老年冠心病患者合并糖代谢异常临床观察研究

目的 分析糖代谢异常对老年冠心病患者的影响,探讨餐后2 h血糖检测的重要性.方法 随机选择经冠脉造影确诊的老年冠心病患者172例,取清晨空腹及餐后2 h血糖值后将患者分为糖尿病(DM)组,糖耐量减低(IGT)组,空腹血糖受损(IFG)组和糖耐量正常(NGT)组,比较4组的危险因素及冠脉造影结果.结果 DM组58例(33.72%),IGT组56例(32.56%),IFG组10例(5.81%),NGT组48例(27.91%).前3组弥漫性病变率、合并血脂异常高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 老年冠心病合并糖代谢异常患者多支病变及弥漫性病变率高,容易合并其他危险因素,餐后2 h血糖测定可提高该类患者检出率.     

中老年人群糖代谢异常的临床特点分析

目的:探讨中老年人群糖代谢异常的分布情况及其临床特点。方法:测定951例年龄≥45岁人群的身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR);口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验确定其糖代谢状态,测定血脂、空腹及餐后2h血浆血糖和血清胰岛素水平,用稳态模型评估法(HOMA)计算胰岛素抵抗(IR)指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛细胞功能指数(HOMA-β),进行组间比较。结果:①糖耐量正常者(NGT)占53.00%,单纯糖耐量异常(IGT)占25.34%;空腹血糖受损(IFG)占5.15%;IFG合并IGT占3.79%;糖尿病(DM)占12.72%;②IGT、IFG+IGT、DM患者的年龄、血压、脉压、BMI显著高于NGT和IFG者;WHR值按NGT、IFG→IGT→IFG+IGT、DM的顺序依次增高(P<0.05);IGT、IFG+IGT、DM者的三酰甘油(TG)水平高于NGT者(P<0.05),其中隐性糖尿病(LDM)和显性糖尿病(ODM)患者的TG水平又显著高于IFG者(P<0.05);③IR的程度按NGT、IGT→IFG→LDM→IFG+IGT→ODM的顺序依次升高;除IGT外,其他糖代谢异常的IR程度均显著高于NGT(P<0.05);HOMA-β按IGT、NGT→LDM→IFG+IGT→IFG→ODM的顺序依次降低;各组中以ODM的IR最高,基础胰岛素分泌功能最差。结论:中老年人群的糖代谢异常的患病率高,应重视对餐后血糖的检测,合并有中心性肥胖、高血压等危险因素者建议做口服葡萄糖耐量试验以明确诊断。中老年人群中糖代谢异常者普遍存在IR及胰岛β细胞分泌功能不足。     

糖耐量受损者胰岛素敏感性及胰岛β细胞功能的研究

目的 研究糖耐量受损(IGT)者的胰岛素抵抗(IR)及胰岛β细胞功能变化。方法 选取正常糖耐量(NGT)、IGT、2型糖尿病(T2DM)者共34例，以高胰岛素正血糖钳夹技术测定IR，行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验评估胰岛β细胞分泌功能。结果 与NGT组相比，IGT组、T2DM组的IR显著升高；IGT组胰岛素第一时相分泌明显下降，空腹胰岛素(FIns)水平及第二时相分泌水平升高；T2DM组IR与IGT组处于同一水平，FIns较NGT组显著减少。结论 由NGT向IGT的演变过程中，IR和胰岛素分泌缺陷共同起作用。     

不同糖代谢水平动态血糖谱的差异

目的研究不同糖代谢水平血糖谱差异,以便指导干预时机的选择。方法对糖耐量正常（NGT）、空腹血糖受损（IFG）、餐后血糖受损（IGT）、IFG＋IGT及新诊断T2DM患者的72小时动态血糖监测血糖谱进行分析。结果IFG＋IGT组血糖水平及血糖漂移显著高于NGT、IFG、IGT组（P〈0．05）。新诊断T2DM组血糖水平显著高于NGT、IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT组（P均〈0．05）。新诊断T2DM组餐后及日内血糖漂移与IFG＋IGT组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论（1）随着糖代谢异常的加重,血糖水平升高,血糖漂移程度增加;（2）IFG＋IGT阶段应积极干预。     

