国际抗癌联盟和日本胃癌协会胃癌淋巴结分期法与国人胃癌患者预后相关性的比较

目的 比较国际抗癌联盟(UICC)和日本胃癌协会(JGCA)两种胃癌淋巴结分期法与胃癌预后的相关性,评价其在胃癌预后评估中的指导意义和应用价值.方法 1996年1月至2005年12月间,经D2及以上胃癌根治手术,清扫淋巴结数目≥15枚,并有完整随访资料的395例胃癌患者为研究对象,分别以两种淋巴结分期法进行分期并绘制生存曲线.以Kaplan-Meier法进行生存率分析,Log rank检验评估组间的差异.结果 按UICC法分期后,各组间患者的生存率差异更明显.对T3期患者分别以两种方法分组并进行生存率比较显示,按照UICC法分期各组间的差异更明显.对两种分期后的N亚期以另一种标准相互再分期后,生存曲线显示,以UICC法对JGCA法分期后的各组再分期所产生的差异比以JGCA法对UICC法分期后的各组再分期后所产生的差异明显.在JGCA分期标准中,Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱ、Ⅲa、Ⅲb和Ⅳ期患者的5年生存率分别为100.0%、96.9%、79.3%、54.2%、16.8%和11.2%;在UICC TNM分期标准中,其5年生存率分别为100.0%、96.9%、75.4%、51.8%、18.4%和10.5%.各期患者的5年生存率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 UICC TNM胃癌分期标准与预后的相关性更好,对胃癌患者的预后评估和治疗方案的制定有更为客观的指导意义;而施行标准的D2胃癌根治手术和清扫至少15枚淋巴结是实行UICC分期法所必需的.     

编者的话

自上世纪40年代Pierre Denoix提出恶性肿瘤的TNM分期以来,这一方法逐步成为评估肿瘤进展程度、指导治疗方式选择、判断预后和比较疗效的主要依据.2009年国际抗癌联盟(UICC)和美国癌症联合会(AJCC)合作提出第七版食管癌TNM分期,在此基础上中国抗癌协会食管癌专业委员会根据我国食管癌病例特点和治疗现状及时推出新的诊疗指南,以规范食管癌的临床诊治、提高治疗效果.     

食管癌UICC TNM分期的发展及临床应用

食管癌的分期经历了数十年发展,国际上相继出现了多种分期标准^[1],目前普遍采用的是UICC TNM分期标准。1978年第3版UICC恶性肿瘤分期中第1次提出了食管癌分期,其中T₁、T₂临床分期和病理分期不同。因为当时钡剂食管造影是主要诊断和分期工具,在PubMed和Google上未检索到其在临床应用的相关文献。由此可见,食管癌分期发展与其他肿瘤相比明显滞后。以下就检索到的分期文献进行综述,供大家借鉴和参考。     

临床分期对食管鳞癌三维适形放疗预后的指导价值

目的 比较3种非手术临床分期对食管鳞癌三维适形放疗预后的指导价值.方法 回顾分析2001-2007年接受三维适形放疗的179例食管鳞癌患者临床资料,分别采用食管癌UICC2003分期、我国食管癌协作组分期(协作组分期)和本科分期(祝氏分期)方法进行临床分期,比较其一致性(Kappa系数分析)和对放疗预后判断的价值.结果 全组患者的协作组T分期与祝氏T分期一致性一般(Kappa=0.271),祝氏T分期偏早;协作组TNM分期与祝氏TNM分期一致性也一般(Kappa=0.167),协作组TNM分期偏早.98例患者的UICC-T分期与协作组T分期一致性一般(Kappa=0.261),协作组T分期偏早;UICC-T分期与祝氏T分期一致性更一般(Kappa=0.045),祝氏T分期明显偏早;UICC-TNM分期与祝氏TNM分期一致性最好(Kappa=0.597),UICC-TNM分期与协作组TNM分期一致性一般(Kappa=0.299),协作组TNM分期总体偏早.多因素分析均显示UICC分期、协作组分期和祝氏分期中T分期(χ2=11.58、26.00、51.05,P均＜0.01)、N分期(χ2=15.28、16.10、16.10,P均＜0.01)、M分期(χ2值分别为5.59、27.78、27.78,P均＜0.01)和临床TNM分期(χ2=15.77、34.35、51.10,P均＜0.01)为独立预后因素,UICC分期中T1～T3期难以准确分期且T1～T3期预后相似.结论 3种食管癌临床分期均能用于食管癌放疗预后评价,协作组分期和祝氏分期方法值得进一步推广应用,但准确性有待进一步提高.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the prognostic significance of 3 clinical stage system in 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods From January 2004 to August 2007, 179 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were treated with 3DCRT.Before radiation, each patient was staged with UICC 2003 TNM stage, stage of Chinese esophageal cancer cooperation group (cooperation group' stage), and Zhu's clinical stage respectively. Concordance of each clinical stage and prognosis was analyzed with SPSS 11.5. Results In 179 cases of esophageal cancer,Concordance was better in T stage ( Kappa = 0. 271 ) than in TNM stage ( Kappa = 0. 167 ) between cooperation group' stage and Zhu's stage. Among them, 98 cases was staged with UICC stage, concordance of T stage was better between UICC-T and cooperation group' T stage (Kappa =0. 261 ) than between UICCT and Zhu's T stage (Kappa = 0. 045 ) ;concordance of TNM stage was better between UICC-TNM and Zhu's TNM stage ( Kappa = 0. 597 ) than between UICC-TNM and cooperation group' TNM stage ( Kappa =0. 299 ). With multivariate analysis, T ( χ2 value is 11.58, 26. 00 and 51.05, all P ＜ 0. 01 ), N ( χ2 value is 15.28, 16. 10 and 16. 10,all P＜0. 01), M (χ2 value is 5.59, 27.78 and 27.78,all P＜0. 01), and TNM (χ2 value is 15.77, 34,35 and 51. 10,all P＜0. 01 ) stage in 3 kinds of clinical stage were independent prognostic factors. In UICC stage, T1-T3 was difficult to definite and the prognosis was not significantly different in T1 -T3 stage. Conclusions In this study, 3 kinds of clinical stage could evaluate prognosis of esophageal cancer after radiotherapy;cooperation group' stage and Zhu's stage need further application, with further accuracy needed.     

