Linking Clients from HIV Antibody Counseling and Testing to Prevention Services

The effectiveness of HIV antibody counseling and testing as a prevention intervention is limited: persons testing seronegative do not usually change their risk behaviors, some actually increase their risk behaviors, and decreases in risk behaviors are usually short-lived. Referrals to additional prevention and other needed services are therefore recommended, although the extent and determinants of referral provision for persons testing seronegative are unknown. We assessed the prevalence of referrals and the association between risk behaviors and prevention referrals among seronegatives. We reviewed HIV testing and referral data on all persons receiving confidential seronegative test results in San Francisco (SF) in the first 10 months of 1995 (n = 5,595), and gathered more detailed referral information at the municipal STD clinic from November 1995 through May 1996 (n = 747). The overall prevalence of referrals was low: a referral was given to 19.1% of the SF sample and 10.6% of the STD clinic sample; 15.4% of the SF sample and 5.9% of the STD clinic sample received a prevention referral. Injection drug users (IDUs) were the most likely to receive a prevention referral (48.5% of SF IDUs, 36.4% of STD clinic IDUs); men having sex with men and women with high-risk partners were also more likely to get a prevention referral than others. For SF IDUs, unsafe sex and needle sharing were not associated with an increased likelihood of receiving a prevention referral. Opportunities to link high-risk clients from counseling and testing to HIV prevention services are being missed. The referral component of HIV counseling and testing should be improved.     

Gender differences in the initiation of injection drug use among young adults

To characterize the circumstances surrounding initiation of injecting drug use, data were collected from 229 young, recently initiated injection drug users enrolled through community-based recruitment in Baltimore, Maryland. Gender differences in the pattern of initiation, the number of persons present at initiation, risky injection, and sexual behaviors at initiation, as well as behaviors after initiation, were examined. Overall, men and women were similar statistically with respect to age at initiation (19.5 years) and risk behaviors at initiation. While men were initiated by men (77%), women were more often initiated by women (65%), most of whom were friends (75%) or relatives (23%). The percentage of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was slightly greater than that of men, 17% versus 11% (P<.2), whether initiated by a man or a woman. Persons who self-initiated had a lower HIV prevalence and fewer HIV-related risk behaviors. Analysis of variance assessed differences in the HIV risk profiles of female and male IDUs who were intiated by someone of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or who self-initiated. These results indicated that (1) young women and men had similar patterns of injection initiation; (2) most women were initiated by female friends, runing counter to earlier literature claims that women were initated to injection drug use by male sex partners; and (3) women initiated by men had a marginally greater mean score on the HIV risk profile.     

Temporal trends in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and risk behavior among injection drug users in Baltimore,Maryland, 1988-1998

Although the incidence of and mortality from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have declined recently in the United States, data are needed on the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs). The authors studied the temporal trends of HIV incidence and risk behavior, ascertained through semiannual confidential interviews, between 1988 and 1998 in a cohort of 1,532 HIV-seronegative IDUs in Baltimore, Maryland. An additional 338 HIV-negative drug users were recruited in 1994 and were studied by using the same methods. Overall, 277 persons seroconverted to HIV during 8,826.45 person-years of follow-up, an incidence of 3.14 per 100 person-years. The incidence per 100 person-years declined over time from 4.45 in 1988-1990 to 3.35 in 1991-1994 to 1.84 in 1995-1998, a decline of 12% per year. HIV infections were associated with injection of cocaine, more frequent injection, needle sharing, and injection in a shooting galley. Sexual behavior variables associated with HIV incidence included a sexually transmitted infection, male homosexual behavior, and sex with another IDU. These data suggest that high-risk behavior and HIV incidence among IDUs have decreased recently in Baltimore. Nevertheless, additional prevention strategies are needed in these populations.     

