肝肾联合移植的临床经验

目的 探讨肝肾联合移植的适应证、手术技术、治疗经验及并发症防治。方法2001年10月至2005年3月进行肝肾联合移植13例。男12例，女1例。年龄41—66岁，平均54岁。原发病：多囊肝、多囊肾并尿毒症3例，酒精性肝硬化合并尿毒症2例，乙型肝炎肝硬化合并尿毒症7例，肾移植术后14年丙型肝炎肝硬化导致肝衰竭伴移植肾功能不全尿毒症1例。肝移植采用经典非转流原位肝移植术式和背驮式肝移植术式，肾移植为常规术式。病肝切除时注意细致分离第三肝门、创面及时止血。以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或白细胞介素-2受体单克隆抗体作为免疫诱导，术后服用他克莫司、吗替麦考酚酯及激素维持免疫抑制治疗。患者门诊随访，复查血、尿常规．肝肾功能，他克莫司血药浓度以及移植物B超等。随访时间12—53个月。结果13例手术均成功。术后发生急性排斥反应1例，继发性出血1例，心肌梗死1例（死亡），胸腔积液4例，肺部感染3例（1例死亡）。除死亡病例外，所有并发症经相应治疗后逆转治愈。11例存活者肝肾功能正常，其中存活4年5个月者1例，存活3年以上者2例，2年以上者6例，1年以上者2例。1例49岁患者术后18个月死于心肌梗死，1例52岁患者术后13个月死于肺部巨细胞病毒感染。结论 肝肾联合移植是肝肾功能衰竭的有效治疗手段。娴熟的手术技巧和并发症的及时诊治是肝肾联合移植成功的关键。     

胰液膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植的远期疗效分析

目的：探讨胰液膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植的远期效果及其影响因素。方法：2001年9月～2006年1月共为14例患者行同种异体胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植术。胰腺移植于右髂窝,门静脉与髂外静脉做端侧吻合,包括腹腔动脉干和肠系膜上动脉的腹主动脉片与髂外动脉做端侧吻合,肾脏同常规肾移植于左侧髂窝。十二指肠与膀胱侧侧吻合。胰液采用膀胱外引流。术后应用他克莫司加霉酚酸酯加泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案。结果：9例患者术后胰肾功能恢复良好,早期无排斥反应发生。随访18～70个月,平均34个月。存活5年以上者4例,4年以上者5例,3年以上者6例,1年以上者9例,胰肾功能良好,血糖正常,均未使用降糖药。1例因超急性排斥反应术后第2天切除移植胰腺,随访至今2年肾功能良好。4例死亡,其中3例死于心血管事件、多器官衰竭,1例因十二指肠瘘死亡。结论：仔细完善的围手术期管理、预防和及时处理并发症、合理应用免疫抑制剂是影响胰肾联合移植患者和移植物长期存活的重要因素。     

腹部多器官联合移植的几点体会(附3例报告)

目的总结腹部多器官联合移植的围手术期处理经验。方法回顾我中心完成的3例腹部器官联合移植临床资料,其中2例行胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠、肾一期联合移植术,1例行肝肾联合移植术。分析手术方法、免疫抑制剂的使用和术后并发症治疗。结果3例患者手术均获成功,随访12～24个月移植器官功能良好。结论腹部器官联合移植成功的关键是保证供体器官质量、选择恰当的手术方式、术后合理使用免疫抑制剂以及防治并发症。     