老年糖耐量低减及新诊断2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞功能的研究

目的　了解老年糖耐量低减 (IGT)及新诊断的 2型糖尿病 (T2 DM)患者胰岛素抵抗 (IR)及 β细胞的功能状态。方法　对 32例口服葡萄糖耐量正常者 (NGT)、34例 IGT及 45例 T2 DM患者测定口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)各点血糖、胰岛素等指标 ,计算 HOMA模型胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA- IR)、β细胞功能指数 (HOM- Aβ)、胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI)并进行统计学比较。结果　 NGT、IGT、T2 DM组 HOMA- IR分别为 0 .74±0 .75、0 .84± 0 .90、1 .2 6± 0 .79,T2 DM与 NGT比较差异有显著性 (P=0 .0 33)。 NGT、IGT、T2 DM组 HOM- Aβ分别为 5.2 7± 0 .88、5.0 4± 0 .64、4.38± 0 .91 ,其中 T2 DM组与 NGT及 IGT组比较差异均有显著性 ,分别为 P=0 .0 0 1及 P=0 .0 2 2。在 OGTT试验中 IGT组 1 2 0 min胰岛素及 1 80min胰岛素显著高于 NGT组 ,分别为 1 2 8.3± 90 .0 m IU/ L,69.6± 49.3 m IU/ L,P=0 .0 1 9;62 .1± 70 .1 m IU/ L,2 7.1± 2 4 .8m IU/ L ,P=0 .0 30。结论　老年 T2 DM表现出显著的 IR及胰岛β细胞功能减退。老年 IGT作为 T2 DM的前期 ,表现出餐后的异常高胰岛素血症     

中青年原发性高血压患者糖代谢异常与动态血压相关指标变化特征分析

目的:探讨中青年原发性高血压患者糖代谢异常与动态血压相关指标变化特征。方法: 对119 例既往无糖尿病史的高血压患者行空腹血糖( FPG)、2 h血糖( PPG)和24 小时动态血压监测,根据 FPG和PPG水平分为糖耐量正常组(B组 NGT)、糖调节受损组(C组 IGR) 和新诊断Ⅱ型糖尿病组(D组 T2DM),另选31例血压及血糖均正常的健康体检者作为正常对照组（A组）。结果: 从NGT至IGR至T2DM,24 h收缩压平均值、24 h脉压值、血压晨峰值逐渐升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),异常血压负荷值发生率、异常血压晨峰发生率、非杓型血压发生率逐渐增高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。多因素Linear regerssion分析发现:BMI、高血压病程、脉压、血压晨峰值、血压昼夜节律与血糖水平呈正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论: 中青年高血压患者易出现糖代谢异常;中青年高血压并发糖代谢异常患者,血糖水平与BMI、高血压病程、脉压、血压晨峰值、血压昼夜节律密切相关。     

高龄高血压病患者动态血压及昼夜节律与胰岛素抵抗相关性的临床研究

目的探讨高龄高血压病患者血压昼夜节律与胰岛素抵抗之间的关系。方法对89例高龄原发性高血压病患者行动态血压监测（ABPM）和葡萄糖耐量实验（OGTT）及糖化血红蛋白含量的测定，根据糖负荷后2h血糖（2hPG）水平分为糖耐量正常（NGT）、糖耐量减低（IGT）和新发现2型糖尿病（NDM）三组，对三组间动态血压参数和糖代谢指标进行统计学分析。结果IGT组24h舒张压负荷显著低于NGT和NDM组（P〈0．05），24hDBP和nDBP显著低于NGT和NDM组（P〈0．05）。NDM组非杓型和反杓型的血压节律发生率明显高于NGT组（P〈0．01）。NGT组的杓型和超杓型血压发生率分别为21．21％和9．09％，明显高于NDM组。NDM组胰岛素抵抗指数（IRI）、糖化血红蛋白含量显著高于NGTIGT组（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析显示，脉压增大与餐后血糖和糖化血红蛋白显著相关，非杓型血压与胰岛素抵抗（IR）显著相关。结论血压昼夜节律紊乱与糖化血红蛋白含量及胰岛素抵抗密切相关。     

