造血干细胞移植治疗噬血细胞综合征

正噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH)又称噬血细胞综合征,按发病原因分为两大类,分别为原发性HLH和继发性HLH,按不同遗传背景及后天致病因素等又分为不同亚型~([1])。不同病因、不同程度的HLH治疗手段不同。目前国际上推荐一线治疗方案为HLH-94或者HLH-04方案,旨在抑制过度的免疫反应、清除细胞因子风暴。而对于原发性HLH以及复发、难治性HLH,异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT)是治疗的最佳手段~([2])。移植的主要目的     

新疆地区儿童异基因造血干细胞移植后巨细胞病毒感染相关危险因素分析

目的 分析儿童异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染首次发生的相关危险因素。方法 通过回顾性分析2018年02月—2021年09月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院行异基因造血干细胞移植的患儿62例,随访至移植+100d,应用χ²检验及Logistics回归模型,分析CMV感染发生的危险因素。结果 62例患儿中共有36例(58.1%)在移植+100d内首次发生CMV感染,感染发生的中位时间为+38(23.5～56.8)d,单因素分析结果显示,干细胞来源、急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)与CMV感染相关(P<0.05),多因素分析结果显示,Ⅰ-Ⅱ度aGVHD(OR, 22.025,95%CI,4.144～117.060)、Ⅲ-Ⅳ度aGVHD(OR,12.082,95%CI,1.144～127.653)P值均<0.05,与CMV感染独立相关。结论 儿童异基因造血干细胞移植后aGVHD与CMV感染的发生相关,应在移植早期得到足够的重视。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗噬血细胞综合征

噬血细胞综合征又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症,分为原发性和继发性两大类.对于家族性噬血细胞综合征(familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL)和难治性EB病毒相关噬血细胞综合征(EBV-HLH),异基因造血干细胞移植是目前唯一有效的治疗手段,但其鉴别诊断尤为困难,移植后多种并发症以及高病死率也受到越来越多人的关注.该文总结了近年来异基因造血干细胞移植治疗FHL和难治性EBV-HLH在诊断、预处理方案、移植后并发症、死亡原因分析及预后等方面的研究进展.     

HLH-2004方案诊断治疗小儿噬血细胞综合征结果分析

目的 了解我国小儿噬血细胞综合征(HLH)的发病情况和治疗效果,并开展HLH的穿孔素(perforin)基因研究.方法 研究对象为符合国际组织细胞协会HLH-2004诊断标准的18例患儿,分析患儿起病时及治疗后的临床资料.用流式细胞仪和基因测序法检测患儿的穿孔素基因.结果 流式细胞仪检测发现1例患儿的穿孔素在CD8+T细胞和NK细胞中的表达几乎完全缺如,而且基因测序发现该患儿的穿孔素基因存在错义突变(G47C),确诊为原发性HLH.14例接受HLH-2004治疗,随访时间2周～39个月,临床缓解4例,复发4例,持续活动4例,失访2例.共死亡7例.结论 HLH-2004是诊断和治疗小儿HLH的有效方案,提高生存率需积极开展造血干细胞移植.为鉴别原发性和继发性HLH应进行相关基因检测.     

儿童异基因造血干细胞移植术后巨细胞病毒感染临床分析

目的探讨儿童异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染的危险因素及临床相关特征。方法收集2016年1月至2018年12月共269例allo-HSCT患儿的临床资料。监测移植后全血CMV-DNA拷贝数,分析移植患儿CMV感染发生率、发生时间、危险因素及预后。结果 269例患儿中,男167例、女102例,中位年龄65个月(33～115个月),其中165例发生CMV感染,感染率为61.3%,感染发生时间为移植后23 d(15～34 d),感染持续时间38 d(25～66 d)。Logistic回归分析发现患儿移植年龄65个月、移植后发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ级aGVHD是发生CMV感染的危险因素,而亲缘全相合移植能降低CMV感染发生风险(P0.05)。发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ级急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)及使用脐血移植与发生难治性CMV感染相关(P0.05)。难治性CMV感染组与非难治性CMV感染组总体生存率及无病生存率的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论移植患儿年龄大、Ⅱ～Ⅳ级aGVHD能增加CMV感染的发生风险,亲缘全相合移植能降低CMV感染的发生风险。脐血移植后易发生难治性CMV感染;难治性CMV感染初次检测到CMV感染时间早,峰值高。     

