滑车神经的应用解剖研究

目的 :为颅底和眶内手术提供滑车神经的解剖依据和补充国人滑车神经的体质学资料。材料与方法 :在 2 1例 (4 2侧 )正常成年人头颅标本上 ,观测滑车神经的走行及各段长度和外径。结果 :滑车神经连脑处位于下丘的外下方 ,离中线 4 5± 0 .6mm ;穿小脑幕处在后床突后外方 1 3 .7± 3 .8mm ;在海绵窦外侧壁 ,与动眼神经相距 4.5±2 .1mm ,与眼神经相距 4 2± 1 .4mm。测得滑车神经颅段、幕潜行段、海绵窦段、眶上裂段和眶段的长度及各段中部的宽度和厚度。结论 :在颅底和眶内手术时 ,应重视该神经的解剖位置并加以保护。     

脑神经海绵窦段的显微解剖及其临床应用

目的　为海绵窦 (cavernoussinus,CS)直接手术提供解剖学基础。方法　在手术显微镜下对 15例 (30侧 )成人头颅标本CS内脑神经位置、行径以及与颈内动脉CS段的毗邻关系进行观测。结果　①动眼神经入窦点在前床突尖后方 (4 5 7± 1 0 5 )mm ,与滑车神经、眼神经垂直距离分别为 (2 2 0± 0 6 7)mm和 (4 37± 1 35 )mm。②滑车神经入窦点与眼神经垂直距离为 (5 5 2± 1 0 6 )mm。滑车神经CS段行程形状可分为三型。③颈内动脉后曲顶高出眼神经和展神经上缘分别为 (5 5 2± 1 84)mm和 (6 6 0± 1 94)mm。④经前床窦尖外侧或外下方时 ,动眼神经、滑车神经及眼神经与前床突尖垂直距离分别为 (1 85±0 75 )mm、(5 30± 1 0 4)mm和 (6 6 1± 1 6 3)mm。结论　掌握脑神经CS段的显微解剖对CS的直接手术具有重要意义。     

大脑镰和小脑幕的形态学调查

测量3250例成尸的大脑镰和小脑幕.结果:大脑镰前端最窄处平均为1.56±0.26cm;中间最宽处平均为5.53±0.98cm;前半部平均厚度为0.21±0.04mm;后半部平均厚度为0.32±0.05mm;上缘长度平均为29.06±8.82cm;下游离缘平均为16.05±4.61cm;自然缺口占33%.大脑镰的小静脉分别注入上、下矢状窦;后部有粗大的交通支.约占9.6%.小脑幕最宽处(横径)平均为9.57±2.10cm:前后径平均为4.80±1.21cm:厚度平均为0.35±0.02mm;自然缺口少见.小脑幕的静脉细小,多位于前内侧区;小脑幕窦直径在2～10mm之间,其出现率占侧别的58%,小脑幕外侧半血管分布较少,可视为经小脑幕手术切口的“相对安全区”.     

脑神经海绵窦段的应用解剖

目的 :为海绵窦手术避免脑神经损伤提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 17例成年头部标本的海绵窦内脑神经的位置、走行、毗邻进行解剖学观察。结果 :动眼神经入窦点在后床突的前外侧 7.8± 2 .1mm ,在颈内动脉床突上段后方 5 .0± 2 .0mm处。滑车神经窦内段长度为 10 .1± 3 .9mm ,其走行可分为窦内直行、中份凸向眼神经、“S”型双弯曲、前 1/2段凸向眼神经 4种类型。眼神经在窦内的长度为 15 .8±6.2mm。展神经在窦内为单干者占 5 2 .9% ( 18侧 ) ;2干者占 2 9.4% ( 10侧 ) ;3干者占 17.7% ( 6侧 )。结论 :滑车神经的走行变化较大 ,经Pakinson三角行海绵窦手术时 ,应注意保护滑车神经。切开海绵窦上壁分离窦腔时 ,应注意保护经上壁入窦的动眼神经。     

