儿童原发性夜间遗尿症生理心理治疗的疗效及随访评估

摘要 目的 应用生理心理治疗观察儿童原发性夜间遗尿症（PNE）的临床远期疗效，并探讨其治疗机制。 方法 对2004年9月至2006年1月在上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心发育行为儿科应用生理心理治疗PNE患儿的资料进行回顾性分析，治疗中2周随访1次（随访观察6个月），治疗结束后1个月随访1次，家长每日记录患儿遗尿频率和夜间自行起床排尿次数。B超测定治疗前和治疗结束时最大憋尿状态下的膀胱容量。统计分析生理心理治疗的远期疗效，遗尿频率、膀胱容量以及夜间自行起床排尿次数的变化情况，采用Logistic回归分析影响生理心理治疗远期疗效的危险因素。结果 研究期间应用生理心理治疗的68例PNE患儿远期疗效为：治愈43例（63.2%），显效18例（26.5%），部分有效5例（7.4%），无效2例（2.9%）。治疗前平均遗尿频率为每周(6.12±1.32)次，停止治疗6个月后遗尿频率为每周（1.23±0.18）次(t= 2.65,P=0.011 )。治疗前平均夜间自行起床排尿次数为每周（0.72±0.15）次，停止治疗6个月后平均夜间自行起床排尿次数为每周（6.83±1.16）次(t= 2.25,P=0.026 )。治疗前患儿平均膀胱容量/体重为(4.13±0.98) mL·kg-1，治疗后平均膀胱容量/体重为(8.69±1.96) mL·kg-1(t= 2.58,P=0.016 )。Logistic回归分析显示有统计学意义：降低生理心理远期疗效的危险因素为年龄小［年龄<8岁（RR=3.24，95%CI：2.54～4.83）］、存在行为问题（RR=2.95，95%CI：1.33～4.16），膀胱容量小［膀胱容量/体重<5 mL·kg-1（RR=1.75，95%CI：1.03～2.67）］，治疗前从未夜间自行起床排尿（RR=1.25，95%CI：1.04～2.17）。结论 应用生理心理治疗PNE可较快发展患儿的夜间排尿控制能力，亦可增大患儿膀胱容量，远期疗效较好。     

唤醒疗法与去氨加压素治疗儿童原发性遗尿症的非随机对照试验

摘要 目的 比较人工唤醒、闹钟、报警器3种唤醒治疗方式与去氨加压素治疗原发性遗尿症（PNE）患儿的疗效和依从性。方法 纳入首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2012年4月至2013年8月就诊的6~14岁PNE患儿,根据就诊先后顺序分为人工唤醒、闹钟、报警器和去氨加压素组。4组均在基础治疗上给予相应干预,记录遗尿日记。于治疗1、3、6个月随访时,评估疗效、依从性和安全性,并行意向性分析。疗效以遗尿症状好转为评价指标。采用logistic回归分析依从性、遗尿家族史、膀胱容量等因素与疗效的相关性。结果 120例患儿符合纳入和排除标准进入研究,每组各30例。①去氨加压素、报警器、闹钟和人工唤醒组的治疗6个月的总有效率为76.7%、93.3%、56.7%和76.7%,报警器组显著高于闹钟组（P<0.0125）;去氨加压素组和报警器组、人工唤醒组总有效率差异无统计学意义(P≥0.0125)。②报警器组27/30例（90.0%）依从性较好,其次为去氨加压素（24/30,80.0%）、人工唤醒（18/30,60.0%）和闹钟组（16/30,53.3%）; 报警器组优于人工唤醒组（P=0.007）和闹钟组（P=0.002）,报警器组和去氨加压素组差异无统计学意义。③Logistic回归分析结果显示,存在PNE家族史是影响治愈的危险因素（P=0.007,OR=0.204,95%CI: 0.064~0.652）。④报警器组1例出现湿疹,去氨加压素组观察到鼻出血1例,低钠血症2例。结论 报警器、去氨加压素治疗PNE的疗效相近,且依从性和安全性均较好,可作为PNE患儿的首选治疗。     