无关脐血移植治疗儿童噬血细胞综合征

目的探讨脐血移植对儿童噬血细胞综合征的治疗效果。方法一例16月龄确诊为噬血细胞综合征的幼儿,经HLH-2004推荐方案进行化疗及免疫治疗7个月后,病情未缓解,行HLA基因位点5/6相合无关脐血移植。预处理采用BU/CY+VP16方案:马利兰(BU)1mg/kg,第6h一次,用4d共16次(-8~-5d);足叶乙甙(VP16)30mg/kg,用1天(-4d);环磷酰胺(CY)60mg/kg,用2d(-3~-2d)。输入脐血有核细胞(NC)5·66×107/kg,CD3+4细胞1·21×105/kg。GVHD预防采用环胞菌素A(CsA)+骁悉(MMF)+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)。移植后应用G-CSF加速造血重建。结果脐血造血干细胞未植入,自体造血恢复。移植治疗后,患儿病情逐渐好转。随访至移植后14个月,病情持续完全缓解。结论噬血细胞综合征经化疗和免疫治疗不能缓解者,应及时进行移植治疗;供体细胞植入失败的移植,也有可能暂时或长期缓解病情。     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血1例报告及文献复习

目的评估异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血(再障)的疗效,探讨移植中合并巨细胞病毒感染治疗及其对长期造血重建的影响。方法患儿,男,12岁,供者为其胞姐,HLA配型完全相合。动员方案:G_CSF5μg/(kg·d)×6d。预处理方案:环磷酰胺(CTX)50mg/(kg·d)×4d,抗胸腺球蛋白3mg/(kg·d)×3d,氟达拉滨50mg/(kg·d)×3d。移植有核细胞数5.26×108/kg,CD34 细胞6.25×106/kg,CFU_GM10.21×105/kg。观察监测巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染,更昔洛韦(GCV)与可耐联合应用。结果移植后28d造血重建,移植后84d血型转为供者型(B型),染色体检测转为供者46XX移植后81d曾发生CMV感染,经早期、联合治疗后感染控制。未发生急、慢性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),移植后骨髓象、血象正常。结论异基因外周造血干细胞移植可有效治疗重型再障,抗CMV感染治疗应早期、足量、联合、长期。     

儿童噬血细胞综合征中枢神经系统病变临床分析

目的总结儿童噬血细胞综合征(HLH)中枢神经系统病变的临床表现、头颅MRI特点及治疗方案。方法回顾分析3例有中枢神经系统症状的HLH(CNS-HLH)患儿的临床表现、脑脊液检查结果、中枢神经系统影像学特点及治疗、转归。结果 (1)CNS-HLH于重症HLH(2例)或在HLH疾病进展时(2例)发生;(2)CNS-HLH临床主要表现为头痛、呕吐、嗜睡、昏迷及抽搐;(3)脑脊液检查见蛋白、淋巴细胞增高,1例发现噬血细胞;(4)头颅MRI表现为硬膜下积液及脑实质局灶性T2高信号;(5)以替尼泊苷(150 mg/m2,每周1次)替代标准HLH-2004方案中的依托泊苷(3例)及给予兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白2.5mg/(kg.d),5 d(2例),CNS-HLH和全身症状缓解2例,治愈1例。结论 CNS-HLH通常发生在重症HLH,病情严重,进展快。其临床表现、脑脊液检查、头颅MRI改变等均缺乏特异性。可应用强免疫抑制剂如替尼泊苷及兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白替代标准HLH-2004方案无法控制的高细胞因子风暴,为造血干细胞移植赢得时间。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后继发性血细胞减少10例

目的 探讨异基因造血干细胞移植后继发性血细胞减少病因及发病机制,为诊断及治疗提供思路。方法 回顾性分析贵阳市妇幼保健院贵阳市儿童医院血液科2018年7月—2022年2月采用异基因造血干细胞移植治疗非恶性血液病继发性血细胞减少症共10例的临床资料,分析其病因,提出诊断治疗思路。结果 异基因造血干细胞移植治疗非恶性血液病时继发性血细胞减少的发生率为41.7%,中位发生时间为移植后+55(+43～+152)d。表现为单系或多系血细胞减少,依据检查及治疗效果,分析病因包括继发性移植物排斥、继发性植入功能不良、自身免疫性血细胞减少。经治疗后10例的血细胞均恢复正常。结论 继发性血细胞减少是异基因造血干细胞移植后常见并发症,常见原因有移植物排斥、植入功能不良、免疫性血细胞减少等,进行嵌合率、骨髓细胞学、外周血病毒DNA、抗人球蛋白实验等检查,及时鉴别病因并给予个性化治疗,可改善预后。     

