肺栓塞患者运动耐力的评估

目的:探讨心肺运动试验(CPET)与6min步行实验(6MWT)、左室射血分数(LVEF)评估肺栓塞(PE)患者运动耐受能力的相关性。方法:17例确诊断为PE的患者经最佳治疗后,出院前给予CPET、6MWT以及超声心动图。结果:(1)6min步行距离与峰值氧耗(VO2peak)明显相关(r=0.667,P0.01);6min步行距离与无氧阈值氧耗(VO2AT)、二氧化碳通气斜率(VE/VCO2slope)均无相关性(r=0.458,r=-0.456,P0.05)。(2)LVEF与VO2peak、VO2AT、VE/VCO2slope均无相关性(r=0.435,r=0.357,r=-0.426,P0.05)。结论:6MWT能准确可靠地评估PE患者的运动耐受能力。     

老年慢性左心衰竭与右心衰竭患者心肺运动试验特点比较

目的 比较老年慢性左心衰竭与右心衰竭患者心肺运动试验（CPET）特点。方法 入选老年非瓣膜性慢性左心衰竭患者25例[男性20例，年龄（60.2±4.7）岁]，以及年龄、性别、纽约心脏联合会（NYHA）心功能分级匹配的慢性右心衰竭患者25例[男性19例，年龄（61.3±5.7）岁]，排除合并肺部疾病、神经肌肉疾病或贫血等患者，对比其CPET特点。结果 两组患者年龄、性别、体质量指数（BMI）、NYHA心功能分级无明显差异，超声心动图左心室舒张末内径左心衰竭组明显大于右心衰竭组，分别为（66.1±9.0）和（40.4±5.4）mm，左心衰竭组左室射血分数明显低于右心衰竭组，分别为（32.5±11.9）%和（65.8±8.1）%（P＜0.001）。CPET结果显示，左心衰竭组峰值氧耗量（peak VO2）为（1056.6±340.5）ml/min，峰值单位千克体质量的氧耗量（peak VO2/kg）为（15.1±2.7）ml/（min·kg），peak VO2占预计值的百分比为（52±13）%，右心衰竭组分别为（750.9±269.1）ml/min，（11.0±3.2）ml/（min·kg）和（39±11）%，右心衰竭组较左心衰竭组明显降低（P＜0.05）。右心衰竭组峰值氧脉搏（VO2/HR）明显低于左心衰竭组[（6.3±2.2） vs （8.5±3.0）ml/（min·beat），P＝0.016]。右心衰竭组氧耗量与功率比值斜率（VO2/WR slope）明显低于左心衰竭组[（5.1±1.1） vs （6.4±1.8）ml/（min·W），P＝0.014]。与左心衰竭组相比，右心衰竭组每分通气量/每分二氧化碳生量成斜率（VE/VCO2 slope）明显升高[（34.7±8.2） vs （49.5±12.6），P＜0.001]。结论 与左心疾病所致左心衰竭患者相比，即使是相似的NYHA心功能分级，右心衰竭患者运动状态下的心肺功能更差，VE/VCO2 slope更高。     

运动训练对高血压病患者人体参数、心肺功能影响的研究

目的观察运动疗法对原发性高血压病患者人体参数、心肺功能及运动能力的影响。方法纳入50名高血压病患者,测量、计算人体参数指标(含BMI、颈围、腰围、臀围、腰臀比),排除禁忌后行症状限制性心肺运动试验(CPET),制定个体化运动处方后予12周运动训练,后复测CPET指标:最大代谢当量(max METs),无氧阈值(VO2/Kg@AT),峰值氧脉搏(peak VO2/HR),峰值二氧化碳通气当量(peak VE/VCO2),4周、8周、12周时再次测量人体参数并比较。结果 12周运动治疗后患者身体参数指标较前改善,CPET指标中除peak VE/VCO2下降外,其余均较前升高,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论运动训练能改善高血压病患者人体参数、心肺功能,提高运动能力,提高心血管系统对运动应激的适应性。     

