慢性阻塞性肺疾病的肺高分辨率CT呼气相研究

目的　分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)患者吸气相和呼气相高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现 ,对呼气相HRCT上的空气潴留征进行定量分析。方法　 44例COPD患者进行吸气相、呼气相HRCT和肺功能试验检查 ,分析其HRCT表现 ,统计双肺吸 -呼气相密度差值 (VD)和面积缩小率 (AD)、空气潴留评分值并与肺功能试验指标进行相关性分析。结果　 40例患者呼气相HRCT上出现空气潴留征 ,超出了吸气相异常征象的范围 ;双肺VD和AD、空气潴留评分值与肺功能试验指标显著相关 (Ρ <0 .0 5 )。结论　呼气相HRCT可以作为吸气相HRCT的补充手段 ,空气潴留征能够定量分析并且反映患者的肺功能状况     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺密度差与肺功能的相关性研究

近年来有研究（1，2）表明，肺密度差测定有助于肺气肿的分级诊断，分区肺功能测定及“肺龄”估计等，目前尚无统一的肺密度差测量方法，本文采用新的测量方法，对30例正常人及60例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（简称慢阻肺）患者作了肺密度差测定，研究肺密度差与肺功能的相关性及其对肺功能判定的价值。     

CT定量分析COPD患者气流受限的影响因素

目的 比较肺气肿及支气管壁厚度对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者气流受限影响的相关性.方法 40例COPD患者为观察组及40健康者为对照组,同期接受肺功能检查后行吸气相MSCT检查.应用Thoracic VCAR软件测量观察组及对照组肺野内支气管管腔面积为8 mm2的管壁面积的平方根(Ai8).同时测量肺气肿患者全肺及各个肺叶肺气肿区域百分比(LAV%).用SPSS2.2统计学软件分析观察组与对照组Ai8.比较观察组全肺及各个肺叶LAV%及Ai8对肺气流受限指标第1秒用力呼气量实测值与预测值的百分比(FEV1%)及第1秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量(FEV1/FVC)的相关性.结果 观察组与对照组Ai8有明显统计学差异.气流受限指标与全肺LAV%和全肺Ai8都有相关性(P<0.05).在各肺叶中,仅右肺下叶的Ai8与气流受限指标有较强相关性.各个肺叶的LAV%对气流受限指标的相关性均大于右肺下叶Ai8.结论 观察组与对照组Ai8有明显统计学差异.LAV%和Ai8都会独立影响气流受限指标;LAV%对COPD患者气流受限的影响大于Ai8, 其顺序为LAV%>右肺下叶Ai8>其他肺叶Ai8.     

低剂量CT扫描及定量分析对慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道病变的应用研究

目的：探讨低剂量 CT 扫描及定量分析在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者气道病变中的应用价值。方法122例研究对象(其中正常对照组34例,稳定期 COPD 88例)均行低剂量 CT 扫描,88例 COPD 同时行肺功能检查。采用定量 CT 气道分析软件分别测量右上叶尖段、两下叶后基底段第3级支气管气道相关参数。结果中度组、重度组及极重度组 COPD 管壁面积百分比(WA %)、气道内周径为10 mm 时的管壁厚度(hypothetical airway with internal perimeter of 10 mm,Pi10)均大于正常对照组(P 均<0.05),极重度组 COPD WA%、Pi10大于轻度组 COPD(P 均<0.05)。重度组 COPD 管壁厚度(T)与体表面积比值(T/BSA)、管壁面积与体表面积比值(WA/BSA)均大于正常对照组及中度组 COPD(P 均<0.05)。COPD WA%、Pi10分别与肺通气功能指标、小气道功能指标呈负相关(r 值范围为-0.34~-0.51,P 均<0.01),且 Pi10与肺容积指标呈正相关(r 值范围为0.32~0.33,P 均<0.05)。结论低剂量 CT 扫描定量分析可为 COPD 气道病变提供客观定量评价信息,气道参数 WA%、Pi10是2个客观评价指标;随着COPD 肺功能程度加重,支气管厚度逐渐增厚。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道病变的64层MSCT与肺功能的相关性研究