胰肾联合移植后长期存活患者的临床观察

目的 总结胰肾联合移植患者长期存活的临床经验。方法 2001年10月至2004年7月行胰肾联合移植术6例，均采用供者十二指肠与受者空肠侧侧吻合的改良式胰液肠腔引流术式，术前口服吗替麦考酚酯500mg，他克莫司2mg，术中用甲泼尼龙（MP）1．0g。术后2例用2剂抗白细胞介素2受体单克隆抗体，4例用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白诱导治疗，术后1～3d分别用MP冲击治疗，术后第2天开始应用他克莫司、吗替麦考酚酯、泼尼松三联免疫抑制治疗方案维持治疗。每日用那屈肝素钙（速避凝）或前列地尔等抗凝药物防止移植胰腺血栓形成。应用生长抑素预防移植胰胰腺炎。术后3～5d肾功能恢复顺利时加用更昔洛韦预防巨细胞病毒感染。术后随访15～49个月。结果 6例手术均获成功。术后血糖6～16mmol／L，应用小剂量胰岛素5～10d后停用，6例患者血糖均维持在正常范围。1例术后第7天出现他克莫司浓度过高所致肾中毒，经血液透析治疗3次，他克莫司减量后，肾功能恢复正常。3例患者分别于术后第14、20、22天并发消化道出血，经对症治疗后出血停止。术后早期未发生胰瘘、肠瘘和血栓形成等并发症。6例均存活，存活4年以上者1例，3年以上者3例，2年和1年以上者各1例。胰腺功能良好，血糖正常。5例血肌酐（Scr）正常；1例Scr〉400μmol／L。结论 胰肾联合移植是治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病合并终末期肾病的有效方法，改良式胰．十二指肠及肾一期联合移植术手术操作相对简单，更符合生理，术后并发症少。供器官质量、组织配型、胰液引流方式、围手术期合理用药和术后远期感染是影响患者术后长期存活的重要因素。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的 进一步总结胰十二指肠肾一期联合移植术的经验。方法 回顾性总结4年来共实行的5例胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植术的方法、疗效及并发症的预防和治疗。结果 5例术后移植胰腺和移植肾均发挥了正常功能,术后第1－10d均停用胰岛素,空腹血糖在正常范围。术后并发症的发生仍很常见,部分病人出现了诸如胰周感染,脓肿,十二指肠残瘘,化学性或细菌性膀胱炎,移植胰CMV感染,代谢性酸中毒,肺部感染和急性排斥反应等1个或多个并发症。并发症经处理后大多都能得到控制。5例中有两例已分别存活4年6个月和3年5个月,1例术后3周死于移植肾急性排斥反应多器官衰竭,另2例术后至今已10－11个月仍存活较好。结论 胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植对治疗1型糖尿病并发晚期尿毒症具有肯定的临床疗效,较其它移植有许多优点。术后并发症的预防和正确治疗是影响病人长期存活的重要因素。     

肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植三例报告

目的 探讨肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植的手术适应证、术后并发症及存活情况.方法 对2003年10月至2008年12月施行的3例肝或肾移植术后再次行一期肝肾联合移植的受者进行随访,并进行文献复习.对其围手术期死亡率、术后并发症及存活情况进行总结.结果 围手术期死亡率为33.3%(1/3).术后并发症:1例因腹腔出血术后第29天死于肺部感染、急性移植肾功能衰竭和多器官功能衰竭;3例患者均发生了肺部感染;无急性排斥反应发生.2例存活患者,从首次移植计算,已经分别存活56个月和228个月;从一期肝肾联合移植计算,已经分别存活40个月和48个月.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝肾疾病的有效方法.肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植是可行的.     

肝肾联合移植 22 例报告

目的 对临床肝肾联合移植(CLKT)进行总结. 方法 为22例肝功能衰竭合并尿毒症患者实施CLKT,每例受者所移植的肝脏和肾脏来自同一供者,采取原位灌注、多器官联合快速切取.10例行经典式原位肝移植术,12例行背驮式肝移植术,均未行静脉转流,肾移植采用常规术式,均为一期移植.术后采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或(和)抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗,采用他克莫司、吗替麦考酚酯和泼尼松预防排斥反应. 结果 22例手术全部成功,移植肝和移植肾功能恢复良好.术后发生移植肝急性排斥反应1例,移植肾急性排斥反应2例,他克莫司中毒1例,上消化道出血1例,腹腔继发性出血1例.胸腔积液6例,肺部感染2例,腹腔感染1例.本组随访6个月至7年11个月,死亡3例,其中2例患者分别在术后第7个月和第10个月死于肺部巨细胞病毒感染,1例患者在术后第9个月死于急性心肌梗死.受者术后1、3、5年存活率分别为86.4%、81.3%和72.7%. 结论 CLKT是治疗终末期肝病合并肾功能衰竭的有效方法.     

肝、肾联合移植13例临床总结

目的对肝、肾联合移植的病例进行临床总结。方法回顾性分析13例肝、肾联合移植患者的临床资料。结果肝、肾联合移植术后,4例肝硬化、肝功能衰竭合并肾功能衰竭患者,3例存活1年以上,1例于术后1年半死于乙型病毒性肝炎复发及肝功能衰竭,1例围手术期死于多器官功能衰竭;4例多囊肝、多囊肾合并肝、肾功能损害患者,全部存活1年以上,其中最长存活者已达4年,1例存活1年半后死于肝功能衰竭(慢性功能丧失);5例乙型病毒性肝炎(重型)合并肝肾综合征患者,2例存活1年以上,3例围手术期死于多器官功能衰竭及严重感染。结论肝、肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝、肾疾病的有效方法;对病情较为危重者应行体外静脉转流。     