应用心肺运动试验评价动脉性肺动脉高压靶向药物疗效

目的:应用心肺运动试验(CPET)评价动脉性肺动脉高压(PAH)患者靶向药物治疗的疗效。方法:连续筛查2014年6月至2015年3月入住我院肺血管病中心的特发性/可遗传性PAH、先天性心脏病性PAH、结缔组织病相关性PAH患者34例。采集患者基线时一般临床资料、常规生化指标、血浆N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)、6分钟步行距离、超声心动图、CPET和右心导管数据。所有患者均接受靶向药物治疗3～6个月后再次应用CPET及其他传统指标进行评估。结果:34例PAH患者均应用靶向药物治疗,平均随访(4.8±2.4)个月,经靶向药物治疗后,峰值氧耗量(VO_(2peak))、VO_(2peak)与体重的比值(VO_(2peak)/kg)、峰值氧脉搏(VO_2与心率比值的峰值)、峰值功率、峰值呼气末二氧化碳(PetCO2)、6分钟步行距离等指标均升高(P均0.05),静息二氧化碳通气当量(VE/VCO2)、VE/VCO2斜率、VE/VCO_2最低值、氧通气当量(VE/VO_2)最低值、NT-proBNP均降低(P均0.05)。NT-proBNP与VO_(2peak)/kg、VE/VCO_2斜率、VE/VCO2最低值、VE/VO_2最低值等均相关(r=-0.395、0.383、0.484、0.428,P均0.05);6分钟步行距离与VO_(2peak)、VO_(2peak)/kg、VE/VCO2斜率相关(r=0.603、0.564、-0.607,P均0.05)。结论:CPET可以定量评价PAH患者的靶向药物疗效,与传统指标相关性较好。     

050 心肺运动试验对慢性心衰老人死亡危险分层的意义

本文拟就心肺踏车运动试验在预测慢性心衰(CHF)老人远期预后中的价值进行了评价. 对象与方法 50例CHF老人,男42例,女8例,年龄>70岁.心功能属NYHA等级Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级25例,Ⅲ级20例,Ⅳ级2例.原发心脏疾病中缺血性心脏病33例,扩张型心肌病13例,瓣膜性心脏病4例.研究中均接受心肺踏车运动试验,继之人均随访2年,观察分析运动试验结果与CHF远期预后间的相关关系. 结果 50例CHF老人中,平均左室射血分数(LVEF)32.8%±14.3%,左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)均值6.1±1.1cm,左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)均值4.7±1.5cm.运动试验中,平均耗氧(VO2)峰值15.2±4.5ml/kg*min-1,每分钟通气量(VE)/二氧化碳排放率(VCO2)比值斜率38.7±11.8,血钠139±2.8mmol/L.随访终末,共有26例不幸死亡,其中1年内死亡率18%,2年内死亡率29%.单变量分析显示,运动试验中VE/ VO2比值斜率(P<0.0001)、VO2峰值(P<0.01)、NYHA心功能等级(P<0.001)、LVESD(P<0.05)以及血钠浓度(P<0.05)皆为CHF老人远期死亡的明显预测指标;相反,年龄、性别、体重、LVEF、LVEDD或心脏原发疾病均与之不相关.多因素分析表明,唯有运动试验中VE/VCO2比值斜率(P<0.01)、VO2峰值(P<0.05)及NYHA心功能等级(P<0.05)方为CHF老人远期死亡的明显独立预测指标. 讨论老年CHF患者远期死亡率的确不低,尤以病后2年内为高.而心肺踏车运动试验无疑对初筛和识别那些病后2年内具有高危死亡风险者意义显要.故对CHF老人,颇宜推崇常规接受心肺踏车运动试验. (袁志敏摘)     

替格瑞洛对冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者心肺适能的影响

目的 探讨替格瑞洛对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后冠心病患者心肺适能的影响。方法 入选2017年9月至2019年9月于北京大学第三医院行PCI治疗,且在术后1年内行心肺运动试验(CPET)的冠心病患者1 073例进行回顾性分析,其中替格瑞洛组309例,氯吡格雷组764例。收集患者的一般临床资料、生化检验结果、超声心动图结果、心肺适能相关指标[包括峰值摄氧量(VO2)、无氧阈VO2,峰值氧脉搏(VO2/HR)及二氧化碳通气当量(VE/VCO2)斜率]、冠状动脉病变和介入治疗情况等。比较两组的心肺适能相关指标水平,采用多因素logistic回归分析服用替格瑞洛与心肺适能相关指标的相关性,并单独纳入PCI术后1个月内行CPET的患者进行亚组分析。结果 替格瑞洛组患者的年龄为(60.3±10.3)岁,男性253例(81.9%);氯吡格雷组年龄(60.6±10.0)岁,男性608例(79.6%)。两组的峰值VO2、无氧阈VO2及峰值VO2/HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),但替格瑞洛组的VE/VCO2斜率高于氯吡格雷组[30.075(27.207,33.603)比28.85...     