鼻咽癌中国2008分期和UICC 2002及2009分期临床应用的评价

目的:评价鼻咽癌中国2008分期、UICC 2002及2009分期系统对预后的预测价值,为鼻咽癌分期系统的进一步修订提供依据。方法:收集2004-10-01-2005-10-31中山大学肿瘤医院收治的869例病理确诊初治无转移且有鼻咽颈部MR资料的鼻咽癌患者,按照鼻咽癌中国2008分期、UICC 2002及2009分期系统重新进行分期,比较3种分期的情况及预后预测价值。结果:在临床分期方面,UICC 2009(χ2=66.042,P<0.001)及2002(χ2=66.582,P<0.001)能更好地预测预后。在T分期方面,UICC 2009分期对局部复发的预测价值优于UICC 2002及2008分期(χ2=13.794,P=0.003),将鼻窦、颅底骨质侵犯合并为T2后,无复发生存曲线能更好地分开;在N分期方面,3种分期各有优势。结论:UICC 2009分期标准能更好地预测预后,但仍存在不足。     

乳腺癌TNM(1 997)分类、分期规则和注意点

根据UICC分类、分期原则,综合多个专题论着,归纳、总结1997年UICC第5次乳腺癌TNM分类、分期意义、规则和注意点,以更好地推动乳腺癌规范化诊治、交流和多中心协作.     

Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌肿瘤大小新分级探讨及生存相关因素分析

背景与目的 第六版肿瘤,淋巴结,转移情况(TNM)分期中肿瘤大小(直径)仅以3 cm为界限,难以精确阐明Ⅰ期肺癌不同肿瘤负荷对生存的影响.本研究主要探讨影响完全切除术后Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)预后的各种临床病理因素.其中对Ⅰ期肺癌的肿瘤大小在现TNM分期的基础上做进一步亚分级并分析预后,以验证国际抗癌联合会(UICC)将要公布的新T-分期系统.方法 回顾性分析327例肺癌患者的临床资料,采用Kaplan-Meier典线和Log-rank时序检验生存率差异.通过比例风险模型(Cox模型)进行多因素分析.结果 肿瘤低分化、中-高分化的5年生存率分别为60.49%和73.98%(P=0.0257);术前贫血者和无贫血者的5年生存率分别为64.44%和73.00%(P=0.0182);肿瘤直径≤2 cm、2.1 cm-3 cm、3.1 cm-5 cm和5.1 cm-7 cm的5年生存率分别为86.30%、72.73%、62.50%和58.33%(P<0.0001).结论 患者的肿瘤分化级别、术前是否贫血及肿瘤大小(直径)是Ⅰ期行完全切除术后NSCLC独立的预后因素.肿瘤中-高分化、术前无贫血、肿瘤直径越小则Ⅰ期NSCLC患者的5年生存率更高,肿瘤大小在3 cm基础上以2cm、5 cm为界进一步分级,更能精确地体现其生存的变化,符合UICC将要公布的新T-分期系统.     

