins but less prominent glycosylation. Furthermore, ～51% of the identified proteins are predicted to have one or more ubiquitination sites whereas ～90% are predicted to have one or more SUMOylation sites. Our findings provide a valuable proteome map of the zebrafish brain and associated posttranslational modifications demonstrating that zebrafish proteomic approaches can aid in our understanding of proteins central to important neuronal processes and those associated with neurodegenerative disorders. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Functional genomics and proteomics: application in neurosciences

The sequencing of the complete genome for many organisms, including man, has opened the door to the systematic understanding of how complex structures such as the brain integrate and function, not only in health but also in disease. This blueprint, however, means that the piecemeal analysis regimes of the past are being rapidly superseded by new methods that analyse not just tens of genes or proteins at any one time, but thousands, if not the entire repertoire of a cell population or tissue under investigation. Using the most appropriate method of analysis to maximise the available data therefore becomes vital if a complete picture is to be obtained of how a system or individual cell is affected by a treatment or disease. This review examines what methods are currently available for the large scale analysis of gene and protein expression, and what are their limitations.     

A sciatic nerve lesion secondary to compression by a heterotopic ossification in the hip and thigh region--an electrodiagnostic approach

A sciatic nerve lesion secondary to compression by a heterotopic ossification is rare. Operative release of the encased sciatic nerve in some cases may restore the function of the nerve partially or completely. However, in some cases the injury may be permanent. An electrophysiologic study is very useful to determine the location and severity of nerve damage, including axonal loss, demyelination, or both. An electrophysiologic study can emphasize the portion of the sciatic nerve that has been involved the most (lateral versus medial or peroneal versus tibial). In some cases an electrophysiologic study can suggest whether surgery should be postponed if a recovery pattern from the nerve injury is obvious. The prognostic value of follow-up studies is considerable. The authors reviewed literature available to them since 1971 and found 6 cases, including their own. This is the first attempt to put together all the information available in the literature about this condition.