动眼神经的应用解剖学

目的 :为颅底区手术提供与动眼神经相关的应用解剖学和补充国人体质学资料。材料和方法 :选用正常成人头颅标本 2 1例 (4 2侧 ) ,测量动眼神经的颅段、海绵窦段和眶上裂段的长度和外径 ,观测该神经在海绵窦内与周围结构的毗邻关系。结果 :动眼神经在后床突前外方 6.0± 1 .6mm处入海绵窦 ;在窦的中部 ,位于滑车神经内侧4.5± 2 .1mm。动眼神经在眶上裂内已分成上、下二支的占 86% ,在眶内分支的为 1 4%。结论 :在枕骨斜坡区、海绵窦上缘和蝶骨小翼外下方手术时 ,应特别注意辨认和保护动眼神经。     

海绵窦上壁的应用解剖学研究

目的为经海绵窦(CS)上壁的手术提供解剖学资料。方法解剖观测15例(30侧)成人头颅标本CS上壁的解剖三角、脑膜及相关结构。结果①CS上壁为不规则的四边形,可分出3个解剖三角:颈动脉三角、动眼神经三角及前内侧三角;②动眼神经门的长径为(5.67±0.87)mm,短径为(1.09±0.35)mm;动眼神经鞘膜袋前深(4.69±1.31)mm,后深(6.50±1.58)mm;③上壁的脑膜结构有镰状韧带、前岩床皱襞、后岩床皱襞、床突间韧带,颈动脉床突韧带、颈动脉穴及颈动脉领、动眼神经鞘膜袋、远环及近环等,膜结构在前床突(ACP)尖形成复杂的膜复合体。结论CS上壁的解剖三角可作为CS的手术入路,其脑膜结构对于手术也具有重要意义。     

脑桥小脑三角的应用解剖学

目的为听神经瘤显微外科治疗提供解剖学参数.方法对35具甲醛固定的男性成人尸颅的脑桥小脑三角及毗邻结构进行解剖学测量.结果横窦乙状窦膝至内耳门后缘的距离约为(35.1±0.2)mm.乙状窦起始端最大宽为13.4 m.内耳门后缘至内淋巴囊裂孔的距离为(10.5±0.2)mm,内耳门至岩上窦的距离通常小于5 mm.内耳门至颈静脉孔的距离为5.4 mm.横窦乙状窦膝在小脑表面对应的膝点至绒球外侧缘的距离左侧为(31.3±0.5)mm,右侧为(30.4±0.5)m;至扁桃体内侧缘的距离左侧为(44.1±0.4)mm,右侧为(43.3±0.4)mm.结论这些数据是重要的解剖参数,是保证手术顺利进行、不损伤重要结构的解剖学依据.     

经海绵窦脑神经的显微外科解剖及其临床意义

目的 :了解与海绵窦相关的脑神经走行及其周围结构的显微解剖关系 ,为经该区的直接显微手术提供依据。方法 :用 30例成人头颅标本 ,在手术显微镜下对海绵窦内脑神经 (CN)及周围结构直接进行解剖观察和测量。结果 :经海绵窦的脑神经在后面大多在外侧壁 ,较易分辨 ,Parkinson切口前限可从动眼神经入口平面延长到前床突 (ACP)尖平面。脑神经向前则行走于ACP下缘 ,经床突间隙 (CS)入路磨除ACP时极易损伤 ,其中以动眼神经和滑车神经距离最近 ,在ACP根部 ,动眼神经和滑车神经均紧贴ACP根部底层硬膜入眶 ,距离分别只有 (0 .64± 0 .2 2 )mm (0 .2 6～ 1 .0 8mm)和 (0 .55± 0 .0 6)mm (0 .1 6～ 0 .96mm)。结论 :为途经海绵窦外侧壁手术入路和经CS手术磨除ACP时避免损伤脑神经提供了显微解剖学资料。     

横窦引流小脑桥静脉的形态特点及其临床意义

目的:通过显微解剖和铸型方法观察横窦引流小脑桥静脉的形态特点,为小脑幕下手术入路的选择提供形态学依据.方法:分别观测30例(60侧)静脉内灌注蓝色乳胶的成人头颅湿标本和观察12例胎儿和幼儿的脑静脉血管铸型.结果:横窦引流小脑桥静脉按其注入小脑幕处所在位置的不同,分为窦汇组(28%)、小脑幕组(36%)和岩部组(36%)3组,3组桥静脉的数目差异无统计学意义,各组桥静脉的直径分别为(1.6±0.7)mm, (1.9±0.7)mm, (1.9±0.7)mm.7%的病例缺乏窦汇组桥静脉,13%的病例缺乏小脑幕组桥静脉,每侧显微解剖标本至少存在一根岩部组桥静脉.结论:小脑幕下手术中,旁正中入路损伤桥静脉的机会最小,术前建议进行影像学检查以选择合适的手术入路.     