门、肠引流式胰肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的:总结胰腺内分泌门静脉引流、外分泌肠腔引流式（PE）一期胰、肾联合移植的临床经验。方法：对5例1型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者施行PE一期胰、肾联合移植术的临床资料及手术技术和非手术性并发症的预防进行回顾性分析。结果：5例手术均获成功，其中3例恢复良好，2例围手术期死亡，分别死于胰漏感染和FK506药物中毒。存活者术后3d血肌酐、尿素氮恢复正常;术后7d停用胰岛素，移植胰内、外分泌功能正常。结论：PE引流式胰腺移植在生理、代谢和免疫学等方面更具优势和合理性;PE式将是胰腺移植优先选择的术式;加强围手术期管理有助于减少术后并发症，取得良好疗效。     

上腹部器官簇移植供体器官的切取及修整

目的 探讨上腹部多器官移植中器官簇的切取、修整、血管整形方法及移植效果.方法 5例供体器官簇的获取均采用腹部多器官联合切取,腹主动脉、肠系膜上静脉、胆道及十二指肠同时灌注降温.供体器官簇的肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干分别与取自供体的髂内、外动脉预先行端端吻合,再通过髂总动脉与受体腹主动脉单口端侧吻合（动脉“搭桥”）.受体行上腹部肝、胆、胰、脾、十二指肠、全胃、空肠上段及大小网膜切除,接受肝、胰、十二指肠器官簇移植.结果 5例患者移植术后器官簇存活及功能均良好,肝胰功能均在术后1周左右恢复正常.其中2例患者分别于术后第2天、第3天出现十二指肠空肠吻合口瘘,经再次手术后治愈.目前,除1例患者于术后3个月肿瘤复发、肺转移,死于全身衰竭外;其余4例患者移植物功能良好,现均已存活达6个月.结论 获取质量良好的上腹部器官簇及适当的血管整形,是保证移植效果的前提;上腹部器官簇移植是治疗上腹多脏器恶性肿瘤的有效治疗方法.     

肝肾联合移植13例临床分析

目的 探讨肝肾联合移植的适应证、手术并发症及生存情况.方法 回顾性分析2003年10月至2008年12月施行的13例肝肾联合移植患者的临床资料,分析围手术期死亡率、并发症情况及生存情况.结果 13例肝肾联合移植患者围手术期死亡率30.8%(4/13).术中、术后腹腔出血4例(30.8%);肺部感染7例(53.8%);移植肾急性排斥反应1例(7.7%).本组随访4.4～60个月,中位数40个月.存活1年以上8例,2年以上6例,3年以上5例,4年以上3例,5年以上1例.肝肾联合移植前有1例患者经历肝移植(例2)和2例患者经历肾移植(例3、例4),例4患者于肝肾联合移植术后第29天死于肺部感染、多器官功能衰竭,例2和例3肝肾联合移植术后分别存活40 m、48 m.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终未期肝肾疾病的有效方法.肝/肾移植术后再行肝肾联合移植是可行的.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the indications, complications and survival results of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods From Oct 2003 to Dec 2008, the clinical data of 13 patients who underwent combined liver-kidney transplantation (CLKTs) were retrosptiverly analyzed in our institution. The perioperative mortality rate, complications and the result of follow-up were analyzed.Results The perioperative mortality rate (within 30 days) was 30.8% (4/13). Postoperative complications included intrabdominal bleeding in 4 patients ( 30. 8% ); pulmonary infection in 7 patients (53.8%); acute renal rejection in one (7. 7% ). Survivors were followed up from 4.4 to 60 months, with the median time of 40 months. Eight patients have survived more than 1 year; six patients have survived more than 2 years; five of them have survived for more than 3 years; and three of them have survived for more than 4 years, with one surviving for more than 5 years. One patient had undergone liver transplantation ( case 2 ) and two patients had had kidney transplantations ( case 3 and case 4 ) before this CLKTs.Postoperatively case 4 died of pulmonary infection and multiple organ failure at day 29, while case 2 and case 4 survived respectively 40 m, 48 m after CLKTs. Conclusions CLKTs is an effective therapy for end-stage liver and kidney disease. CLKTs for patients with irreversible liver and renal insufficiency after initial liver transplantation or kidney transplantation was feasible.     