儿童噬血细胞综合征与脓毒症免疫学发病机制的研究进展

正噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS)又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH),可分为原发性和继发性两类。原发性HLH(FHLH)发病是由于编码介导T淋巴细胞、NK细胞细胞毒作用的关键蛋白的相关基因突变,继发性HLH(SHLH)多在感染性疾病、风湿免疫性疾病、恶性肿瘤、造血干细胞移植     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We report a case of a child with precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who experienced refractory thrombocytopenia and massive splenomegaly during standard induction chemotherapy. He was diagnosed with hemophatocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) during induction. Clinical and laboratory evaluation showed no evidence of infectious cause to HLH. Pancytopenia and HLH persisted after consolidation therapy even with remission from leukemia. After failure to control HLH with ALL-directed therapy and HLH-directed therapy, the patient underwent unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 8 months after diagnosis. He is 34 months post-transplant and in remission from leukemia and HLH.     

Pulmonary hypertension following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

We report two children who developed severe, fatal pulmonary hypertension (PHT) after mismatched unrelated donor cord blood transplantation using reduced intensity conditioning for HLH. PHT was diagnosed on post mortem lung biopsies with no evidence of HLH, pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease, infection or of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. PHT may be an association with HLH and physicians treating HLH should be aware of this potential association. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 521–523. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Zespół hemofagocytarny u dzieci

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) also known as hemophagocytic syndrome is a severe, life threatening inammation, caused by ineffective, prolonged immune response. It may occur as a primary (genetic) or secondary (acquired) disease. Primary HLH is divided into familiar HLH (FHLH) and other genetically determined conditions. In familiar form, HLH is the only manifestation of the disease. In other genetic forms, HLH is one of clinical manifestations. Secondary HLH may arise in a course of severe infections, autoimmune diseases, neoplasms, metabolic diseases, immunosuppressive therapy and after organ transplantation. The prognosis in HLH is inferior. Lack of proper treatment leads to death in primary HLH and in most cases of secondary HLH.     

Rotavirus‐associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for familial HLH

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life‐threatening disorder of immune regulation. HLH consists of two forms: familial and acquired, the latter which occurs in association with infection, malignancy, rheumatic disease and acquired immune deficiency. Herein, we report a case of acquired HLH in a child who had received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for familial HLH with UNC13D mutation. Based on microbiology, only rotavirus was identified as a possible organism triggering HLH. The patient's fulminant clinical course included acute respiratory failure, a sepsis‐like pattern, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and rhabdomyolysis, leading to multiorgan failure and death from septic shock.     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to Varicella zoster infection in a child with Henoch–Schönlein purpura

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a fatal, hyper‐inflammatory syndrome that is characterized by untimely activation of macrophages, and manifests as cytopenia, organ dysfunction, and coagulopathy. Secondary HLH can be associated with infection, drugs, malignancy, and transplantation, and is mostly triggered by infection. Herein, we report the case of a patient with Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) who developed severe HLH secondary to Varicella zoster infection.     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis presenting with thrombocytopenia in the newborn

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) may present with thrombocytopenia during the newborn period. Three neonates (one term and two preterm) presented during the newborn period with thrombocytopenia. Transient recovery occurred in two newborns. The diagnosis of HLH was made after the recurrence of thrombocytopenia and the clinical symptoms at 5 and 7 weeks. The third infant was a premature baby diagnosed at 8 days of age after manifesting the clinical and laboratory features of HLH. All three neonates were treated with chemotherapy and responded well. After hematologic and clinical remission was achieved, the two newborns received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from allogeneic donors. The third neonate is currently receiving chemotherapy. Persistent or recurrent thrombocytopenia of undetermined cause during the neonatal period should raise the suspicion of HLH, even though other symptoms or signs are not yet evident.     

