腹腔镜在泌尿外科的应用

腹腔镜在泌尿外科应用的时间并不长 ,但近 1 0余年来取得了很大的进展。就开展手术的范围而言 ,现已涉及到泌尿及男性生殖外科的方方面面。本文就泌尿外科腹腔镜手术现状作一简单介绍。1　肾切除术1 990年 Glayman首次经腹腔途径施行了腹腔镜下肾切除术 ,并于次年首次采用腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂的移行细胞癌。因腹腔手术具有空间大、解剖学标志明确等优点 ,早期的手术均经腹腔路径进行。但经腹腔路径 ,有引起肠损伤、肠麻痹、腹膜炎及粘连性肠梗阻的危险 ,故许多学者探索不经腹腔而直接进入腹膜后治疗泌尿系疾病。Gaur于 1 992年设计了类似血…     

泌尿外科腹腔镜手术并发症

泌尿外科腹腔镜手术的开展仅有十余年历史，但其发展却令人震惊。随着腹腔镜技术的不断完善，手术适应证已涉及了泌尿外科的各个方面，如根治性肾切除术、肾上腺切除术、肾囊肿去顶术、膀胱手术、腹膜后淋巴结清除术、精索静脉结扎术以及隐睾术^[1-3]，甚至在腹腔镜下也能完成多种十分困难的破坏或重建性手术^[4]，如前列腺癌根治术以及肾盂输尿管成形术和膀胱全切加正位新膀胱形成^[5,6]，并且与传统的开放手术相比，显示出极大的优越性。     

后腹腔镜手术在肾上腺手术中的应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜在肾上腺手术中的应用。方法采用后腹腔镜完成9例肾上腺占位性病变切除术。结果9例全部成功,术中、术后均未输血,无严重并发症。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺占位性病变切除术,具有微创,安全、有效、术后康复快、住院时间短等优势,可望成为治疗肾上腺占位性病变的首选方法。     

单通道腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科中的应用

与传统开放手术相比，标准腹腔镜手术作为一种成熟的外科技术，其创伤小、术后恢复时间短、术后疼痛程度轻等优势已经得到广泛的认同。标准腹腔镜需要建立多个穿刺通道，这样就会增加穿刺部位出血、切口疝及脏器损伤等并发症发生的可能性哪。近年来，     

腹腔镜在肾上腺手术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在肾上腺手术中的临床应用价值。方法2000年12月-2006年5月,对86例肾上腺占位性病变行腹腔镜肾上腺切除术,其中经腹腔途径1例,经腹膜后途径81例,经腹手助腹腔镜4例。结果86例手术全部成功,无中转开放手术,无严重并发症发生。手术时间50-175 min,平均72 min。术中出血量15-120 ml,平均54 ml。术后住院时间5-8 d,平均6.3 d。86例术后随访2-65个月,平均26.5月,影像学检查未见肿瘤复发或转移,功能性肿瘤病人的症状减轻或消失。结论腹腔镜肾上腺切除术创伤小,术中出血少,术后恢复快,是治疗大多数肾上腺占位性病变的首选术式。     

后腹腔镜手术在肾上腺良性疾病中的应用

目的：探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺良性疾病的效果。方法：总结１９９５年５月￣１９９９年８月采用后腹腔镜手术治疗１４例肾上腺疾病患者的临床资料。结果：１４例手术全部成功。术后１３例病理诊断与术前相符，其中肾上腺腺瘤９例（原发性醛固酮增多症５例，皮质醇腺瘤１例，无功能腺瘤３例），肾上腺囊肿１例，皮质增生症２例，嗜铬细胞瘤１例。１例术前诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤者术后病理证实为肾上腺髓质增生。本组无并发症，效果良好     

单孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科应用的初步探讨

目的总结单孔腹腔镜在本单位泌尿外科应用的初步经验。方法采用单孔三通道,经脐腹腔途径行精索静脉高位结扎术21例,经后腹腔入路行肾囊肿去顶术19例、肾上腺腺瘤切除术6例、无功能肾切除术5例,记录围手术期并发症、手术时间、出血情况、引流管拔出时间、住院时间等。结果除1例肥胖肾上腺腺瘤患者增加了一个5mm穿刺孔外,其余所有患者手术均取得成功,术中、术后均无明显并发症的发生。结论验证了单孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科应用的安全性和可行性,随着更多的临床实践、器械改进,单孔腹腔镜手术将得到更完善和广阔的应用前景。     