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）气道病变的影像学改变与常规肺功能检查（PFT）的相关性。方法：选取COPD患者（男29例,女10例）及正常对照组（男34例,女11例）进行高分辨率CT（HRCT）和常规肺功能检查。CT扫描分别于深吸气末和深呼气末进行。观察COPD小气道异常的主要HRCT征象：马赛克灌注、呼气末空气潴留征、小叶中心型肺气肿、支气管扩张、支气管壁增厚。分析气道异常与PFT检查参数值的相关性。结果：①HRCT所见COPD与对照组的气道异常的发生率有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;②COPD患者HRCT显示小气道异常与PFT检查结果有相关性,主要表现为：支气管壁增厚、马赛克灌注、呼气末空气潴留征与残气容积/肺总量（RV/TLC）和最大呼气流率（MEF）相关（P值均〈0.05）,支气管扩张与一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、残气容积/肺总量（RV/TLC）相关（P〈0.05）,小叶中心型肺气肿与残气容积相关（P〈0.05）。结论：64层螺旋CT获取HRCT可用于COPD气道病变的诊断,HRCT显示COPD的气道异常征象与PFT指标相关。     

多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者复查的诊断价值

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)CT低剂量复查的可行性,并优化相关参数.方法 收集临床确诊并多次复查的COPD患者60例,随机分为2组.所有患者初次检查以管电流250 mA为常规值,复查每组分别行50 mA及25 mA低剂量扫描.对比分析图像的质量、噪声及容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)、剂量长度乘积(DLP).结果 管电流降低,导致CTDIvol、DLP减低,噪声增加,图像质量变差.50 mA组对肺段及亚段支气管、小叶间隔、肺部感染、肺大泡的显示质量良好,与250 mA组相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.11).25 rnA组的图像质量较差,以小叶间隔的显示差异有统计学意义(P=0.00).结论 COPD患者复查可行CT低剂量扫描,管电流与CT剂量变化呈线性相关,管电流25 mA不宜作为COPD复查的技术参数.     

多层螺旋CT对慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道改变的定量研究

目的:应用MSCT探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者气道尺寸与肺功能检查结果的相关关系。方法:50例COPD患者均行16层螺旋CT检查和肺功能检查,其中肺功能0级14例,1级8例,2级11例,3级9例,4级8例。采用多平面和曲面重组技术,通过获得肺内不同走行方向气道的长轴位图像,分别测量、计算右肺B1和B10的3～5级支气管(内直径≥2mm)在短轴位图像上的气道径线,评估管壁厚度(T)、支气管管腔面积(AI)、支气管壁面积占支气管断面总面积的百分比(WA%)及管壁厚度与外直径的比例(TDR)与患者的肺功能检查(PFT)结果间的相关关系,并比较COPD0～4级组间WA%、TDR的差异。结果:3～5级支气管WA%、TDR与肺功能结果均有较强的相关关系,3、4级支气管的AI与肺功能结果有相关关系,而5级支气管中AI与肺功能结果无相关关系。T与肺功能结果的相关关系在5级支气管中略强,在3、4级支气管中相关性相对较弱。4级支气管的WA%、TDR可以比较全面的反映PFT指标的变化及COPD0～4级的组间差异。支气管扩张和变异会对COPD气道定量CT研究产生影响。结论:COPD气道定量CT研究可以较准确、直观地评估气道直径与气流受限的关系,WA%、TDR可作为评估气流受限较敏感的指标。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与正常志愿者的小气道HRCT定量分析的对照研究