原发性遗尿症患儿治疗前后自我意识变化的初探

目的 分析评估儿童原发性遗尿症（PNE）自我意识评价状况以及遗尿治疗对自我意识的影响。方法 选择2005年7月至2006年1月在复旦大学附属儿科医院确诊的8~16岁PNE患儿为研究对象。排除患有可引起尿床的器质性疾病、治疗前存在高血压、单亲家庭、父母离异、有其他家庭问题及慢性疾病的患儿。指导PNE患儿自己填写Piers Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)。随后患儿分3组接受不同方法治疗遗尿:生物反馈治疗组、口服醋酸去氨加压素治疗组和口服中药治疗组，疗程均为1个月。治疗结束3个月后再次指导患儿自己填写PHCSS。通过心理分析软件分析两次自我意识评价结果。结果 研究期间共纳入PNE患儿54例，男29例，女25例，平均年龄（10.0±0.6）岁。其中轻度遗尿15例，中度遗尿20例，重度遗尿19例。治疗遗尿前54例患儿自我意识评价结果中焦虑得分显著低于常模（P<0.01）；并且轻、中和重度PNE患儿焦虑得分均显著低于常模（P<0.01），不同遗尿严重程度患儿得分差异无统计学意义。其中12例接受生物反馈治疗，14例接受醋酸去氨加压素治疗，28例接受中药治疗。治疗后有44例接受了自我意识评价随访，治疗遗尿后患儿焦虑得分较治疗前明显增加（P<0.05），其中口服醋酸去氨加压素组治疗后焦虑得分明显提高（P<0.05）。遗尿治疗有效的患儿得分明显高于治疗前（P<0.05），而治疗无效的患儿治疗前、后自我意识各项得分差异无统计学意义。结论 治疗前PNE患儿自我意识评价结果中焦虑得分低下，通过治疗遗尿其自我意识评价也可得到改善，并且临床疗效好的患儿自我意识改善明显。     

托特罗定叠加槐杞黄颗粒和心理行为干预治疗晨尿渗透浓度正常的原发性遗尿症患儿的随机平行对照研究

目的 对去氨加压素(DDAVP)治疗无效的、晨尿渗透浓度正常的原发性遗尿（PNE）患儿,以托特罗定为基础叠加槐杞黄颗粒和心理行为干预,寻求最佳治疗方案。方法 对DDAVP治疗无效的PNE门诊患儿经过 1个月的药物洗脱期,以区组随机方法分为3组：西药组（托特罗定）、中西药组（托特罗定+槐杞黄颗粒）和联合组（托特罗定+槐杞黄颗粒+心理行为干预）行平行随机对照试验,入组时依据患儿及其家长回忆的月遗尿次数视为基线遗尿次数,在治疗结束时（近期）和治疗结束后3个月（远期）评估疗效并行意向性分析。结果 符合纳入排除标准的234例PNE患儿进入本文分析,3组各78例,3组间年龄、性别和基线遗尿次数差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;近期和远期总有效率,联合组和中西药组均好于西药组,差异有统计学意义（P分别为0.017和<0.001）;近期总有效率,联合组与中西药组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,远期总有效率,联合组与中西药组差异有统计学意义（P＝0.005）,联合组近期和远期得到1例有益结果需要治疗PNE人数（NNT）分别为6.5（95％CI：3.7～25.3）和2.4（95％CI：1.8～3.6）,中西药组远期NNT为和4.6(95％CI:2.7～15.2)。结论 托特罗定+槐杞黄颗粒+心理行为干预2.4例DDAVP治疗无效的晨尿渗透浓度正常的PNE患儿在远期疗效上有1例有效,而且置信区间很窄,对这一结果信心很大。     

儿童原发性夜间遗尿症治疗的临床随机对照研究

目的对3种遗尿症治疗方法进行临床随机对照研究,比较各种治疗方法的特点以及对原发性夜间遗尿症儿童的疗效。方法以138例确诊为原发性单一症状性夜间遗尿症的患儿为研究对象,在家长和患儿同意进行4个月的治疗并坚持随访情况下,将其随机分为3组：（1）生理．心理治疗组52例,使用报警器的条件反射训练与其他心理行为治疗整合的一体化方法;（2）药物治疗组46例,口服去氨加压素片剂;（3）综合治疗组40例,同时应用前两种方法治疗。家长和患儿决定暂不治疗或延期治疗的45例患儿归为对照组,并定期随访。对4组患儿4个月治疗结束时,和停止治疗3个月后遗尿的缓解情况进行比较分析。结果生理-心理治疗组的近期和远期治愈率分别为75．0％、71．2％;药物治疗组的近期和远期治愈率分别为47．8％、28．3％;综合治疗组的近期和远期治愈率分别为85．0％、80．0％。生理-心理治疗组与综合治疗组的近期、远期疗效均显著优于药物治疗组（P〈0．01）,生理-心理治疗组与综合治疗组的近期远期疗效差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。生理．心理治疗组起效慢、疗效巩固;药物治疗组起效快,停药后复发率高。结论 生理-心理治疗和药物去氨加压素治疗对我国儿童具有良好疗效。生理-心理治疗立足于发展儿童的夜间排尿控制能力,较药物治疗疗效更好,且复发率明显低于药物治疗,值得在国内遗尿症治疗中推广应用。     