肺癌合并肺血栓栓塞症5例结合文献复习

肺癌是目前世界上最常见的男性恶性肿瘤，占全部恶性肿瘤的16％，为恶性肿瘤死亡的28％，严重威胁人们健康和生命。但肺癌合并肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的发生率在国内报道的并不多，因其临床表现无特异性，故容易漏诊误诊，从而影响肺癌患者的生存率。本院2002-2004年住院患者中，有5例被诊断肺癌合并肺动脉血栓，患者均经组织学证实，其分期参照国际抗癌联盟（UICC）的TNM分期标准，PTE诊断标准参照2001年中华呼吸病学会制定的《肺血栓栓塞症的诊断与治疗指南》。     

改良胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤分期的临床解读

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤是一种常见的胰腺恶性肿瘤,异质性极强,诊治手段多样,因此,统一、实用的分期系统将有助于临床诊治及研究.目前,胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤包括欧洲神经内分泌肿瘤协会(European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society System,ENETS)和美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)两种分期,然而两种分期系统对临床指导价值有限,且两种分期系统的并存造成了分期系统混乱的局面.复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胰腺肝胆外科通过结合ENETS中TNM的定义及AJCC中分期的定义,建立了改良的分期系统,该分期能更好地区分出不同预后的人群,更适合于指导临床应用,有利于建立统一的临床分期标准.研究结果发表在《临床肿瘤学杂志》(Journal of Clinical Oncology,JCO)上.研究得到了国际同行的高度重视与认可,被评为"2017 Best of JCO:Gastrointestinal edition".JCO编辑部进行了专篇述评.该研究就改良分期系统的临床应用进行解读.     

18F-FLT PET/CT显像在肿瘤分期和治疗策略中的应用

目的 探讨18F-FLT PET/CT融合影像对肿瘤TNM分期及治疗策略的影响.方法 对23例恶性肿瘤患者分别用全身CT图像和18F-FLT PET/CT融合图像进行TNM分期.观察两种分期方法的差异;并结合临床资料调整治疗策略.结果 (1)18F-FLT PET/CT显像后有7例T分期和(或)N分期和(或)M分期发生改变,其中4例T分期、3例N分期和1例M分期发生改变;4例总分期发生改变.两种分期之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(2)有3例改变了治疗策略.结论 18F-FLT PET/CT显像可使肿瘤分期更准确;并通过优化治疗方案,使肿瘤患者获得更好的治疗效益.     

卵巢透明细胞癌临床治疗效果研究

背景与目的:卵巢透明细胞癌相比于其他卵巢上皮性癌,其预后较差,本文对本院卵巢透明细胞癌患者生存率作分析比较,探讨CAP[表柔比星(E-ADM)、顺铂(DDP)加环磷酰胺(CTX)]方案加用丝裂霉素(MMC)后的治疗效果。方法:对本院于1999年1月1日至2002年12月31日接受治疗的卵巢透明细胞癌共33例(A组),同时随机取37例卵巢其他上皮性癌的患者作对照(B组)。Ⅰ期患者行全子宫 双附件 大网膜切除 阑尾切除 淋巴结分期术),2例患者需要生育的卵巢癌患者行患侧附件切除 对侧卵巢活检 大网膜切除 阑尾切除术术。Ⅱ期以上的患者行肿瘤减灭术(tumor reductive surgery,TRS)尽可能使残余灶<1cm,2组患者均在术后化疗均采用CAP方案(静脉应用),但A组患者CAP方案中加用了丝裂霉素。A组患者与仅用CAP方案的透明细胞癌患者(C组)Ⅰ/Ⅱ期15例及Ⅲ/Ⅳ期9例相比较。结果:术前A组与B组Ⅰ/Ⅱ血清CA125差异有显著性,卵巢透明细胞癌血清CA125水平值较低,Ⅲ/Ⅳ期血清CA125差异无显著性。在3次及6次化疗后与化疗前Ⅰ/Ⅱ期A组及B组血清CA125差异有显著性,而Ⅲ/Ⅳ期血清CA125下降水平差异无显著性。A组卵巢透明细胞癌患者中有11例有子宫内膜异位症(33.33%),有7例患者出现深静脉血栓(21.21%),有深静脉血栓的患者与生存率无直接关系(P=0.26)。Ⅰ/Ⅱ期患者的平均生存时间分别为:A组38.3±2.4个月,B组38.3±2.7个月,Ⅰ/Ⅱ期患者A组与B组用Log Rank检验相比较4年生存率差异无显著性(P=0.471),Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者的平均生存时间分别为:A组20±3个月,B组34±4个月,Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者A组与B组相比较用Log Rank检验4年生存率差异有显著性(P<0.05)。C组患者Ⅰ/Ⅱ期15例,平均生存时间为:30±3个月,与A组用MMC的透明细胞癌患者Ⅰ/Ⅱ期23例比较生存率差异有显著性(P<0.05)。C组患者Ⅲ/Ⅳ期9例,均死亡。平均生存时间为18±3个月。与A组用MMC的透明细胞癌患者Ⅲ/Ⅳ期10例比较生存率差异无显著性(P=0.430)。结论:卵巢透明细胞癌术前及化疗后血清CA125水平值较低,用CAP加丝裂霉素的规则化疗治疗透明细胞癌对Ⅰ/Ⅱ期患者有一定的治疗效果,对Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者治疗效果不佳。卵巢透明细胞癌疾病的复发率及死亡率仍然较高。     