后腹腔镜手术在小儿泌尿外科疾病中的应用

目的总结后腹腔镜手术治疗小儿泌尿外科疾病的经验。方法2004年3月至2006年4月共完成后腹腔镜小儿泌尿外科手术48例,包括肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄28例、肾发育不良3例、肾囊肿3例、肾上腺节细胞神经瘤8例、输尿管息肉3例、输尿管结石2例、肾上腺皮质增生症1例。其中男32例,女16例,平均年龄7岁。结果48例手术均获成功。平均手术时间:离断性肾盂成形术95 min、发育不良肾切除术45 min、肾囊肿去顶术42 min、肾上腺节细胞神经瘤切除术51 min、输尿管息肉切除术70 min、输尿管切开取石术60 min。平均术中出血量18 ml。术中无脏器损伤及气体栓塞等严重并发症。术后平均住院时间8 d。输尿管取石术后出现尿路感染1例,离断性肾盂成形术后吻合口狭窄和术后漏尿各1例,相应处理后均痊愈。平均随访时间6(1～24)个月,患者症状消失或好转,未见原发病复发。结论小儿后腹腔镜手术安全可行,具有切口小、出血少、损伤轻、术后恢复快和并发症少等优点,值得临床进一步推广使用。     

单孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科的应用体会:附22例报告

目的 总结单孔腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科中的应用经验和体会.方法 回顾性分析22 例应用单孔腹腔镜镜技术行肾上腺腺瘤切除、肾囊肿去顶术及精索静脉曲张高位结扎术的患者临床资料.其中肾上腺腺瘤1 例,肾囊肿5 例,精索静脉曲张16 例.记录手术时间,出血量,术后镇痛药使用情况,术后伤口引流管拔出时间,术中及术后并发症,术后下床活动时间及术后住院时间等.结果 22 例手术均获得成功,术中术后均无明显并发症发生.结论 对于选择的病例,单孔腹腔镜手术安全可行、切口美观,符合患者美容方面的需求,具有良好的应用前景.     

单孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中的应用体会

目的：总结单孔腹腔镜手术在我院泌尿外科初步应用的临床经验。方法：采用单孔三通道Triport建立操作通道,使用常规腹腔镜器械完成41例单孔腹腔镜手术,其中包括单孔腹腔镜经脐双侧精索静脉高位结扎术20例,经腹膜后途径单孔腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术15例,单孔腹腔镜无功能肾切除术6例。结果：所有手术均在单孔腹腔镜操作下完成,患者术后均无明显并发症发生。结论：单孔腹腔镜手术安全可靠,随着更多的临床实践,单孔腹腔镜手术具有更广阔的临床应用价值。     

Laparoscopic surgery in urology

In recent months, laparoscopy has been used for such urological procedures as varicocelectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection and even nephrectomy. It would appear that laparoscopic surgery is going to make an important contribution to the field of endourology. In order to assess the current status and value of laparoscopic techniques to urologists, we have reviewed the history of laparoscopy in general and urologic laparoscopy in particular.     

Laparoscopic approaches in urology

The use of laparoscopy was one of the most important steps in the progress of medicine, and has developed through the 20th century. Gynaecologists took the initial lead in introducing this technology, followed by general surgeons. Since the first laparoscopic nephrectomy in 1990, most ablative and reconstructive urological surgery has been attempted laparoscopically. Laparoscopic urological surgical approaches include conventional transperitoneal and extraperitoneal; in this review the different approaches, with the relevant anatomical considerations, are discussed.     