Life-threatening hemophagocytic syndromes: Current outcomes with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract:  Life-threatening hemophagocytic syndromes represent a subset of genetic disorders of inflammation. Many are rapidly lethal and can only be definitively treated at the present time with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this report, current results with allogeneic transplantation for Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are described. HLH typically presents symptomatically during infancy and early childhood and can be identified by a constellation of numerous physical findings and laboratory tests indicative of overwhelming inflammation. The majority of patients with familial HLH lack natural killer (NK) cell function; in approximately 50% of cases the specific underlying genetic cause can now be discerned. Effective treatment consists of initial combination therapy with proapoptotic chemotherapy (typically etoposide) and anti-inflammatory therapies (principally steroids) in addition to aggressive supportive care, followed by allogeneic HSCT from the best available donor. Over the past 25 yr, through collaborative worldwide efforts, survival of children with HLH and related disorders has improved from 5% at 1 yr after diagnosis to greater than 50% 3–5 yr after diagnosis.     

Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening condition of severe hyperinflammation caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of activated lymphocytes and histiocytes secreting high amounts of inflammatory cytokines. Cardinal signs and symptoms are prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. Characteristic biochemical markers include elevated triglycerides, ferritin and low fibrinogen. HLH occurs on the basis of various inherited or acquired immune deficiencies. Impaired function of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T-cells (CTL) is shared by all forms of HLH. Genetic HLH occurs in familial forms (FHLH) in which HLH is the primary and only manifestation, and in association with the immune deficiencies Chédiak-Higashi syndrome 1 (CHS 1), Griscelli syndrome 2 (GS 2) and x-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP), in which HLH is a sporadic event. Most patients with acquired HLH have no known underlying immune deficiency. Both acquired and genetic forms are triggered by infections, mostly viral, or other stimuli. HLH also occurs as a complication of rheumatic diseases (macrophage activation syndrome) and of malignancies. Several genetic defects causing FHLH have recently been discovered and have elucidated the pathophysiology of HLH. The immediate aim of therapy in genetic and acquired HLH is suppression of the severe hyperinflammation, which can be achieved with immunosuppressive/immunomodulatary agents and cytostatic drugs. Patients with genetic forms have to undergo stem cell transplantation to exchange the defective immune system with normally functioning immune effector cells. In conclusion, awareness of the clinical symptoms and of the diagnostic criteria of HLH is crucial in order not to overlook HLH and to start life-saving therapy in time.     

Adverse outcomes in primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

PURPOSE: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare condition characterized by abnormal proliferation of macrophages. Although the mortality rate in children diagnosed with primary HLH is high, little has been described about the nature of adverse events. This review evaluates unfavorable events in children with primary HLH to suggest methods of improving outcomes. METHODS: Charts of patients who met diagnostic criteria for primary HLH at the Hospital for Sick Children between January 1985 and June 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome measure was an adverse event, defined as death, the subsequent diagnosis of malignancy, or developmental delay. RESULTS: Twenty children were diagnosed with primary HLH. The median age at diagnosis was 6.5 months (range 1-78 months). Nineteen children received chemotherapy and two underwent matched sibling donor bone marrow transplantation. Of the 20 children, 12 (60%) died. These deaths were attributed to progressive HLH in 4 cases and invasive infection in 8 cases. These infections consisted of disseminated cytomegalovirus infection (n = 1), sepsis (n = 1), and invasive fungal infections (n = 6). Eight children survived. Two were subsequently diagnosed with malignancy. Two others were found to have significant developmental delay. CONCLUSIONS: The overall mortality rate was 60% in our series of 20 children with primary HLH; 50% of deaths were directly attributable to invasive fungal infection. Developmental delay and the diagnosis of malignancy are important events in this cohort.     

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen in pediatric patients with Griscelli syndrome type 2

Partial albinism with variable immunodeficiency are the two major characteristics of Griscelli syndrome type 2 (GS‐2). This syndrome is usually associated with a high mortality rate and commonly results in early childhood death. Patients suffer from different infections and experience crisis of HLH. HSCT remains the sole curative treatment for GS‐2. We prospectively analyzed the outcomes of transplantation with RIC regimen in five patients. The median age at transplantation was 21.6 months (range: 12–30). All of the patients underwent HSCT from HLA‐matched related donors. Currently, four patients are cured, and symptoms of recurrent infections and HLH crisis are not seen in them. The only patient who died had undergone HSCT in the accelerated phase of HLH. One patient who developed acute GvHD had a favorable response to therapy. No chronic GvHD occurred in patients. It seems that the use of RIC regimen as a method of transplant preparation is effective and tolerable in this group of patients with various comorbidities. It is recommended to carry out HSCT in these patients at lower ages, before presentations of different infections and HLH crisis.