目的 评价不同程度的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者及正常志愿者的高分辨率CT(HRCT)所测量的小气道各径线间的差异.方法 选择COPD患者80例,其中COPD 1～4级每级各20例,正常志愿者19例.分别行胸部Philips Brilliance 256排iCT扫描及肺功能检查.扫描采集数据重建后,以多平面重建(MPR)方式重建右肺上叶尖段支气管,测量4～7级支气管壁横截面的气道壁的外径(D)和内径(L),计算出管壁厚度(T)与体表面积(BSA)平方根的比值(T/√BSA)、气道壁面积占气道总截面积百分比(WA％)、支气管管壁厚度与外径比值(TDR).分析COPD患者气道壁各参数的相关性.结果 COPD患者的支气管壁厚度、TDR、WA％均高于正常对照组,且随着病情的加重,管壁增厚,管壁面积的百分比逐渐增大.HRCT所见COPD各组间与对照组的气道参数的改变有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 不同级别的COPD患者4～7级支气管均可发生气道重构,CT表现为不同程度的支气管壁增厚和管腔变窄.     

FEV_1%和FEV_1/FVC对判断高原地区慢性阻塞性肺疾病气流阻塞的比较研究

目的 :比较FEV1占预计值百分比 (FEV1% )与FEV1/FVC比值 (FEV1/FVC)对判断高原COPD气流阻塞的应用价值。方法 :对比分析了海拔 2 2 6 0～ 390 0m地区 86例COPD、32例限制性通气功能障碍患者和 30例健康人的FEV1%与FEV1/FVC。结果 :COPD组FEV1%与FEV1/FVC呈正相关 (r=0 .897,P <0 .0 1)。依FEV1% <82 %、FEV1/FVC <77%作为判断气流阻塞标准 ,COPD组分别为 87.2 1%和 86 .0 5 % ,限制组分别为 84.38%和 12 .5 0 % (P <0 .0 1)。作为COPD分级标准 ,FEV1%与FEV1/FVC的下降不一致 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ级FEV1/FVC显著高于FEV1% (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 ) ,Ⅰ级略低于FEV1% (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :FEV1%和FEV1/FVC对诊断高原COPD气流阻塞均有较高的应用价值 ,FEV1/FVC能较好地区别阻塞性与限制性通气功能障碍 ,在判断气流阻塞分级时 ,FEV1%较好。     

定量CT评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的病理改变主要包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。定量CT（QCT）能够直接观察和量化肺实质的细微变化,有助于推测COPD的病理生理过程,对COPD的诊断和疗效评价具有重要价值。就QCT在评估肺气肿、气道病变、血管损伤及COPD表型上的应用研究进展予以综述。     

CT双相扫描三维定量分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病CT肺功能与常规肺功能的关系

目的 应用64层螺旋CT双相扫描三维定量分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者CT定量肺功能与常规肺功能(PFT)之间的关系,并评估CT定量分析肺功能在COPD患者中的应用价值.方法 收集84例COPD患者,采用64层螺旋CT扫描机,于深吸气末和深呼气末分别对患者行全肺扫描.采用全自动后处理软件,三维定量分析CT肺气肿参数和空气潴留评估参数.应用Spearman相关系数和多元线性回归分析CT肺功能参数与PFT之间的关系.结果 CT肺气肿评估参数最低1％衰减值[Perc1,(-984.28±17.93)HU]、最低15％衰减值[Perc15,(-948.35±22.26) HU]与片力呼气容积实测值与预计值百分比(FEV1％,48.69±23,47),第1秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量比[FEV1/FVC,(45.89±15.36)％呈正相关(r=0.45 ～0.67,P＜O.01),与残气比[RV/TLC,(61.32±14.48)％]呈负相关(r=-0.33～-0.42,P＜0.01).CT评估肺气肿指数(EI)和空气潴留评估参数:-860～-950 HU范围内呼气相、吸气相衰减区占全肺容积百分比的差值[RVC-860～-950,(17.66±22.36)％]、呼气相与吸气相CT平均肺密度比值(MLDex/in,0.93 ±0.06)、呼气相与吸气相CT全肺容积比(LVeex/im,0.71 ±0.14)与FEV1％、FEV1/FVC呈负相关(r=-0.48～-0.69,P＜0.01);CT评估肺气肿参数[EI,(18.43±13.60)％]和空气潴留评估参数(RVC-860 ～-950、MLDex/in、LVeex/in)与RV/TLC呈正相关(r=0.41 ～0.66,P＜0.01).随后一元线性回归分析表明,CT肺气肿评估参数(EI 、Perc1、Perc15)和CT空气潴留评估参数(RVC-860～-950、MLDeex/in、LVeex/in)的变化与常规PFT参数间具有关联性(R2值0.27 ～O.66,P＜0.01);进一步将CT肺气肿与空气潴留参数两两结合成CT肺功能模型,进行多元线性回归分析(R2=0.66～0.85,P＜0.01),较单独分析时明显提高.结论 COPD患者CT肺气肿和空气潴留参数二者分别与PFT具有线性相关性,能够有效反映患者肺功能变化.CT肺气肿参数和空气潴留参数组成相关模型联合分析,与PFT相关性更好,更精确地反映了COPD患者肺功能的变化.     

