2006-2007年虹口区居民营养状况调查

目的了解虹口区居民的膳食结构和营养现况,为有目的地开展各种宣传活动提供依据。方法本次调查采用分层多阶段整群随机的方法,抽取居民家庭进行询问调查和膳食调查。结果虹口区居民动物性食物消费量128．0g／d;奶类、水果消费量基本达到推荐量,分别为人均110．9、99．7g／d;盐消费量6．3g／d;谷类食物为人均253．6g／d;蔬菜消费不足,为人均273．6g／d。居民能量、蛋白质、脂肪及大多数营养素的摄人量基本充足,但钙、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2,维生素C仍不足。结论虹口区居民基本营养素摄人得到满足,但膳食结构不尽合理,某些营养素依然缺乏。     

上海市普陀区2007年居民营养与健康状况调查

[目的]了解普陀区居民的膳食结构、营养现况和营养相关疾病,为制定相关政策、指导居民合理饮食提供依据. [方法]本次调查是家庭抽样调查,采用分层多阶段整群随机的方法,调查包括询问调查、膳食调查等.[结果]普陀区居民禽肉水产类人均每日消费量上升,为213.96 g,豆制品、蛋类人均每日消费量65.44 g和42.68 g,已达到推荐量.谷类、乳类、蔬菜人均每日消费量未达到推荐量,分别为265.06 g、112.62 g、270.35 g;居民能量和碳水化合物的人均每日摄入不足,蛋白质、脂肪、铁、维生素E、烟酸的摄入量已基本达到推荐量,但钙、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C的摄入量较低.能量来源结构分布已比较合理,蛋白质结构中优质蛋白质占57.05%15岁及以上成年人高血压患病率为25.76%、糖尿病患病率为6.87%、血脂异常率为9.91%. [结论]居民膳食状况有较大提高,但能量摄入不足,某些营养素依然缺乏;营养相关性慢性病将是重要的公共卫生问题.     

上海市某区小学生膳食营养状况调查

[目的]了解上海市松江区小学生的膳食结构、营养状况,为指导合理膳食提供依据。[方法]于2009年随机整群抽取上海市松江区5所小学二至五年级1000名小学生进行连续3d膳食调查,根据《中国居民膳食指南》和＂中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量＂作出评价。[结果]小学生的谷类、奶类和豆类消费未达到推荐量,鱼、虾、肉、禽类高蛋白及油脂类食物消费过多;吃零食现象较为普遍,且所吃零食主要是能量高、营养价值低的食物。能量摄入不足,碳水化合物供能比偏低,蛋白质供能比过高,钙、锌和维生素A等多种营养素摄入不足。[结论]上海市松江区小学生人均能量摄入不足,膳食结构不甚合理,营养素摄入不均衡。应加强营养教育,指导学生合理膳食。     

上海市居民膳食结构变化趋势分析

[目的]了解1982~2002年上海市居民膳食结构的变化趋势。[方法]利用1982、1992和2002年全国营养调查上海地区资料,对上海市居民的膳食结构状况进行分析。[结果]20年来随着居民生活水平的提高,上海市居民的膳食结构也发生了很大的变化。能量和蛋白质的摄入能够满足需要;优质蛋白质的比例上升;蔬菜和水果的摄入量均有较大幅度提高;畜禽肉类和水产品的摄入量增加;奶类及其制品和豆类及其制品的摄入量也有增加。但同时畜禽肉类等动物性食物在食物中所占的比重越来越大,谷类食物在膳食中的比重逐渐减少,油脂和盐消费过多,蔬菜水果消费仍不足,奶类及其制品和豆类及其制品的摄入量尚需增加。钙、维生素A等营养素缺乏依然存在;脂肪供能比达到36%,超过中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量和世界卫生组织推荐的30%的上限。[结论]还需进一步加强营养干预,调整膳食结构,预防营养相关性疾病的发生。     

2010年泰州市高港区居民营养与健康状况监测分析

目的了解泰州市高港区居民营养与健康状况。方法遵照2010年《中国居民营养与健康状况监测工作手册》方法执行,调查包括询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查等。SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果当地居民谷薯类、畜禽肉类消费量基本达到《中国居民膳食指南》的要求,每标准人日分别为318.6和75.5g;奶类、水果摄入严重不足,每标准人日仅为15.1、15.9g;油脂和盐消费过多,每标准人日为55.2、10.9g。能量食物来源构成中,谷类食物仅占45.9%,脂肪供能比高达38.5%。人群贫血患病率为15.7%,男、女性贫血患病率分别为10.7%和19.3%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=14.18,P〈0.05）。人群超重率为33.2%,肥胖率为5.6%。≥15岁人群高血压患病率为31.7%,男、女性高血压患病率分别为38.7%和25.9%,两者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=18.62,P〈0.05）;≥18岁人群糖尿病患病率10.8%,男、女性糖尿病患病率分别为12.4%和9.7%,差异无统计学意义;高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症患病率依次为13.1%、23.4%、7.4%,男、女性血脂异常率分别为35.4%和27.7%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.57,P〈0.05）。结论当地居民膳食结构有所改善但不尽合理;基本营养素摄入基本得到满足,但某些营养素依然缺乏;营养相关慢性非传染性疾病（NCD）患病率呈上升趋势,NCD将是本地居民面临的重要公共卫生问题。     