Laparoscopic surgery in urology

Not more than 10 years ago, laparoscopy was introduced to the armamentarium of urology. The start was slow, with pelvic lymphadenectomy, nephrectomy and varicocelectomy being about the only indications. However, very soon great enthusiasm developed, and almost every urological operation was performed by means of laparoscopy. For several reasons this exaggerated enthusiasm had to be followed by disappointment. First of all, laparoscopy turned out not to be as easy as many would have liked it to be. Due to a low frequency of operations, many surgeons were never able to overcome their learning curve, and the early literature reflects this problem. Unlike general surgery where cholecystectomy developed into a pacemaker operation, which forced everybody to go ahead with laparoscopy, urology was long searching for good and frequent indications for this new technique. Within the last few years, the pendulum has swung back to the other side. Adrenalectomy was one of the first indications where laparoscopy proved superior to open surgery in every aspect. Several other good indications have followed, some of which, namely cryptorchidism, nephrectomy and pyeloplasty, will be presented in detail to give an example. But the breakthrough that recently occurred is due to the success of laparoscopy in the field of oncologic surgery. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has shown its surgical efficiency as well as its oncologic efficacy. However, the main interest is now focused on radical prostatectomy, since this is the most frequently performed operation in urology by now. Recently this operation could be developed to a standardized technique, but only time will tell its true impact. Several indications will change in the future, but laparoscopy is here to stay.     

Laparoscopic urology training in South Africa

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Laparoscopic urologic surgery is not widely practiced in South Africa. After presenting a laparoscopic training course, we evaluated how effectively this training translated into clinical practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Invitations to the course were sent to all South African urologists. Ten applicants attended the course, which consisted of dry and in-vivo animal surgery. Two questionnaires were sent out after the course. Questionnaire 1 (at course completion) aimed at identifying the precourse laparoscopic experience and expectations of the trainee. Questionnaire 2 (6 months postcourse) assessed how much laparoscopic surgery the participant had performed since the course. RESULTS: Seventeen percent of all South African urologists responded to the invitation. Prior to the course, 40% of trainees had performed >or=10 laparoscopic cases, 30% had performed <10 cases, and 30% had never performed laparoscopy, whereas 60% expected to be doing one or two cases a month after completing the course. Six months after the course, 60% had performed no laparoscopic cases. Of the three trainees who had never before done laparoscopic procedures, none had started to perform procedures since the course. The commonest procedures performed were varicocelectomy and diagnostic laparoscopy for nonpalpable testis. CONCLUSIONS: A hands-on laparoscopic training course to introduce laparoscopic urology into South African private urology practice has not translated into a satisfactory number of clinical cases being performed. The causes are likely multifactorial but are greatly influenced by social and economic forces. One possible solution may be to offer a mentor-based training program.     

Laparoscopic operative technique for adrenal tumors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopy has acquired an unquestionable position in surgical practice as a diagnostic and operative tool. Recently, the laparoscopic approach has become a valuable option for adrenalectomy. This paper reports, in detail, our experience of laparoscopic adrenalectomy performed for adrenal tumors. METHODS: We performed 12 laparoscopic adrenalectomies from October 29, 1997 to October 31, 1998. The technique of laparoscopic adrenalectomy is described thoroughly in all relevant details for either left or right-sided adrenal lesions. RESULTS: The presented technique of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in all 12 cases provided good and relatively simple exposure of the immediate operative area. All relevant vascular elements were safely controlled, adrenal tumors could be successfully removed, and adequate hemostasis was achieved. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe alternative to open surgery and is preferred for most patients because of shorter postoperative hospital stay and less postoperative discomfort.     

Laparoscopic urology development in Hong Kong

Objectives: The application of laparoscopy in urology is increasing in Hong Kong. In the present paper the development of laparoscopic urology in Hong Kong is portrayed. The variety of laparoscopic urological operation that have been developed is defined, as well as interesting features associated with its development. Methods: A search on presentation/publications on laparoscopic urological topics by local authors were carried out on the electronic database supplemented by a manual hand search from January 1991 to November 2002. Results: A total of 68 presentations were identified covering a variety of urological topics including some of the most complex reconstructive procedures. The first report was in 1994. The three most presented topics were on paediatric urology, adrenalectomy and nephrectomy. Up to 45% of the reports were contributed by or collaborated with another specialty. Conclusions: Laparoscopic urology had a good foundation and able to keep pace with the world development. Cross specialty collaboration and interaction is an important feature in its development.