重视儿童原发性夜间遗尿症

根据1998年国际儿童尿控协会（ICCS）的诊断标准，原发性夜间遗尿症（primiary nocturnal enuresis，PNE）是指年龄大于5岁，连续不问断发生夜间遗尿，每周总尿床3次，持续时间达6个月以上的儿童。此症在小儿中常见，其发病率报告虽有差异，但大多数人认为，5岁儿童发病率约为15％，7岁儿童约为10％，虽每年以15％的比例逐渐减少，但仍有1％～2％的患儿症状持续至成年，给患儿带来严重的心理创伤，影响患儿及其家庭的生活质量。由于其病因至今仍不清楚，有自愈的可能，且大多未明显影响到患儿健康，因此临床上尚未给予足够的关注，目前对诊断标准不明者有之，在治疗前未弄清其基本病因，治疗时随意使用药物者也很常见，造成了疗效差，易复发的现状，因此，临床应重视PNE的病因、发病机理以及有效治疗方法的探索。     

去氨加压素、警铃及联合方案治疗儿童单症状夜遗尿症疗效的网状meta分析

目的采用网状meta分析方法系统性评价去氨加压素、警铃、去氨加压素联合警铃、去氨加压素联合抗胆碱能药物4种干预措施治疗儿童单症状夜遗尿的疗效。方法系统检索PubMed、Cochrance Library、EMBase和Web of Science数据库,时间截止到2017年8月1日。纳入对比去氨加压素、警铃、去氨加压素联合警铃、去氨加压素联合抗胆碱能药物中任意2个或以上干预措施治疗儿童单症状夜遗尿症的随机对照试验(RCT)。按照制定好的纳入排除标准进行文献筛选,对最终纳入的RCT进行数据提取和质量评价,利用统计软件R 3.3.2和STATA 14.0完成数据分析。结果纳入15个RCT,共计1 505例患儿。网状meta分析提示,去氨加压素联合抗胆碱能药物的完全反应率和成功率高于去氨加压素(完全反应率OR=2.8,95%CI:1.5～5.4;成功率OR=3.5,95%CI:1.7～7.5)和警铃(完全反应率OR=2.7,95%CI:1.1～6.6;成功率OR=3.8,95%CI:1.6～9.0);去氨加压素联合警铃成功率高于警铃(OR=1.9,95%CI:1.1～3.4);治疗结束后警铃的复发率明显低于去氨加压素(OR=0.15,95%CI:0.03～0.53)。排序结果显示,去氨加压素联合抗胆碱能药物治疗后的完全反应率和成功率治疗效果最佳,去氨加压素联合警铃能最大程度降低每周尿床次数,警铃的复发率在4种方案中最低。结论去氨加压素联合抗胆碱能药物治疗效果明显好于单用警铃或去氨加压素;去氨加压素联合警铃方案比单用警铃或去氨加压素治疗效果略有优势或相近;去氨加压素和警铃治疗效果相近;警铃治疗的复发率最低。     