上海市闵行区居民膳食营养与健康状况调查

目的了解上海市闵行区居民的膳食结构、营养状况和营养相关疾病的流行状况,为政府制定政策,实施综合干预措施提供依据。方法本次调查是家庭抽样调查,采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法,调查包括询问调查和膳食调查。结果本区居民食物消费品种丰富,但存在膳食结构不合理现象,表现为畜禽肉类和盐类消费过多,谷类、大豆类消费偏低,蔬菜、水果和奶类消费不足。三大营养素供能比不合理:蛋白质供能比达18.3%;脂肪供能比达39.4%;碳水化合物供能比为42.4%。钙、维生素A等营养素缺乏。监测人群中15岁及以上成年人高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常患病率依次为18.5%、4.0%和6.3%。居民吸烟率24.0%,每周饮酒率19.4%,经常锻炼率35.1%。18～44岁和45～59岁年龄组锻炼比例较低,仅为22.0%和32.1%。结论本区居民膳食结构不尽合理;存在营养过剩与部分微量营养素摄入不足现象;营养相关慢性病患病率在中年人群已达高峰。建议加强营养监测和综合性营养干预,正确引导食物消费,优化膳食模式,倡导健康生活方式,改善居民营养状况,预防相关疾病的发生。     

2010年昆明市高新区部分居民营养与膳食状况调查

[目的]了解居民的膳食结构、膳食习惯、食品消费情况,发现膳食营养问题,为制订改善居民膳食营养状况的措施提供科学依据。[方法]2010年,采用食物频率法对昆明市高新区200名居民进行为期3 d的膳食调查。[结果]调查200人,消瘦的占16.00%,超重、肥胖的占2.50%。膳食中,水果、鱼虾类、乳类及乳制品摄入不足,禽肉、油脂类摄入过量。老年人食物种类单一。35.00%的居民每日水摄入量不到1 200 ml。19.00%的居民不能一日三餐按时进餐。经常食用辛辣食品、油炸、膨化等食物者所占比例,男性、女性分别为89%、91%;懂得调节自己的饮食、知道合理膳食的基本要求、做到合理用餐时间、经常使用健康烹调方法者所占比例,女性分别为55%、33%、76%、63%,男性分别为36%、24%、65%、31%。[结论]居民膳食结构不合理,食物品种少。     

江苏省居民食物结构与营养水平调查研究

通过食物消费量计算和抽样膳食调查进行了江苏省居民膳食结构与营养水平的研究。结果表明:80年代中期是本省在总体上解决温饱问题的转折点;但动物性食物的消费量尚处于较低水平。食物消费量计算较膳食调查结果人均日粮食摄取量高约70g,动物性食物低近18g,因而能量与营养素摄取量也不尽相同,而能量与蛋白质的动物性来源则膳食调查高于食物消费量计算约4％。认为调查结果更符合实际,表现了膳食结构处于调整阶段的倾向,但营养素摄取仍不够平衡。食物摄取与营养水平城乡间差别明显,县际间也有较大差别。健康水平有提高,体格测量结果与营养水平的关系尚难确定。建议适当提高动物性食物和豆类的摄取,但动物性脂肪不宜过高。据此提出了江苏省居民2000年的食物结构设想,并应根据各地不同情况区别要求。另外对膳食结构的DDP评分方法也进行了初步讨论。     

1992年至2007年上海市黄浦区居民膳食营养状况变化趋势

[目的]了解黄浦区居民近15年的膳食营养状况变化趋势。[方法]采用多阶段整群抽样方法,于2007[年9月至11月抽取上海市黄浦区372名居民进行调查,采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法进行膳食调查,用称重法调查家庭调味品消费量。并与1992年、2002年和2005年的营养调查资料进行比较。[结果]蛋白质的每日摄入量为92.9g,较1992年上升10.5g。能量的每日摄入量为9167.1kJ,较1992年降低1351.5kJ。85.8%的居民蛋白质每日摄入量≥推荐摄入量（RNI）的80%;70.7%的居民能量每日摄入量≥RNI的80%。79.8%的居民胆固醇每日摄入量超过300mg;90.9%的居民膳食纤维每日摄入量不到25g。脂肪供能比为35.1%,较1992年提高4.9%。70.7%居民的视黄醇、66.2%居民的硫胺素、76.0%居民的核黄素及70.4%居民的抗坏血酸的每日摄入量均未达到RNI。钙的每日摄入量为639.2mg,较1992年上升92.9mg;但仅24.9%的居民钙摄入量达到适宜摄入量（AI）。84.1%居民的铁摄入量达到AI;70.2%居民的硒摄入量达到RNI,均较1992年上升。[结论]与1992年相比,基本营养素摄入状况明显改善,但仍然存在营养素缺乏或过剩问题,有必要加强科学化引导和管理。     

2002年临沭县居民膳食结构与营养状况调查

[目的]了解临沭县居民膳食结构及营养状况,引导健康相关产业的发展,指导居民采纳健康生活方式.[方法]2002年8～12月,在临沐县抽取部分居民,以连续3天24小时膳食回顾法、食物称重记账法和食物频率法进行食物和营养素摄入量调查.[结果]调查581人,膳食中热能、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物摄人量分别为每标准人日10 464.8kJ、72.8 g、84.4 g、361.3 g;热能中来自谷类、豆类、薯类、动物性、植物性、其他食物的分别占62.03%、2.76%、2.02%、10.18%、17.11%、5.90%.[结论]临沭县居民膳食构成较合理,各种营养索摄入量较高.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.