呼吸双相结合CT扫描在慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断中的临床价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(multi-slice spiral computed tomography,MSCT)呼吸两相扫描在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)诊断中的临床价值.方法 选择30例临床诊断为COPD患者为病例组,对照组为34例CT胸部体检且肺功能正常者;2组受检者进行深吸气末及深呼气末MSCT扫描及临床肺功能(pulmonary function test,PFT)检查.分析MSCT各项容积指标与PFT指标的相关性;比较MSCT各容积指标在深吸气相与及深呼气相的差异.结果 MSCT各容积指标与PFT指标有显著相关性(P<0.05);MSCT各容积指标在深吸气相与深呼气相有统计学意义 (P<0.05).结论 MSCT呼吸两相容积指标可以用来评价COPD的肺功能,并且MSCT呼吸两相结合扫描在COPD的临床诊断中更有价值.     

Quantitative assessment of peripheral airway obstruction on paired expiratory/inspiratory thin-section computed tomography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with emphysema

OBJECTIVES: We examined the hypothesis that paired inspiratory/expiratory computed tomography (CT) scans in a limited-lung area that excludes emphysema may provide a more accurate evaluation of peripheral airway obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with emphysema. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 32 patients with COPD. The cross-sectional area between -500 and -1024 HU was segmented as whole-lung. The relative areas (RA) less than -950 HU for the whole-lung (RA<-950) were segmented as emphysema, and pixels less than -900 HU for the whole-lung (RA<-900) were segmented to evaluate air trapping. Next, the cross-sectional area between -500 and -950 HU that excludes emphysema was segmented as limited-lung, and pixels between -900 and -950 HU for the limited-lung (RA900-950) were segmented. The changes in RA<-900 (RA<-900-change) and RA900-950 (RA900-950-change) between inspiration and expiration were calculated. Correlations between CT measurements and the results of pulmonary function tests (PFT) were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the mean inspiratory RA<-950 and expiratory RA<-950 (P = 0.245), but the mean expiratory RA900-950 decreased significantly compared with the mean inspiratory RA900-950 (P < 0.001). The correlation coefficients between PFT parameters and the RA900-900-change in the limited-lung without emphysema were higher than that of the RA<-900-change in the whole-lung. CONCLUSIONS: The paired inspiratory/expiratory CT measurements in the limited-lung without emphysema correlated more closely with the PFTs. Our observations suggest that paired inspiratory/expiratory CT scans in the limited-lung excluding emphysema are sensitive for the evaluation of airway obstruction in COPD with emphysema.     