Results of combined and sequential liver-kidney transplantation

Experience with combined liver-kidney transplantation (L-KTx) has increased, but controversy regarding this procedure continues because the indications are not clearly defined yet. Between 1984 and 2000, 38 patients underwent simultaneous L-KTx and 9 patients underwent sequential transplantation, receiving either a liver before a kidney or a kidney before a liver. Main indications for a simultaneous procedure were polycystic liver-kidney disease with cirrhosis and coincidental renal failure. The main indications for sequential procedure were cirrhosis caused by viral infection for the liver and glomerulonephritis for the kidneys. Outcomes in these patients were evaluated retrospectively. Regarding simultaneous transplantation, 28 (73.7%) long-term survivors were followed up for 0.7 to 12.5 years. Currently, 24 (63.2%) patients are alive with good liver function. Fourteen patients died; 10 patients died in the early postoperative phase because of septic complications, and most of them were cirrhotic with a poor preoperative clinical status. Currently, 2 of the surviving patients (8%) have returned to dialysis, 4 (17%) have reduced renal function, and 18 (75%) have good renal function. Five liver and 2 kidney retransplantations were performed during the follow-up. In cases of sequential grafting, patients undergoing kidney transplantation in the presence of a previously transplanted stable liver did better than those who underwent liver transplantation after kidney transplantation. When liver transplantation was performed early and electively before substantial worsening, combined L-KTx is a safe procedure offering excellent long-term palliation. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:1067-1078.)     

临床肝肾移植三例体会

目的　探讨肝肾序贯移植和同期联合移植的手术难点及围手术期处理要点。方法　对2例肾移植术后发生药物性肝损害的病例实施肝移植 ,并对 1例巨大多囊肝、多囊肾的病例实施肝肾联合移植。结果　 2例肾移植术后实施肝移植的病例 ,其中 1例因术后肾功能衰竭导致多器官功能衰竭死亡 ;另 1例术后肝、肾功能良好 ,现已存活 1年。肝肾联合移植病例术中采用肝后腔静脉直接阻断法 ,使重达 10kg的巨大病肝得以顺利切除 ,并采用腔静脉成型术完成改良背驮式肝移植。术后免疫方案采用人源化单克隆抗体达利珠单抗免疫诱导下的以FK5 0 6、霉酚酸酯 (MMF)和激素的三联用药 ,肝、肾功能恢复良好 ,现为术后 6个月。结论　序贯性肝肾移植在术前应该准确评估移植肾功能 ,如果移植肾功能不良 ,应果断选择实施肝肾联合移植。肝后下腔静脉直接阻断法在实施巨大病肝切除时具有较大优势。肝肾联合移植术中及术后建议采用达利珠单抗免疫诱导下的免疫三联用药。     

肝肾联合移植28例临床分析

目的 总结肝肾联合移植治疗终末期肝脏合并肾脏疾病的体会.方法 对28例肝肾联合移植的临床资料进行回顾分析,并对手术适应证的选择、手术方式、免疫制剂方案的应用以及预后情况进行了分析整理和总结.结果 肝肾联合移植各种适应证中,肝肾功能衰竭占78.6 %(22/28),肝肾综合征占14.3 %(4/28),高草酸盐尿症及多囊肾合并多囊肝各占3.6 %(各1/28).所有受者均先行肝移植,再行肾移植.肝移植采用背驮式者4例,采用经典非转流式者24例,供肾植入位置首选右侧髂窝.术后随访5个月至7年8个月,受者1年存活率为92.9 %(26/28),3年存活率为78.3 %(18/23).28例受者中,围手术期发生移植肾功能不良4例,其中3例经保守治疗病情好转,1例死亡.1例因移植肝并发症于术后3个月再次行肝移植治疗,后好转,期间肾功能未受影响.术后发生肺部感染11例,其中1例死亡,其余10例经治疗后痊愈.无一例发生急性排斥反应.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝脏合并肾脏疾病的有效手段,术前应严格控制手术适应证,把握适当的手术时机.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the experience of treating the end stage of liver disease complicated with renal failure using combined liver-kidney transplantation.Methods The clinical data of 28 cases receiving combined liver-kidney transplantation were retrospectively analyzed, including the inclusion criteria of surgical indications, modus operandi, protocol of immunosuppression and the prognosis post-operation.Results Among these 28 cases in our study, 22 cases suffered from liver and renal failure, accounting for 78.6%; 4 cases were diagnosed as having hepatorenal syndrome, accounting for 14.3%; and 1 case had hyperoxaluria and polycystic liver with polycystic kidney. As for the modus operandi we used, piggy-back procedure was adopted for 4 patients and classic procedure without bypass was used for the rest. Donor kidneys were all put in the right iliac fossa. During the follow-up period of 5 months to 7 years, one-and 3-year survival rate of the recipients was 92.9% and 78.3% respectively. Among these 28 recipients, 4 cases had the graft renal dysfunction early post-operation: One died and 3 recovered through consecutive therapy. One case received re-transplantation of the liver 3 months after the first due to the relevant complications and then recovered. During this period, no impact on the renal function occurred. Eleven cases had pulmonary infection post-operation, and 1 died. No acute rejection occurred.Conclusion Combined liver-kidney transplantation is the effective treatment to the patients with end stage liver disease complicated with renal dysfunction. Suitable case selection and perfect operation timing were the key points to the success of combined liver-kidney transplantation.     