终末期慢性心力衰竭患者运动中摄氧通气效率指标的临床应用

目的 评估心肺运动试验(CPET)摄氧通气效率指标摄氧效率平台(OUEP)、摄氧效率斜率(OUES)、通气量((V) E)/二氧化碳排出量((V)CO2)最低值和(V)E/(V)CO2斜率在监测终末期慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心功能和血液动力学状态中的意义.方法 入选2012年10月至2013年9月阜外心血管病医院住院行心脏移植的CHF患者26例.收集临床资料和CPET参数.在行CPET的2周内,进行超声心动图和Swan-Ganz导管检查监测血液动力学参数,并对CPET中摄氧通气效率指标与超声心动图参数和血液动力学参数进行相关性分析.结果 CPET摄氧效率指标OUEP、OUES与传统指标峰值氧耗量(峰值(V)O2)之间相关性好(r=0.535、P＜0.01;r=0.840、P＜0.001).在终末期CHF患者中OUEP相对峰值(V)O2的变化斜率约为32,而OUES相对峰值(V)O2的变化斜率仅约为2,两者相差约16倍,OUEP改变比OUES、峰值(V)O2更加敏感和显著(P＜0.05).OUEP、峰值(V)O2测定值占预测值百分比(％ pred)、(V)E/(V)CO2斜率和(V)E/(V)CO2最低值与无创血液动力学参数峰值心输出量(r =0.535,P＜0.01; r=0.652,P＜0.001; r=-0.640,P＜0.001; r=-0.606,P=0.001)和峰值心脏指数(r=0.556,P＜0.01;r=0.772,P＜0.001; r=-0.641,P＜0.001;r=-0.620,P＜0.001)均显著相关,但与静息状态下有创血液动力学参数心输出量和心脏指数不相关(P＞0.05).峰值(V)O2(％pred)和(V)E/(V)CO2斜率与肺动脉收缩压(r=-0.424,P＜0.05; r=0.509,P＜0.01)和平均肺动脉压力(r=-0.479,P＜0.05;r=0.405,P＜0.05)均显著相关,峰值(V)O2(％pred)还与肺毛细血管楔压显著相关(r=-0.415,P＜0.05),(V)E/(V)CO2斜率与肺血管阻力亦呈显著相关(r=0.429,P＜0.05).结论 CPET摄氧通气效率指标OUEP,可配合传统指标峰值(V)O2、(V)E/(V)CO2最低值、(V)E/(V)CO2斜率等,对CHF患者心功能和血液动力学状态的变化进行更好地监测和评估,以指导终末期CHF患者的临床管理.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动能力与通气效率的相关性分析

目的:通过分析二氧化碳通气当量和运动能力的关系,探讨稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者运动中通气效率与最大运动能力的相关性。方法:选取54例稳定期COPD患者,行运动心肺功能测试,实时监测摄氧量(VO2)、分钟通气量(VE)和二氧化碳排出量(VCO2),根据公式:EqCO2=VE/VCO2计算得出静态二氧化碳通气当量(EqCO2rest)、无氧阈时二氧化碳通气当量(EqCO2at)和最大运动状态下的二氧化碳通气当量(EqCO2max)。结果:1.EqCO2rest、EqCO2at及EqCO2max呈递减趋势,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。2.EqCO2at与最大摄氧量(VO2max)(r=-0.294,P<0.05)、EqCO2max与VO2max(r=-0.301,P<0.05)均呈负相关;EqCO2rest与最大摄氧量占预计值的百分比(VO2max/Pred)呈负相关(r=-0.345,P<0.05)。3.肺功能GOLD 3级患者(21例)的VO2max(15.99±3.39)mL·min-1·kg-1明显低于GOLD 2级患者(25例)的VO2max[(18.88±5.36)mL·min-1·kg-1,P=0.038]。两组的EqCO2rest、EqCO2at及EqCO2max差异无统计学意义。结论:稳定期COPD患者运动中通气效率呈进行性下降趋势,这可能是导致其运动能力下降的重要因素之一。     