大肠腺癌组织MDR1表达与肠系膜淋巴结转移关系的研究

目的　探索大肠腺癌组织多药耐药基因 (MDR1)表达与大肠腺癌分化程度及肠系膜淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法　以光敏生物素标记MDR1cDNA探针 ,链亲和素胶体金为检测系统做原位杂交 (ISH SAG)检测大肠癌MDR1mRNA表达 ,同时用LSAB法对P 糖蛋白进行免疫组织化学检测。结果　大肠腺癌MDR1mRNA表达阳性的肠系膜淋巴结转移率与MDR1表达阴性的肠系膜淋巴结转移率两者有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5) ,大肠癌MDR1表达阳性率与分化程度无显著性差异(P >0 0 5)。结论　MDR1表达高低与大肠腺癌肠系膜淋巴结转移呈正相关 ,MDR1阳性表达与细胞分化程度比较无统计学意义。MDR1表达的检测对判定化疗疗效及预后有一定的意义。     

The relation between the aging of the steroid generating system and the geneses of cancers of the stomach, the breast and the uterine cervix

The purpose of the present study is to test the validity of the steroid carcinogenesis hypothesis in humans by investigating the problem whether or not a cancer-specific change of the hormonal milieu emerges at a specified stage of life where the growth rate of cancer risk is at its zenith. A case-control study of 14 urinary steroid excretions was conducted for each of 3 human neoplasias. The identification and the size (in parenthesis) of the population units used in this study were,given as follows: a) the male gastric cancer group (421); b) the male control group (104); c) the female breast cancer group (245); d) the cervical cancer group (345); e) the female control group (127). Two kinds of steroid parameters were employed for the statistical analysis of hormonal data: a) the logarithm of a steroid excretion figure (mu g/day), as expressed by log x; b) the logarithm of a relative weight of a given steroid to tetrahydrocortisol, as expressed by log x/THF. The case-control difference for each parameter was expressed in terms of a t-value of Student's t-test. The steroid deviation profile was prepared for each neoplasia and for each of the log x data set and the log x/THF data set. The results obtained are as follows: a) the 2 steroid parameters (log x and log x/THF) for each of 14 urinary steroids were both subject to change with the progress of host age. The rate of age-dependent change was different for each steroid parameter and for each population unit. b) The above differential age dependency of the steroid parameters gave rise to a continual transition of the steroid deviation profile in the course of aging. c) The hormonal traits of male gastric cancer, female breast cancer and cervical cancer were described each as a complex of androgen depression and glucocorticoid stimulation (male gastric cancer), a sequential emergence of premenopausal progestin depression and postmenopausal predominance of glucocorticoid over androgen (female breast cancer), and a complex of androgen-glucocorticoid depression over progestin (cervical cancer). d) The emergence of the above cancer-specific steroid disorders chronologically coincided with the quasiexponential growth phase of cancer risk (and slow growth phase of cancer risk in postmenopausal breast cancer). e) The usefulness of the log x/THF type deviation profile for the assessment of the hormonal milieu of the host was verified by both theoretical approach to the problem and its application to the real data of a case-control study. f) The age dependent decline of androgens was generally much faster in their progressions than that of glucocorticoids - a finding to suggest the possibility that the production of a cancer-specific steroid deviation profile might have taken the form of the stress shift of Hans Selye, since both phenomena share depletion of gonadal steroids relative to glucocorticoid in common. The etiological relevancy of the 3 cancer-specific steroid changes to the geneses of 3 cancers:was discussed in the light of the experimental pathology studies in our laboratory as well as in other laboratories.     

大肠腺癌组织MDR1表达与肠系膜淋巴结转移关系的研究

 目的　探索大肠腺癌组织多药耐药基因(MDR1)表达与大肠腺癌分化程度及肠系膜淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法　以光敏生物素标记MDR1 cDNA探针,链亲和素胶体金为检测系统做原位杂交(ISH-SAG）检测大肠癌MDR1 mRNA表达,同时用LSAB法对P-糖蛋白进行免疫组织化学检测。结果　大肠腺癌MDR1 mRNA表达阳性的肠系膜淋巴结转移率与MDR1表达阴性的肠系膜淋巴结转移率两者有显著性差异(P<0.05),大肠癌MDR1表达阳性率与分化程度无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论　MDR1表达高低与大肠腺癌肠系膜淋巴结转移呈正相关,MDR1阳性表达与细胞分化程度比较无统计学意义。MDR1表达的检测对判定化疗疗效及预后有一定的意义。