床突间隙显微外科解剖及概念的探讨

目的为经床突间隙(CS)进行海绵窦、鞍内、颈内动脉及眼动脉等病变的直接手术提供解剖依据,进一步澄清CS的概念.方法用22例成人头颅标本,在手术显微镜下从翼点和额下入路对前床突及周围结构进行直接解剖、观察和测量.结果CS是磨除前床突后留下的一楔形空间,其顶边宽(2.39±0.18)mm(0.64～4.10 mm),底边宽(5.34±0.16)mm(2 .66～7.00 mm),上内侧边长(7.67±0.33)mm(4.02～14.32 mm),下内侧边长(11.21±0.4 9)mm(4.24～17.06 mm),下侧边长(10.00±0.32)mm(5.6～14.26 mm),底高(7.87±0.35) mm(5.12～16.38 mm),尖端空间完全被颈内动脉(ICA)床突段所占据.ICA的远硬膜环和近硬膜环都不完整,动脉壁外常有海绵窦静脉丛,术中剥离ICA床突段可引起静脉丛出血.结论ICA床突段血管壁外有海绵窦静脉丛,它是海绵窦内结构,所以手术松解ICA床突段最好只剥离其内侧缘的ICA 穴,并为术中暴露CS后的空间大小提供了客观指标.     

正中和旁正中幕下小脑上入路的解剖学比较研究

目的:通过正中和旁正中幕下小脑上入路的解剖学比较研究,为手术治疗小脑幕中和后切迹间隙的肿瘤提供解剖学基础。方法:取10例福尔马林固定的尸头标本在手术显微镜下分别模拟正中和旁正中幕下小脑上入路进行逐步解剖,观察和比较不同手术入路所暴露的视野范围,描述重要解剖结构之间的关系。结果:正中幕下小脑上入路直接暴露了后切迹间隙,但由于小脑对视野的阻碍,限制了四叠体板下半部分的暴露;旁正中幕下小脑上入路视野范围集中在中切迹水平的脑干背外侧面区域,且可以观察到同侧的上、下丘。结论:1、正中幕下小脑上入路适用于后切迹间隙的第三脑室后壁,松果体区和四叠体上丘平面,而旁正中幕下小脑上入路适合于中切迹间隙的后方区域和同侧的四叠体板。2、开颅过程中对静脉窦的完全暴露和对静脉窦向上的牵拉有利于幕下小脑上入路的手术暴露。     

基底静脉后段的显微解剖与影像学对照观察及其临床意义

目的通过对基底静脉后段的显微解剖、影像学观察及其对照研究,为小脑幕切迹后区病变手术中保护基底静脉提供形态学基础。方法分别对20例(40侧)颈内静脉灌注蓝色明胶溶液的成人头颅湿标本、22例(40侧)DSA静脉相和20例(40侧)CTV图像进行观测。结果以显微解剖结果作为对照标准,DSA、CTV分别观察到89.79%、94.89%的基底静脉,测得的直径值分别大37.28%、36.72%。根据基底静脉注入大脑大静脉系的分布特点,将基底静脉分为3型:①Ⅰ型:注入处位于大脑大静脉中段,占36.11%(13侧);②Ⅱ型:注入处位于大脑大静脉起始段,占27.78%(10侧);③Ⅲ型:注入处位于大脑内静脉,占36.11%(13侧)。DSA和CTV均能显示基底静脉注入处的分布规律。结论术前影像学检查有助于小脑幕切迹后区病变手术入路的设计和术中对基底静脉的保护。     

Bilateral tentorial sinus drainage of the basal vein (of Rosenthal)

We report a case of bilateral collateral tentorial venous sinus drainage of the basal vein (of Rosenthal) (BV). The observation was made on a corrosion cast of the cerebral venous system obtained from a fresh cadaver. Radiographic correlation was obtained by performing standard X-ray imaging of the corrosion cast. Embryologic and clinical considerations are discussed.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.