心肺运动测试指导心脏康复对慢性心力衰竭患者心肺功能、生命质量影响

目的探讨心肺运动测试(CPET)指导心脏康复对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心肺功能、生命质量的影响。方法选取在我院接受治疗的86例CHF患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组43例和观察组43例。对照组予以常规抗心力衰竭治疗,包括:吸氧、休息,给予强心苷、利尿药、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂、钙通道阻滞剂、β受体阻断剂等治疗。在此基础上,观察组依据CPET客观定量评估,精确定制个体化运动处方进行治疗。比较两组患者心肺功能、生命质量、心功能分级、6分钟步行距离(6WMD)、血浆N末端B型脑钠肽原(NT-pro BNP)水平变化。结果观察组患者心肺功能指标峰值氧耗量(peak VO2)和无氧阈氧耗量(VO2AT)均明显增加,而二氧化碳通气当量斜率(VE/VCO2slop)显著下降,且观察组上述指标均明显优于对照组(P 0. 05);两组患者生活质量各项指标评分均显著高于治疗前(P 0. 05);且观察组患者生活质量各项指标评分增幅显著高于对照组(P 0. 05);两组患者6MWD水平均显著上升,且观察组明显大于对照组(P 0. 05);两组患者NT-pro BNP水平均明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组(P 0. 05);治疗后,观察组心功能分级优于同期对照组(z=2. 95,P 0. 05)。结论 CHF患者通过CPET指导心脏康复治疗不仅可以改善患者心肺功能,还可提高生活质量。     

述评:努力提高我国心肺运动试验的应用水平

<正>心肺运动试验(cardiopulmonary exercise testing,CPET)通过测定运动中气道内氧摄取量、VO2、二氧化碳排出量(VCO2)、心肺系统对运动的应激反应等,进而明确运动时受检者体内的病理生理变化,以及全身各器官系统的功能状态。CPET把内外呼吸耦联并整合进行分析,将运动中内外呼吸过程涉及到的各种器官异常情况放大,进而区分患者的运动耐受是否正常,并对相关器官功能的改变进行定量评价,最终确定患者运动中功能不良的器官功能状态。国外心肺运动试验的专家共识及指南不断更新     

Exercise intolerance

Patients with heart failure and normal EF have severe chronic exercise intolerance. The pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in this syndrome is incompletely understood, but as in systolic heart failure, it is likely multifactorial. Current data suggest that important contributors include decreased LV diastolic compliance, decreased aortic distensibility, exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure, relative chronotropic incompetence, and possibly anemia and skeletal muscle remodeling. Because it is a primary determinant of quality of life, can be quantified objectively, is reproducible, and is modifiable, exercise intolerance is an attractive therapeutic target.     

Exercise echocardiography

Exercise echocardiography is a versatile, noninvasive diagnostic test that involves the recording and interpretation of 2-dimensional echocardiograms prior to, during, and after exercise. By analyzing and comparing wall motion at each stage, a prediction about the presence or absence of coronary artery disease can be made. The development of a wall motion abnormality is both sensitive and specific for the presence of a significant coronary stenosis. Changes in regional systolic function during exercise enable the clinician to distinguish between infarction and ischemia. Thus, the test yields information on the presence, extent, severity, and location of coronary artery disease. Echocardiography can be adapted to almost any form of stress, although treadmill or bicycle exercise are most commonly employed. An advantage of bicycle stress echocardiography is the opportunity to image during exercise, rather than relying on postexercise recording. This contributes to enhanced sensitivity, although false-positive results may increase due to the difficulties of analyzing wall motion during strenuous exercise. Exercise echocardiography increases the diagnostic accuracy of stress testing in a manner similar to radionuclide perfusion imaging. It is particularly useful in the setting of an ambiguous stress electrocardiography (ECG) or when a false-negative or false-positive result is suspected. It has been successfully applied to patients following revascularization and yields useful prognostic data in a variety of clinical situations. Exercise echocardiography is being increasingly utilized as a safe and accurate test in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease.     