小儿原发性遗尿症治疗方法选择及疗效评价

目的　通过针对病理生理改变治疗方案与常规联合药物治疗方案治疗原发性遗尿症(PNE)的对比研究 ,探讨PNE的合理治疗方法。方法　实验组患儿 92例 ,男 53例 ,女 39例 ,年龄 5～ 1 3 .5岁 ,中位年龄 7.8岁。每周总遗尿次数 5～ 1 8次。根据夜间自然充盈状态的尿动力学、动态脑电图、排尿日记结果 ,将其病理生理变化分成 5型 ,针对各自病理生理特点选择治疗方案 ;对照组 63例 ,男 38例 ,女 2 5例 ,年龄 5～ 1 4岁 ,中位年龄 8.0岁。每周总遗尿次数 5～ 1 8次 ,直接以DDAVP +奥宁进行联合药物治疗。两组患儿治疗时间 3个月 ,随访 1 2个月 ,年龄、性别构成、尿床次数、遗尿量、遗尿发生的时间无差异。结果　疗程结束后第 3个月随访 ,实验组治愈率为 78.3 % ,对照组为68.3 % ,疗效无差异 (P <0 .0 5) ;第 6个月随访 ,实验组治愈率 67.3 % ,对照组 50 .1 % ,疗效有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5) ;第 1 2个月随访 ,实验组治愈率 65 .2 % ,对照组 39.7% ,疗效显著差异 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　针对病理生理改变而制定的治疗方案是治疗PNE合理治疗方案     

单症状性夜间遗尿症儿童心理行为治疗的疗效

目的 评估心理行为疗法对儿童单症状性夜间遗尿症(MNE)的疗效.方法 对2007年4月-2009年3月在武汉市儿童医院遗尿专科门诊确诊的194例MNE患儿进行心理行为治疗:1.对患儿进行心理疏导;2.对家长在生活管理上进行指导;3.定时训练患儿的膀胱排尿功能;4.定时闹钟唤醒治疗.对所有患儿共随访1 a,对治疗前和治疗6个月时的遗尿频率、每周平均夜间自行起床排尿次数进行比较,并统计1 a后的治疗有效率.采用SPSS 15.0软件对数据进行统计学处理.结果 治疗前MNE患儿平均遗尿频率为每周(5.91±1.29)次,治疗6个月时为每周(2.84±0.81)次,二者比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.59,P<0.05).治疗前平均夜间自行起床排尿次数为每周(1.22±0.35)次,治疗6个月时为每周(5.72±1.38)次,二者比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.12,P<0.05).1 a后65例(33.5%)治愈,76例(39.2%)好转,53例(27.3%)无效.结论 心理行为治疗儿童MNE疗效肯定,但仍存在较高的复发率,需对部分患儿采用药物联合治疗,才能取得更好的远期疗效.     

醋酸去氨加压素联合膀胱训练治疗儿童原发性遗尿症的疗效

目的观察醋酸去氨加压素(DDAVP)联合膀胱训练治疗儿童原发性遗尿症(PNE)的疗效及复发率。方法采用前瞻性实验研究方法,将2007年1月-2008年12月在本院儿科遗尿专科门诊就诊的100例PNE患儿随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各50例。对照组单纯应用DDAVP口服治疗;观察组在应用DDAVP口服治疗的同时进行膀胱训练,疗程均为3个月。疗程结束比较2组疗效。疗程结束随访3个月,比较2组远期、近期复发率。应用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析。结果对照组总有效率为72.9%,近期复发率为22.9%,远期复发率为54.3%;观察组总有效率为91.3%,近期复发率为11.9%,远期复发率为28.6%。观察组总有效率显著高于对照组(Z=-1.972,P=0.049),2组近期复发率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.632,P=0.201),观察组远期复发率显著低于对照组(χ2=5.249,P=0.022)。结论DDAVP联合膀胱训练治疗PNE疗效显著,且能降低远期复发率。     

Bed Wetting — Silent Suffering: An Approach to Enuresis and Voiding Disorders in Children

Bed wetting or nocturnal enuresis is a common problem among children. It is either monosymptomatic or may be associated with a voiding disorder. Many factors may contribute towards enuresis such as developmental delay, heredity, inappropriate nocturnal anti diuretic hormone secretion and reduced bladder capacity. Any child presenting with bed-wetting should be evaluated for any underlying bladder dysfunction before labeling as monosymptomatic enuresis. The evaluation consists of structured bowel and bladder history, detailed clinical examination, frequency volume record and appropriate investigations. The frequency volume diary is an indispensible component of evaluation and helps in establishing diagnosis and tailoring therapy. The treatment of monosymptomatic enuresis consists of positive psychological support, alarms and medication (desmopressin/ anticholinergics/ imiprammine). Children with features of underlying bladder dysfunction, anatomical anomalies and neurological disorders should be referred to a pediatrician without delay. The outcome of therapy is usually rewarding but varies, depending on the underlying etiology, motivation, compliance and family support. The cure rates with alarms are better than with desmopressin in monosymptomatic enuresis. Timely and appropriate therapy yields better outcomes. Thus, a thorough, scientific and evidence based approach is essential in children presenting with bed-wetting.     