Outcome and quality of life in patients with polycystic liver disease after liver or combined liver-kidney transplantation.

In advanced stages of polycystic liver disease, often associated with polycystic kidney disease, a curative therapy is liver or combined liver-kidney transplantation. However, little is known about long-term outcome and quality of life. Between 1990 and 2003, 36 patients (32 female, 4 male) with polycystic liver or combined liver-kidney disease underwent liver (n = 21) or liver-kidney (n = 15) transplantation at our center. Main indications for liver transplantation were cachexia, muscle atrophy, loss of weight, recurrent cyst infections, portal hypertension, and ascites. Apart from clinical parameters, 2 anonymous questionnaires (standard short form 36 and self-designed) addressing quality of life and social status were evaluated. Five patients (14 %) died due to sepsis or myocardial infarction with pneumonia, all within 61 days after transplantation. The follow-up time of the remaining 31 patients ranged from 5 to 156 months, with a mean of 62 months. Of the 23 (74%) answered the questionnaires, 91% of patients felt "much better" or "better," only 9% felt "worse" than before, and 52% of patients participated in sports regularly. Fatigue, physical fitness, loss of appetite, and vomiting improved significantly after transplantation. Physical attractiveness and interest in sex increased as well. Professional occupation did not change for 71% of patients. Family situation before and after transplantation changed in 1 case only. Finally, 78% of patients said they would opt for transplantation again, while 17% were undecided; 1 patient would not repeat transplantation. In conclusion, patients with advanced polycystic liver or polycystic liver-kidney disease have an excellent survival rate and an improved quality of life after liver or combined liver-kidney transplantation.     

Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation for adult recipients with irreversible end-stage renal disease

HYPOTHESIS: Combined liver-kidney transplantation is safe (low morbidity and acceptable mortality) and effective in patients with end-stage liver disease. Although refinements in surgical technique have resulted in better patient and allograft outcomes, the negative impact of renal insufficiency on survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation has been widely reported, although some aspects are controversial. DESIGN: Analysis of the clinical characteristics and outcome in the management of patients undergoing combined liver-kidney transplantation. The end points were operative mortality, morbidity, and long-term survival. SETTING: University Hospital 12 de Octubre. PATIENTS: Between May 1986 and December 2001, 820 liver transplantations were performed. There were 16 cases (1.96%) of combined liver-kidney transplantations, which represent the sample of this study. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD follow-up of 42.2 +/- 29 months: 6 patients died (37.5% mortality rate). There were 4 (25%) hospital deaths within 6 months following surgery and 2 after 6 months (4 sepsis, 1 refractory heart failure, and 1 recurrent hepatitis C virus disease). Univariate analysis related to mortality included age, sex, etiology, preoperative creatinine level, United Network for Organ Sharing status, Child-Pugh score, type of hepatectomy (piggyback), intraoperative blood product administration, and the presence of postoperative complications. The only 2 significant factors were the presence of postoperative complications (P = .01) and the United Network for Organ Sharing status (P = .02). Crude survival rate was 62.5%. Actuarial survival rates were 80%, 71%, and 60% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: Because end-stage renal disease is not a formal contraindication for liver transplantation, a combined liver-kidney transplantation for adults with end-stage renal disease can be done safely and effectively.     

肝肾联合移植治疗巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭

目的 总结巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭行肝肾联合移植的临床经验.方法 对8例巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭的患者进行肝肾联合移植,男性5例,女性3例;年龄41～67岁,平均52.8岁.先肝后肾采用经典非转流原位肝移植6例,先肾后肝并采用背驮式肝移植2例.术后对急性排斥反应、并发症、肝肾功能、人/肝/肾存活率等临床疗效进行长期随访.结果 随访28～65个月,8例患者均存活,肝肾功能正常.存活5年以上2例,4年以上2例,2年以上4例.围手术期并发胸腔积液2例,肺部金黄色葡萄球菌感染1例,均对症治疗后痊愈.截至随访终点,未发现移植物急性排斥反应.结论 巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭的患者,肝肾联合移植术是安全有效的治疗方法.