Exercise counseling

Objective: To assess how often physicians counsel patients about exercise and to identify which primary care internists infrequently counsel about it. Design: Cross-sectional survey of a random sample of primary care internists in Massachusetts. Questions covered physicians’ attitudes, beliefs, and practices with respect to counseling about exercise; physicians’ perceived barriers to counseling about exercise; physicians’ personal exercise frequency; and physician demographics.Participants: Of 1,000 physicians, 687 were eligible and 422 returned usable questionnaires (response rate 61%). Results: Data describing physician demographics, practice setting, measures of personal fitness, and beliefs regarding exercise were entered into a logistic regression model. The characteristic that best identified physicians who infrequently counsel about exercise was their perceived lack of success at counseling (OR 22.83, 95% CI 8.36–62.31). Other independent predictors of infrequent counseling were physicians’ lack of conviction that exercise is very important (OR4.86,95% CI 1.70–13.91), physician ages 40years (OR 308, 95% CI 1.33–7.15), and higher physician resting heart rate (OR 345, 95% CI 1.46–8.18). Conclusions: Several factors were found to be independently associated with the likelihood of a physician’ counseling about exercise. These included physician perceived success at counseling, physician belief that exercise is important, physician age, and physician resting heart rate. These results suggest possible strategies to improve physicians’ counseling efforts. Received from the Section of General Internal Medicine, Evans Memorial Department of Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, the University Hospital, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Exercise echocardiography

Echocardiographic assessment of changes in wall motion and ventricular dimensions with exercise may be of significant value in the evaluation of the patient with coronary artery disease. Topics covered in this article include exercise physiology, dynamic M-mode echocardiography and its limitations, two-dimensional dynamic exercise echocardiography, and echocardiography during isometric exercise.     

Exercise intolerance

Exercise intolerance is the primary symptom of chronic diastolic heart failure. It is part of the definition of heart failure and is intimately linked to its pathophysiology. Further, exercise intolerance affects the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure. In addition, understanding the mechanisms of exercise intolerance can lead to developing and testing rational treatments for heart failure. This article focuses on the fundamental principles of exercise physiology and on the assessment, pathophysiology, and potential treatment of exercise intolerance in diastolic heart failure.     

Exercise echocardiography

Exercise echocardiography has been used for 30 years. It is now considered a consolidated technique for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Of the stress echocardiography techniques, it represents the first choice for patients who are able to exercise. Given that the cost-effectiveness and safety of stress echocardiography are higher than those of other imaging techniques, its use is likely to be expanded further. Recent research has also proposed this technique for the evaluation of cardiac pathology beyond CAD. Although the role of new technology is promising, the assessment of cardiac function relies on good quality black and white harmonic images.     

Brugada Syndrome,Exercise, and Exercise Testing

There are few data on the risk of exercise and the role of exercise stress testing in Brugada syndrome. We sought to address this deficiency using a systematic literature review. We identified 98 English‐language articles possibly addressing exercise in Brugada syndrome by searching PubMed and Google Scholar from January 1990 through November 2013 using the keywords “Brugada syndrome,” “exercise,” “exercise testing,” and “syncope” alone and in combinations. Abstracts were reviewed, and those articles pertaining to Brugada syndrome and exercise were reviewed in full. We identified 18 articles reporting on Brugada syndrome and exercise. This pool included 2 large studies of 93 and 50 Brugada subjects undergoing exercise testing, plus 16 case reports. There were no reports of exercise‐related sudden death, but there were 4 cases of syncope after exercise. We identified 166 Brugada patients who underwent exercise testing. During exercise testing, there were 2 reports of ventricular tachycardia and 1 report of multiple ventricular extrasystoles. ST‐segment elevation increased (ST augmentation) during the early recovery phase of exercise in 57% of patients. Exercise unmasked a Brugada electrocardiographic pattern in 5 patients. Exercise is associated with syncope and ST augmentation after exercise and may be helpful in unmasking Brugada syndrome. There are insufficient data on the risks of exercise in Brugada syndrome to make recommendations for exercise, but the observations that exercise can worsen the ST abnormalities in Brugada and produce ventricular arrhythmias suggest that patients with Brugada syndrome should be restricted from vigorous exercise.