High HIV testing and low HIV prevalence among injecting drug users attending the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre

Objective: Measure the self-reported prevalence of HIV, history of HIV testing and associated risk factors among injecting drug users (IDUs) attending the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC).
Methods: Cross-sectional survey of IDUs attending the Sydney MSIC (n=9,778).
Results: The majority of IDUs had been tested for HIV (94%), most within the preceding 12 months. Self-reported prevalence of HIV was only 2% (n=162) and homosexuality (AOR 20.68), bisexuality (AOR 5.30), male gender (AOR 3.33), mainly injecting psychostimulants (AOR 2.02), use of local health service (AOR 1.56) and increasing age (AOR 1.62) were independently associated. Among the 195 homosexual male sample 23% were self-reported being HIV positive. HIV positive homosexual males were more likely to report mainly psychostimulant injecting than other drugs, a finding not replicated among the heterosexual males.
Conclusions: The associations in this sample are consistent with other data indicating Australia has successfully averted an epidemic of HIV among heterosexual IDUs. The absence of any significant associations between HIV positive sero-status and the injecting-related behaviours that increase vulnerability to BBV transmission suggests that HIV infection in this group may be related to sexual behaviours. In particular, the strong associations between homosexual males and psychostimulant injectors with HIV positive sero-status suggests that patterns of infection within this group reflect the epidemiology of HIV in Australia more generally, where men who have sex with men remain most vulnerable to infection.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

Profile of male Brazilian injecting drug users who have sex with men

This study aims to characterize the profile of male injecting drug users who have sex with other men (MSM IDUs) recruited through a cross-sectional multi-city survey (AjUDE-Brasil II Project) in six Brazilian cities, in 2000-2001. MSM IDUs were compared to other male IDUs using bivariate and multivariate procedures (logistic regression and answer tree analysis with the CHAID algorithm). Among the 709 male IDUs, 187 (26.4%) reported ever having had sex with other men, while only 37 reported sex with other men in the previous six months. MSM IDUs were more likely to be unemployed (OR = 2.3), to have injected tranquilizers (OR = 3.6), and to be HIV-seropositive (OR = 2.1), compared to other male IDUs. Male same-sex relations in this subgroup appear to be associated with strategies to finance drug consuming habits, including sex for drugs with occasional female partners or obtaining injection paraphernalia from occasional sex partners. Further studies should focus on this especially vulnerable subgroup of IDUs, due to the bidirectional and complex interrelationships between their drug injecting habits and sexual risk behaviors.     

萍乡市男男同性恋性病艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解男同人群的性相关危险因素特点,找出有效的途径或策略,进一步有效控制艾滋病的流行。方法问卷调查与实验室检测。结果总共监测310名男同,其中酒吧会所监测占30.97%,网络监测占69.03%;90%被监测男同是高中以上文化程度;最近一年患性病的占14.19%;310人当中HIV感染者8例,感染率为2.58%;网络招募人中HIV感染为3.27%。艾滋病知识知晓率为98.71%;有将近15%的感染者有过商业性行为(包括3名感染者);有商业性行为的男男同性恋艾滋病感染率与没有商业性行为的男男同性恋的艾滋病感染率两者比较有明显差异;与女性发生性关系的时候有三分之一不使用安全套,每次都会使用的不到一半,最近一次与女性发生性关系有三分之一没有使用安全套。结论男同容易将艾滋病性病进行婚内、外传播;男同存在掌握相关HIV防治知识与实际防范结果背离现象;网络加大了男同交往的频率和范围,也加大了艾滋病传播风险;同性商业性行为风险性更高;男同的双性性关系及无保护性性交在艾滋病传播中起到一个非常重要的桥梁作用;今后要把宣传干预重点放在双性恋、男性性商业服务人群、男同配偶或性伴、甚至青年妇女、青年学生身上。     

HIV/STI Risk Among Male Mexican Immigrants in Dallas, Texas: Findings from a Pilot Study

Rates of HIV and STIs are higher among Latinos than the general U.S. population. A number of factors place Latino immigrants at particularly high risk. 128 male Mexican immigrants in Dallas, Texas completed personal interviews. We measured the prevalence of HIV/STI risk factors and identified sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics associated with higher risk. 9% of the total sample had 3 or more sexual partners in the past year. 5% had sex with a commercial sex worker (CSW). 11% had sex with another man. 11% had a previous STI diagnosis. Risk behaviors and STI history were more prevalent among men who had used illegal drugs or frequently consumed alcohol (18% of the sample) than among others. The overall prevalence of HIV/STI risk factors in this population was moderate. However, men who drank alcohol frequently and used illegal drugs were more likely than others to report engaging in behaviors that put them at risk for acquiring HIV/STI.