CT attenuation of paired HRCT scans obtained at full inspiratory/expiratory position: comparison with pulmonary function tests

The purpose of this prospective study was to measure lung attenuation at paired HRCT obtained at full inspiratory/expiratory position, to correlate with pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and to characterize different types of ventilatory impairment. One hundred fifty-five patients with and without pulmonary disease underwent paired HRCT obtained at full inspiratory/expiratory position. Three scan pairs were evaluated by densito- and planimetry using dedicated software. The PFTs were available for correlation in all patients (mean interval 5 days). Mean lung density (MLD) at full inspiration was –813 HU, and MLD at full expiration was –736 HU; both, as well as the expiratory attenuation increase, demonstrated significant correlations with static and dynamic lung volumes: up to r=0.68, p<0.05 for residual volume. The MLD and emphysema indices correlated markedly better for scans obtained at full expiration than at full inspiration, e.g. correlation with the residual volume: r=0.68 compared with r=0.55. Even better correlations were obtained for the lung area (229 cm² at inspiration, 190 cm² at expiration), up to r=0.74 for the lung area in expiration and the intrathoracic gas volume. Inspiratory MLD and the expiratory attenuation increase were able to differentiate obstructive and restrictive ventilatory impairment from normal subjects, the best results were obtained from scans obtained at full expiratory position (p<0.05). In conclusion, scans obtained at full expiratory position reveal more functional information than scans obtained at full inspiratory position. Quantitative analysis of CT obtained at full expiratory position provides good estimations of static and dynamic lung volumes as well as significant differences between normal subjects and patients with ventilatory impairment. Electronic Publication     

Morphological measurements in computed tomography correlate with airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives

To determine the correlation between CT measurements of emphysema or peripheral airways and airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

PubMed, Embase and Web of Knowledge were searched from 1976 to 2011. Two reviewers independently screened 1,763 citations to identify articles that correlated CT measurements to airflow obstruction parameters of the pulmonary function test in COPD patients, rated study quality and extracted information. Three CT measurements were accessed: lung attenuation area percentage?1 %pred) and FEV₁ divided by the forced volume vital capacity.

Results

Seventy-nine articles (9,559 participants) were included in the systematic review, demonstrating different methodologies, measurements and CT airflow obstruction correlations. There were 15 high-quality articles (2,095 participants) in the meta-analysis. The absolute pooled correlation coefficients ranged from 0.48 (95?% CI, 0.40 to 0.54) to 0.65 (0.58 to 0.71) for inspiratory CT and 0.64 (0.53 to 0.72) to 0.73 (0.63 to 0.80) for expiratory CT.

Conclusions

CT measurements of emphysema or peripheral airways are significantly related to airflow obstruction in COPD patients. CT provides a morphological method to investigate airway obstruction in COPD.

Key Points

? Computed tomography is widely performed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ? CT provides quantitative morphological methods to investigate airflow obstruction in COPD ? CT measurements correlate significantly with the degree of airflow obstruction in COPD ? Expiratory CT measurements correlate more strongly with airflow obstruction than inspiratory CT ? Low-dose CT decreases the radiation dose for diagnosis and quantitative emphysema evaluation     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病CT形态测量与气道阻塞关系的系统回顾和Meta分析

目的确定肺气肿或外周气道的CT测量与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)气道阻塞之间的相关性。方法检索1976—2011年PubMed、Embase和Web of Knowledge数据库。两名独立研究者通过筛选1763篇有关应用CT测量慢性阻塞性肺病病人肺功能测试的气道阻塞参数的引用文章来评价研究的质量并总结相关的信息。研究者应用3种CT测量方法及2个气道阻塞参数进行评价,3种CT测量方法为:肺衰减面积百分比<-950HU(CT单位),平均肺密度及气道壁面积百分比;2个气道阻塞参数为:第1秒用力呼气量占预计值百分比(FEV1%预计值)和FEV1除以最大用力肺容量。结果系统回顾中有79篇(9559人)文章在不同的测量方法、测量数值及CT气道阻塞之间表现出相关性。选取15篇高质量文章(2095人)进行Meta分析。绝对汇集相关系数:吸气相CT为0.48(95%CI:0.40～0.54)～0.65(0.58～0.71),呼气相CT为0.64(0.53～0.72)～0.73(0.63～0.80)。结论肺气肿或外周气道的CT测量与慢性阻塞性肺病病人的气道阻塞显著相关。在研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病的气道阻塞时CT提供了形态学方法。