Determinants of nocturnal enuresis in homozygous sickle cell disease.

The determinants of nocturnal enuresis in homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease have been investigated in 16 enuretic and 16 age and sex matched non-enuretic children. Overnight fluid deprivation tests (8pm-8am) demonstrated no significant difference in maximum urine osmolality or urine volumes, although the latter tended to be higher in the enuretic children. Maximum functional bladder capacity, estimated by maximum voided volume during oral fluid loading, was lower and the ratio of overnight urine volume to maximum functional bladder capacity higher in the enuretic than the non-enuretic group. Enuretic children were more likely than non-enuretics to be considered deep sleepers by their family. High urine volumes may contribute to nocturnal enuresis in SS disease, although the similar values in enuretic and non-enuretic children implies that additional factors determine the presence of enuresis. Low maximum functional bladder capacity, and a high ratio of overnight urine volume to maximum functional bladder capacity, appear to be important determinants.     

Treatment for nocturnal enuresis: The current state in Japan

Nocturnal enuresis is common problem in children with a prevalence as high as 20% among children aged 5. Though nocturnal enuresis does not directly impose imminent danger to a patient's life, children with enuresis and their parents can be psychologically suffering in day‐to‐day life, including in school activities. Therefore, it is important to provide an explanation regarding the cause of nocturnal enuresis, how to approach the disorder, the course, and the outlook leading to the planned treatment. The cause of enuresis is considered to be a mismatch between nocturnal diuresis and nocturnal bladder capacity, nocturnal polyuria due to a lack of circadian change in antidiuretic hormones, and a developmental delay in the voiding mechanisms. Therefore, patients can be classified as the type associated with a large amount of urine at night (polyuria type), the type that is associated with a functionally small bladder capacity (bladder type), the type associated with both the aforementioned (mixed type), or the type that does not fall under any of these (normal type). Based on this logic, although the International Children's Continence Society has issued the standardization document, in which the enuresis alarm and desmopressin therapy are recommended as the first line treatment, a different tack has been taken in Japan, where the therapeutic strategy is plotted depending on the type of enuresis; pharmacotherapy for enuretic children aged 6 years or older includes desmopressin acetate for polyuria type, anticholinergic agents for bladder type, and a combination of these agents for mixed type.     

Enuresis,sleep and desmopressin treatment

AIM: To detect effects of desmopressin on sleep in enuretic children and to look for polysomnographical differences between responders and non-responders to desmopressin treatment. METHODS: Twenty-one children with primary nocturnal enuresis were examined polysomnographically before treatment. All but one of the children then received treatment with desmopressin in standard dosage, and the response was documented. Seven of the children underwent a second polysomnographic registration while on treatment. RESULTS: The time interval (+/- 1 SD) between sleep onset and the enuretic episode was 92 +/- 67 min without medication and 372 +/- 157 min when desmopressin was given (p = 0.003). Standard polysomnographic variables were not affected by the drug. Ten children were desmopressin responders and 10 were non-responders. The total sleep time was 455 +/- 56 min in the former and 408 +/- 31 min in the latter group (p = 0.04). The responders spent 27.4 +/- 5.5% of their total sleep time in rapid eye movement sleep, compared with 18.2 +/- 6.5% in the non-responder group (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Desmopressin has no major effects on sleep as such but does delay bladder emptying. Enuretic children responding to desmopressin treatment have more rapid eye movement sleep than therapy-resistant children.     

Nocturnal enuresis: What is happening?

Primary nocturnal enuresis is common and has considerable psychological ramifications for children as they get older. It is a familial condition with complex inheritance patterns. The pathophysiology of the condition appears to be related to poor arousal from sleep, nocturia due to deficient vasopressin release in sleep and possibly a decrease in functional bladder capacity especially at night. The mainstay of treatment is the bed-wetting alarm. In recent years, desmopressin nasal spray has found a clinical niche as a short-term solution for children attending school camps or sleeping over at friends' houses and as treatment in the medium term for those unresponsive to treatment with a bed-wetting alarm. It may also be used as an adjunct to the use of the alarm. Treatment with imipramine is increasingly in disfavour because the relapse rate is unacceptably high and fatal overdose is a real possibility.