不同糖代谢状态下游离脂肪酸与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能的相关性研究

目的　游离脂肪酸 (FFAs)水平在不同糖代谢状态下对胰岛素抵抗和胰岛 β细胞分泌功能的影响。 方法　选自2 0 0 1- 0 5 2 0 0 3- 11在中国医科大学附属第一医院住院的糖耐量正常 (NGT) 2 8例 ,空腹血糖异常 (IFG)患者 2 0例 ,糖耐量低减 (IGT)患者 2 3例 ,IFG/IGT患者 2 6例 ,2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者 2 5例。测定各组FFAs水平 ,稳态模型评估胰岛素敏感性 ,HOMA IS及OGTT中糖负荷后 30分钟胰岛素增值与血糖增值的比值评估胰岛 (细胞分泌功能。结果　 (1)IGT组、IFG/IGT组及T2DM组患者FFAs水平明显高于NGT组 ;IFG/IGT组患者FFAs水平明显高于IFG组 ;T2DM组患者FFAs水平低于IGT组。 (2 )IGT组、IFG/IGT组及T2DM组患者HOMA IR均明显高于NGT组。(3)胰岛素分泌功能均以T2DM患者变化最显著。 (4)FFAs与HOMA -IR呈正相关 ;FFAs与胰岛素分泌指数呈负相关 ,FFAs与HOMA β细胞功能指数呈负相关。 结论　FFAs水平与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌缺陷密切相关     

不同糖代谢状态人群胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能研究

目的探讨从正常糖耐量到糖尿病(DM)不同糖代谢水平,胰岛素抵抗(IR)与胰岛β细胞功能的演变.方法青岛市区30～74岁的正常糖耐量(NGT)447例;空腹血糖受损(IFG)142例;糖耐量受损(IGT)93例;IFG合并IGT(IFG+IGT)42例;新诊DM 153例.采用HOMA-IR评价IR,HOMA-β、ΔI30/ΔG30分别评价基础状态下及糖负荷后的早期胰岛β细胞功能.结果 IFG组HOMA-IR为1.14±0.06,明显高于NGT组的0.93±0.03(P＜0.05),IFG组HOMA-β为4.53±0.06,低于NGT组5.10±0.04(P＜0.05),两组间△I30/△G30差异无显著性(4.86±0.11 vs 4.99±0.11);IGT组HOMA-IR为1.12±0.07,明显高于NGT(P＜0.05),两组间HOMA-β差异无显著性,IGT组△I30/△G30 为4.62±0.14,低于NGT组的4.99±0.11(P＜0.05);DM组HOMA-IR为1.55±0.05,明显高于NGT、IGT和IFG组(P＜0.05),DM组HOMA-β和△I30/△G30 分别为3.94±0.06、3.93±0.12,明显低于其他各组(P＜0.05),DM组基础与糖负荷后的胰岛β细胞功能均明显受损.结论 IFG患者主要表现β细胞功能缺陷,IGT为胰岛素早期分泌受损,DM患者兼有严重的IR和β细胞缺陷.从NGT到DM,随着糖代谢的不断恶化,IR逐渐加重,胰岛β细胞功能进行性减退,最终发生胰岛β细胞功能衰竭.     

高血压并发不同程度糖代谢异常患者血清高敏C反应蛋白水平变化

目的探讨高血压病患者并发不同程度糖代谢异常与血清高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）的关系。方法160例高血压痛患者，根据空腹血糖（FPG）和糖耐量试验（OGTT）2h血糖（2hPG）结果分为糖耐量正常（NGT）组、糖耐量异常（IGT）组、糖尿病（DM）组。用胶乳免疫增强比浊法测定3组患者血清hs-CRP。结果单因素方差分析（ANOVA）表明，NGT、IGT、DM3组的hs-CRP、2hPG差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。以hs-CRP与年龄、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、FPG、2hPG作直线回归分析，能进入该方程的变量为SBP、DBP、2hPG（P〈0．01）。结论高血压痛患者并发不同程度糖代谢异常及其严重程度与血清hs-CRP升高呈正相关；SBP、DBP、2hPG为hs-CRP独立影响因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.